...Some tissues that are in this chapter are nervous tissue, muscular tissue, connective tissue and bone tissue . Nerve tissue is the way the organs of the nervous system, which consists of the bodies of nerve cells (neurons) and its extensions, and the glia. This tissue consists of cells called neurons very specialized and glial cells that support and nutrition to the above. Nerve cells or neurons: By stars and with many extensions. Are specialized to transmit nerve impulses. They are the only cells that do not play, and when they die could not be replaced. Glial cells: helper cells are to protect and carry food to neurons. Some features are the reception, conduction and transmission of nerve impulses. To detect, transmit, analyze and use information generated by sensory stimuli represented by heat, light, mechanical energy and changes in the external and internal environment. Organize and coordinate directly or indirectly, the operation of most of the body, including motor function, visceral, endocrine and psychological (Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p. 134). Its main function for muscular tissues is movement. That will be of three types, movement of all internal structures: it consists of smooth muscle tissue and vessels will encounter, visceral walls and glands. Outward movement, characterized by manipulation and motion in our environment. is characterized by being composed of striated muscle. And automatic movement: it works by itself, is the heart muscle. Striated muscle tissue(Bailey...
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...Plant Tissues A mature vascular plant (any plant other than mosses and liverworts), contains several types of differentiated cells. These are grouped together in tissues. Some tissues contain only one type of cell. Some consist of several. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. These are called tissues because of their identical functioning. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. Examples of tissue in other multicellular organisms are vascular tissue in plants, such as xylem and phloem. Plant tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue systems: the epidermis, the ground tissue, and the vascular tissue. Together they are often referred to as biomass. * Epidermis - Cells forming the outer surface of the leaves and of the young plant body. * Vascular tissue - The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These transport fluid and nutrients internally. * Ground tissue - Ground tissue is less differentiated than other tissues. Ground tissue manufactures nutrients by photosynthesis and stores reserve nutrients. Meristematic The main function of meristematic tissue is mitosis. The cells are small, thin-walled, with no central vacuole and no specialized features. Meristematic tissue is located in * the apical meristems at the growing...
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...Tissues in the body In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level intervening between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialized to form the covering or lining of all internal and external body surfaces. Epithelial cells are used for protection, absorption and secretion. Cell shapes found in epithelial tissue are squamous, cuboidal, columnar and transitional. Epithelial tissue is highly specialised for selective secretion and absorption of ions and molecules. Squamous: Squamous cells make up most of the cells in the outer layer of the skin. They have the appearance of thin, flat plates. Squamous cells form the lining of cavities such as the mouth, blood vessels, heart and lungs and make up the outer layer of the skin. Cuboidal: By lining the surface of various ducts of various glands and organs, simple cuboidal cells are able to provide a layer of protection from abrasion, foreign particles, invading bacteria and excessive water loss to the underlying tissue. In the kidney tubulus, the cells aid in the absorption and transport of filtered substances. Simple cuboidal consists of a single layer of cells with the same height...
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...1.1. Explain the structure and composition of bone tissue Articular cartilage, also known as Hyaline cartilage, lays on the surface of a bone. The articular cartilage is typically depicted in four zones; the superficial zone, the transitional zone, the radial zone, and the calcified zone (James and Uhl, 2001, pp.414). Each zone, within the articular cartilage, has an important role in supporting movement and reducing friction. Supporting this, Barber (2007, pp.742) states that damage to any of these zones would result in progressive deterioration, and alterations to the normal biomechanical properties within the articular cartilage. This suggests that any damage to the articular cartilage will result in deterioration of bone and reduction...
