...The Title IX Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX for short) broadly prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. Most of the time, people speak about Title IX when referring to gender equality in college sports, but it actually covers a wider range of sexual discrimination. In the NCAA, the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) would analyze a university’s decision to eliminate one of their team sports. They would determine if that school was compliant with Title IX. Some schools cite financial reasons for taking sports out, but that alone is not enough for the OCR. “Title IX requires that the percentage of male/female student-athletes should closely represent the student body population at the university and that the proportion of student aid should closely resemble the participating male/female ratio” (Cranney, 2013). Therefore, the athletic department’s male to female ratio has to be similar to the student body’s ratio as well. One of the reasons that Temple University took away seven of their sports was to balance their athletic department’s male/female ratio, and it would also save the school between $3 to $3.5 million yearly (Cranney, 2013). If the ratio at the athletic department of a school is acceptable, they would have to really show that keeping up certain sports is hurting the school significantly. For the OCR, they will find every reason for a school not to drop any of their sports,...
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...------------------------------------------------- Subject: Self-Audit of Title IX in Athletic Program Broadwater Academy PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY The Headmaster and Board of Directors want to be proactive, they would like the athletic department to conduct a Title IX audit. This audit is to ensure the Broadwater Academy is in compliance with all Title IX criteria for athletics. SCOPE AND METHODOLGY To help understand why this audit is being conducted, it is necessary to have some history: “The original legislation, Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C 1681 et seq., is a Federal statute that was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972.” (NIAAA, 2011) “Title IX regulations provide that: No person shall on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, be treated differently from another person, or otherwise be discriminated against in any interscholastic, intercollegiate, club or intramural athletics offered by a recipient, and no recipient shall provide such athletics separately on such basis.” (Justice) Justice, T. U. (n.d.). http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/cor/coord/ixlegal.php. Retrieved from Title IX Legal manual: http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/cor/coord/ixlegal.php NIAAA. (2011). Leadership Training LTC 506 Legal Issues II; Title IX and sexual Harassment . NIAAA. This process will begin with the development of a committee to evaluate, manage, and supervise the compliance of Title IX in Broadwater Academy’s athletic program...
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...As Title IX approaches its 40th anniversary, its policies and impacts on both men’s and women’s sports is still greatly debated and argued. While it is proven fact that it was tremendously successful at providing women far greater opportunities both in sports and outside of sports, the topic of how it is negatively affecting men’s sport is often debated. The five articles that I gathered advocate for Title IX. They express its positive impacts through narrative accounts and personal experiences of well-known female athletes who prospered due to Title IX not just in sports, but in their educational and professional careers. They also disprove the myths commonly associated with Title IX that lack evidence about how it is responsible for negatively affecting men’s sport opportunities and potentially ruining the programs currently in existence. Title IX is generally associated with women’s opportunity in sports to the point where its other positive implications tend to be forgotten. Title IX isn’t just about providing an opportunity for women to participate in sports in high school and at the college level, it is about providing young women the skills needed to achieve greater successes later on in life. Pugmire’s (2013) article quotes Women’s basketball legend Anne Meyers Drysdale saying the following: “According to the Women's Sports Foundation, 80% of women in Fortune 500 companies played sports. It teaches you so much -- confidence, failure, success, courage, how to get along...
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...On the day of June 23, 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments was enacted by Congress and signed into law by United States President Richard Nixon. On this monumental day, women across the entire United States would no longer be discriminated on the basis of sex. Thirty-seven that would change everything, "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." This landmark federal statute was considered the most important step for gender equality since the right to vote given in the 19th Amendment. Hawaii congresswoman, Patsy T. Mink worked tirelessly by...
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...women’s movement was the enactment of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is the landmark legislation that bans sex discrimination in schools, whether it is in academics or athletics. It states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance" (Storm 320). Before Title IX, few opportunities existed for female athletes. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which was created in 1906 to format and enforce rules in men’s football but had become the ruling body of college athletics, offered no athletic scholarships for women and held no championships for women’s teams. Furthermore, facilities, supplies and funding were lacking. As a result, in 1972 there were just 30,000 women participating in NCAA sports, as opposed to 170,000 men (Simon 92). Title IX applies to educational institutions that receive any federal funds and prohibits discrimination in all educational programs and activities. Athletic programs are considered educational programs and activities. Title IX gives women athletes the right to equal opportunity in sports in educational institutions that receive federal funds, from elementary schools to colleges and universities (Poertner 92). There are three parts to Title IX as it applies to athletics programs: (1)...
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...Mark Zawada Title IX Title IX states, “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance”(Coakley). This law has been under scrutiny the last couple of decades. Mainly by those who have a misconception that the Title IX law has hurt male athletics in college sports. The fact of the matter is that Title IX does not affect the state of men’s athletics and has not had a negative affect towards male athletes. Title IX is a law that provides equal opportunities for both men and women. One of the biggest misconceptions is that Title IX has had a negative impact on male sports in intercollegiate athletics. People who are against Title IX state that men’s programs get cut due to the fact that universities have to provide equal scholarships to both men and women. The Women’s Sports Foundation states that, “Title IX's purpose is to create the same opportunity and quality of treatment for female athletes as is afforded male athletes. The law does not require reductions in opportunities for male athletes” (www.womenssportsfoundation.org). In fact, Erik Brady of the USA Today writes that, “Men’s teams in other sports have been added over the years to more than offset the teams dropped. She says schools that drop men's sports often give reasons other than Title IX. And she points out that of...
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...Katie Higgins Mr. Mishou English IV 12 April 2013 Title IX “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance” (Primer). These thirty-seven words make up the civil rights law Title IX, which is widely known for reforming athletics, although it is never directly mentioned. First, the detailed history shows how many people worked rigorously to get the law passed. Furthermore, Title IX’s numerous tests show how verify schools complying with the law. Lastly, Title IX has increased the participation of women in athletics significantly over the past forty years. Title IX, the controversial federal civil rights act, has shaped athletics to how they are today by creating equal opportunities for female athletes. Flashback forty-one years to before Title IX changed the lives girls and women forever. Girls were not encouraged to play sports at a young and scholarships were not available for women to play athletics in college. People like Pat Summitt, arguably one of the best women’s basketball coaches ever, was not receiving fair treatment while playing collegiate basketball. In 1972, before Title IX was signed, Summitt played basketball for the University of Tennessee-Martin. The team was given uniforms that were used in the Physical Education classes and placed numbers on the back with tape....
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...Angie Kraft Title IX Paper September 27, 2015 Title IX has impacted the world as we know it in so many ways, and to think that some people have never even heard of the matter. Title IX states, “No person in the United states shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be defined the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” The law was passed in 1972 by Richard Nixon and has been celebrated for 43 years. The purpose of Title IX is to get rid of discrimination on the basis of sex in any program that is federally funded. Before Title IX was passed women were very limited when it came to playing sports. They mostly played for physical fitness rather than competition. They were recreational and noncompetitive. In the early 1900s is when woman started to become more interested in playing sports and started forming athletic clubs; those clubs were informal of course. College sports for women before title IX was a little different. They would let women play certain sports but only against their fellow classmates, not outside of the college. In the late 1800s the first intercollegiate competition between women was scheduled and then canceled because one of the schools did not allow their female athletes to compete between colleges. Schools must go through a 3-prong test to use as evidence to the legislation of Title IX. The first part of the test is proportionality...
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... Your excitement is overwhelming. You have spent your entire life working up to this point; you are a college athlete. You are being paid to attend school and play your favorite sport for it. Your coach walks in with an upset look on his face. You think to yourself that it’s just going to be a difficult practice. Your coach actually tells you that you do not have practice today. You wont have practice ever again. Your entire life work gone, just like that. With your heart crushed, you cannot understand why the sport is just, canceled. You walk up to your coach and ask what the problem is. Your coach, as disappointed as you, tells you that the University board of athletics has decided to drop your “life” from the program to abide by the Title IX requirements and for not being a profitable program. This actually happened here at the University of Utah 50 years ago and it’s because there is a problem going on at Universities like The U and it is that men’s non-revenue sports, like wrestling, are being impacted negatively. Wresting is beginning to fade from colleges that are not in the Big Ten or the Ivy League, and Colleges like the University of Utah are participating in letting the sport diminish. In an article written by Coyte G. Cooper, “Involving the core product” “While there were 363 NCAA wrestling programs in 1981, the number of men’s wrestling programs offered by the NCAA had diminished to 234 in 2005.” Schools should stop making excuses for dropping the sport and making...
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...Title IX is a civil rights law that prevents any federally-funded program from allowing sex discrimination. In 1972 Title IX was passed, and it is part of the educational amendments of the United States. Title IX is one of the most well-known and significant of them all. Its protections include, but are not limited to: men, women, and transgender people. Title IX is currently being enforced in about 16,500 local school districts and 7,000 colleges/postsecondary establishments throughout all 50 states, as well as territories of the United States, and the District of Columbia. The law Title IX has changed sports in America forever because of the justice it provides to students, how it affects the process of high school and collegiate sports,...