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...Epithelial Tissue 3 types of epithelial cells are: 1. Squamous 2. Ciliated 3. Goblet cells Squamous Epithelial Cells Squamous epithelial cells are generally round and flat with a small, centrally located nucleus. These cells line any surface that come in contact with the external environment and function as mediators of filtration and diffusion. Ciliated Epithelial Cells Ciliated epithelial cells have 200-300 small, hair like protrusions known as ‘cilia’ that can do one of two things at a time; they can help cells move along the tissue, or can help debris and waste to move along the surface of cells. Ciliated cells are most often found in the body’s air passages, this includes the lungs, trachea and nose. Goblet Cells Goblet cells are column shaped cells that are found mostly in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. Goblet cells secrete the main component of mucus (mucins). Goblet cells are a source of mucus in tears and secrete various types of mucins onto the optical surface, especially in the conjunctiva which is located in the upper eye lid. On the interior surface of the intestine, goblet cells help to form a thick layer of mucus that protects and lubricates the organ. Blood Blood runs through the veins, arteries, and capillaries (known as whole blood – contains all blood cells) Blood has many different functions, including: * transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues * forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss ...
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...3 Cells and Tissues Concepts of the Cell Theory A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells. According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures. Continuity of life has a cellular basis. Chemical Components of Cells Most cells are composed of the following four elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things. Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Anatomy of the Cell Cells are not all the same. All cells share general structures. All cells have three main regions Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane The Nucleus (p66) Control center of the cell Contains genetic material (DNA) Three regions Nuclear envelope (membrane) Nucleolus – are sites where ribosomes are assembled. Chromatin – when a cell is not dividing, it’s DNA is combined with protein and forms a loose network of bumpy threads called chromatin. (see below) CHROMOSOMES – when a cell is dividing to form two daughter cells, the chromatin threads coil and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes. The Nucleus Nuclear envelope (membrane) ...
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...solution only affords a few more years before the same symptoms will return or even less time to create a new problem in a surrounding tissue, then the process comes full circle. A reason for the binded, under active, and dysfunctional muscles is the accumulation of scar tissue. By definition scar tissue, or cicatricial tissue, is the dense fibrous tissue forming a matrix, derived directly from granulation tissue. For the purpose of this paper I will use the term scar tissue throughout its length. Scar tissue binds up and ties down tissues that need to move freely. This dense, fibrous tissue affects us all and is an underlying factor in many injuries. As scar tissue builds up, muscles become shorter and weaker, tension on tendons causes tendinosis, nerves can become trapped, and altered movement patterns result causing discomfort often pain. “All these problems can cause reduced range of motion, loss of strength as well as tingling, numbness, and weakness” [1]. Scar tissue forms two different ways: first, if a muscle, tendon, or ligament is torn or crushed, the body creates scar tissue to glue the torn pieces together. This is a necessary part of the healing process. The second is by soft tissue in the body not receiving enough oxygen- the named aspect hypoxia. Hypoxia is very common often occurring frequently in living organisms with tissue structures. Poor posture, athletic activities, repeated use, and...
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...Research Report Rough Draft (pubmd.com) What is adipose tissue? It is a very little known word, yet everyone is familiar with what it refers to. Adipose tissue is something that most people want to lose. Its alternate name, by which most people know it, is one that is said with disdain. Adipose tissue makes up most of your body. Adipose tissue is body fat. And no matter how much it is hated, it remains a vital part of the human body. (webmd.com) Adipose tissue, first discovered by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in the 1500s, is composed mostly of adipocytes, which are fat cells. (pubmd.com)It is located directly beneath the skin. Its main role is to store energy in the form of lipids and cushions & protects the inner organs & skeleton. It has been recognized, in recent years, as an endocrine organ, as it produces many various helpful hormones. (medicinenet.com) Obesity is a major health problem worldwide, although it is most present in the United States. It is defined as an excess amount of body fat (or adipose tissue). It increases the risk of several chronic diseases like Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, sleep apnea, and colon cancer. (pubmed.com) Dysfunction of adipose tissue can result in insulin resistance and its metabolic complications in particular with excess body fat or marked reduced body fat (lipodystrophy). (mayoclinic.com) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a term used to describe the accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little or no...
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...lubricating substances in the serosae. Location: Air sacs in lungs; blood vessels (endothelium) | | Simple Cuboital EpithethialDESRP: Single layer, cube like w/round central nucleiFUNCT: secretes and absorption Location: Kidney tubules, ducts and small glands | | Simple Columnar EpithelialDESRP: single layer of tall cells with round to oval nucleiFUNCT: absorption; secretion of mucusLocation: stomach to rectum | | Pseudostratified Columnar EpitheliumDESRP: single layer; differing heights, some not at free surface; nuclei different levelsFUNCT: secretes substances mucus by ciliary actionLocation: Trachea | | Stratefied Squamous EpithiliumDESRP: thick membrane of several cell layers, cuboital or columnarFUNCT: Protects underlying tissues in areas with abrasion. Location: esophagus, mouth, vagina | | Transitional Epithilium DESRP: looks like stratified, squamous and stratified cuboital, dependant on degree of organ stretchFUNCT: stretches readily to store urineLocation: bladder | | Areolar Connective TissueDESRP: little fibers elastic collagen in a gel matrixFUNCT: wraps organs to keep moistLocation: forms lamina propria ofmucous membrans | | Adipose TissueDESPP: very little fiber, many fat cellsFUNCT: Great insulator, supportsLocation: Breasts, around eyeballs | | Reticular Connective TissueDESRP: Reticular fibers branched outFUNCT: FilterLocation: spleen, lymph nodes | | Dense Regular Connective TissueDESRP: Parallel collagen fibersFUNCT: Attached muscle...
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...TISSUE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION There are 4 types of tissue in the body. Epithelial tissue covers the body, connective tissue is used for protection and support, muscle tissue (there are 4 different types) and then the nerve tissue which is used to send messages around the body. Epithelial Tissue It covers the whole surface of the body and it can be identified by one cell attached to another and is one cell thick or it sometimes has multi layers of thickness. Epithelial tissue protects the organs from damaging and also protects it from tension, it also protects the body from dirt, dust and bacteria and other things that may harm the body. There are 4 types of different epithelial tissue: pavement tissue, tessellated tissue, stratified tissue and ciliated/columnar tissue. Pavement tissue: has the appearance of thin, flat plates. It is normally found in the mouth, blood vessels and lungs, it makes up the outer layers of the skin and it is one cell thick. Tessellated tissue: they have wavy outlines because these cells line the blood vessels. Stratified tissue: has many layers of cells and the top cells are flat, it is all close together. Ciliated/columnar tissue: these cells occur with one or more layers and they are column shaped. They are the lining of the stomach and intestine but some of these are in the nose, ears and the taste buds of the tongue. The ciliated tissue is the same as columnar tissue the only difference is that it has thin, fine hair on the...
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...Tissues: An introduction Lab Report Part 1 This lab is divided into two different parts. Part 1 deals with the general characteristics of tissues, and part 2 asks you to interpret some photomicrographs taken of human tissue slides in our lab. Part one should be completed first, but you’ll probably get a lot of hints about the answers for part 2 if you’ve looked over the images and questions provided ahead of time to work on them. To do Part 1, download the following documents and have your textbook available. Part 1 Characteristics of tissues A. Epithelial Tissues What are five general characteristics which distinguish epithelial tissues? (1. Cellularity: tightly packed sheets of cells with little intercellular material between them 2. Basement membrane; the basal surface of ETs are anchored to underlying CT by a distinct basement membrane 3. Specialized contacts: tight junctions and desmosomes 4. Avascularity: contain no blood vessels; are nourished by nutrients which diffuse upward from underlying connective tissue through the basement membrane 5. Regeneration: high regeneration capacity due to rapid cell division ) Explain how the general morphology of epithelial cells may be deduced from the names of the epithelial tissues. (The names of the epithelial cells are characteristic of their structure: simple=single layer stratified=many layers squamous=flat cuboidal=cube shaped columnar=elongated ) Epithelial tissues specialized for secretion can be found...