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...The book talks about gender roles in society and how it is viewed by different groups of people and how even thought Title IX is in place, it just is a written law stating that discrimination between woman and men is illegal, that doesn’t mean it has been entirely implemented. They talk about instances in which this is the case, while providing the stereotypical view of woman as seen through the eyes of these groups. This source was useful because it shed light into how woman are seen by groups in society which are the reasons for discrimination in the first place. It gives the perspectives of Conservatives, Liberal-Progressive Views, “Woman-Centered” Views, and Social Reconstructionist Views. This is different from other sources in my bibliography...
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...have different viewpoints on the Title IX, campus sexual assault policy. Title IX is a section of the Education Amendments created in 1972. The exact title states “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” (Knowing Title IX). The law was designed to eliminate gender discrimination in federally funded educational institutions. The policy was put into place so all sexes would be treated equally educationally and athletically. Title IX also includes equal rights for each sex pertaining to rape, sexual assault and sexual harassment. Among undergraduate students alone, 23.1 percent of females and 5.4 percent of males, experience sexual assault or rape. Title IX was instituted to prevent gender discrepancies for all aspects, from sexual assault to athletics, in federally funded academic institutions for both the accuser and the accused. Americans generally support one of the two different policies instituted by the Obama and Trump administration. Obama’s policy being a liberal view point, and Trump’s a conservative. The policy...
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...Title IX: Equity or Elimination? Issues of gender equity have confronted American society since its inception. The Declaration of Independence specifically states that all "men" are created equal, leaving out women, just as the Constitution originally denied women the right to vote. Over the past two and a half centuries, however, women have striven to obtain equal rights. In 1848, for instance, leaders of the women's suffrage movement, such as Susan B. Anthony, adopted a Declaration of Sentiments calling for an equal rights amendment including women ("Women's Rights" par. 1). In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution finally adhered to their wishes, giving women the right to vote. Despite these important steps, women in the United States, a nation founded on the ideals of freedom and equality, continue to battle for equal rights. A key moment in this fight for equality occurred in 1972 with the passage of the Title IX Amendment to the Equal Opportunity in the Education Act. Title IX states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance" (Sadker par. 2). This piece of legislation has had a profound impact upon college athletics. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has interpreted Title IX as requiring an equal opportunity for male and female athletes at our...
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...Running Head: Title IX Court Case Research on Title IX Court Case FIRST M. SURNAME INSTITUTIONAL AFFLIATION TITLE IX Court Case Introduction Title IX is a part of the Education Amendments of 1972. The amendment protects the citizens from discrimination from academic programs on the basis of their gender(Carpenter & Acosta, 2005). It provides that persons of either gender can be granted an opportunity in any education program within taking into consideration their gender. Title IX protects all the students enrolled in government sponsored institutions from discrimination. As much as the code of Civil Rights caters for the protection against such there are still areas where discrimination can arise (Boland, 2002).. For instance, enrollment in some degree programs or some sporting activities might be based on discriminating nature. The Amendments also guard the student against sexual harassment. This paper will look at the process of filing a Title IX lawsuit. It will analyze based on a sample case study on how to overcome the case based on the current provision of the Education Amendments as well as other relevant laws that pertain to that case. It will observe the consequences of the outcome of the case to the participants of the case. The evaluation will consider all the other external factors that are involved in the process of the filing process and representation in the court of law. Statement of the Court Case The case to be analyzed for the purposes of...
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...I. PLAINTIFF FAILS TO ESTABLISH A PRIMA FACIE TTILE IX CAUSE OF ACTION. In order to successfully maintain a claim for relief under 20 U.S.C. § 1681, commonly known and referred to as ‘Title IX, Plaintiff must show that (1) Plaintiff was subjected to harassment based on sex; (2) the sexual harassment was so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it could be said to deprive the plaintiff of access to the educational opportunities or benefits provided by the school; (3) the funding recipient had actual knowledge of the sexual harassment; and (4) the funding recipient was deliberately indifferent to the harassment. Plaintiff’s allegations are insufficient to state a cause of action because (1) Plaintiff does not allege that she was subjected to harassment on the basis of her sex; and (2) she does not allege that the harassment was so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it deprived her of access to the opportunities and benefits provided by the University. [Pursuant] to Title IX, [20 U.S.C.A. § 1681], the acts of...
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