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...Tissues, Cells and Organs The human body consists of many millions of cells. The cell is the basic structural unit of the body. A typical body cell has the following features; A cell membrane – this acts as a boundary for the cell contents. It also acts as a barrier, allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other substances out. The cell membrane is said to be ‘selectively permeable’. A nucleus – this determines what type of cell it will be, e.g. liver cell, nerve cell, skin cell,…. The ‘information’ that determines this is located on long, threadlike structures called chromosomes, which are only found in the nucleus. The cell cytoplasm – this is a ‘jelly-like’ substance found outside of the nucleus. This is where most of the chemical reactions performed by the cell take place. These chemical reactions are controlled by specialized proteins called enzymes. Mitochondria – these are small oval shaped structures located in the cell cytoplasm. This is where the energy releasing chemical reactions take place. Cells that are active, have a lot of mitochondria; e.g. muscle and liver cells. While cells that are less active, only have a few mitochondria; e.g. skin cells and fat cells. A collection of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function, is known as a tissue. There are 4 basic tissue types found in the body; -- epithelial, -- muscle, -- nervous and – connective. Epithelial tissue is the type of tissue found...
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...MIXED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE Dominique Lewis Anatomy & Physiology I | BIO1011 15 South University . Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) What’s considered to be an autoimmune disorder, Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) is one of the most puzzling diseases due to its overlapping characteristics. These overlapping characteristics include the diseases systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, and polymyositis (http://lup.sagepub.com/content/15/3/132.short). Though the disease is somewhat unknown and presumably hereditary, the uncovered cause and criteria for diagnosis is linked through like antibodies and antigens (http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM197611182952101). MCTD affects numerous body systems i.e. skeletal, muscular, skeletal, digestive, and nervous (https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Mixed_Connective_Tissue_Disease). Treatment for this disease is patient specific depending on the severity of each case; while the medications prescribed are ailment specific, creating a huge risk of developing side effects due to contraindications and normal use. In diagnosing these side effects, one must first explore the history of MCTD. What is Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)? In 1972 (Venables) Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) was first recognized for its overlapping features by its like or “mixed” similarities noticed in patients presenting with signs and symptoms of three autoimmune connective...
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...Tissue: epithelial (avascular no blood vessels), connective (may be solid or liquid, cartilage bone, fat tissue, blood, lymph), Neural tissue, muscle tissue (allow movement, keep joint stable, postural control, produce heat) Three types: skeletal: voluntary control, striated; smooth: involuntary, non-strated; cardiac: involuntary, striated. Epithelial: simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal , columnar. 1.Simple squamous epithelium: mesothelia lining ventral body cavities; endothelia lining heart and blood vessels, portion of kidney tubules( thin section of nephron loops); inner lining of cornea, alveoli of lungs. Function: reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, and performs absorption and secretion. 2. Stratified squamous epith: surface of skin, lining of mouth, oral cavity, throat, pharynx, oesophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina (yindao). Function: provide physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attack. 3.Simple cuboidal epith: glands, ducts, portion of kidney tubules, thyroid glands. Function: limited protection, secretion, absorption. 4. Stratified cub ep: lining of some ducts function: protection, secretion, absorption. 5. Transitional epithelium: urinary bladder, renal pelvis; ureters. Function: permits expansion and recoil after stretching. 6. Simple columnar ep: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting duct of kidneys. Function: protection, secretion, absorption. 7. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi:...
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...damaged Tissue The body will respond to an exercise stress in one of three ways and there may be primary and secondary damage to the tissues as a result of exercise stress. The three responses the body will take to an exercise stress are, the tissues may adapt to the stress and no damage occurs, the tissues may become injured, or the tissues will die. In athletics, athletes often stress their bodies to the point of tissue injury and tissue death. The body’s primary reaction to an injury is tissue destruction. The degree of tissue destruction will greatly depend on the injurious force. Secondary damage may occur from cell death. Cell death occurs because of the hypoxia associated with the injured area. The damage done in the primary stage is irreversible; however with a good rehabilitation program the secondary damage can be contained and limited. When the body is injured a sequence of events is initiated that leads to the eventual repair of the injury site. The first stage in this process is inflammation which is followed by tissue healing and repair. The inflammatory response is the body's natural response that immediately occurs following tissue damage. Its main functions are to defend the body against harmful substances, dispose of dead or dying tissue and to promote the renewal of normal tissue. The inflammatory reaction is normally characterized by five distinct signs, each of which is due to a physiological response to tissue injury; Pain (due to chemicals released by...
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