Louise Shooter NC33297 6 New Street, Milnsbridge Huddersfield, West Yorks HD3 4LN HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVEL 2 Assignment 1
TMA 1
1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions?
The four basic human structures are cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
The cell is the smallest building block of the body, and is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. They live independently and can reproduce itself. A group of cells form Tissues. They come in all different sizes such as elongated, square, oval and even star shaped.
The cell is made up of protoplasm (jelly like substance), it is 70% water plus organic and inorganic salts, carbohydrates, lipids (fatty substance), nitrogenous substances, (these are amino acids obtained from protein), and compounds of all the above.
Blood for example is a liquid tissue made up of several different types of cells. Cells allow us to breathe, digest, excrete, reproduce, sense, grow, move, die. When a cell goes wrong this can be the origin of disease and illness.
Tissues, is a group or cells joined together, there is four different types of tissue, epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular.
Epithelial
There is two categories of epithelial tissue, simple and compound, simple is often found as a covering or lining for organs and vessels. Compound provides external protection and the internal elasticity. All in all the tissue performs a variety of functions including protection, secretion, absorption, filtration and sensory.
Connective
This tissue binds structures together connecting more active tissues. (bones and muscles for example). It also acts as a transport system to carry substances around
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the body. There is eight types of connective tissue, these are referred to as areolar, adipose, lymphoid, yellow elastic, white fibrous bone, blood and cartilage.
Nervous
This is found mainly in the brain, spinal cord and the nerves. It co-ordinates and controls many of the bodies activities transmitting signals to and from the brain.
Muscular
There is three types of muscular tissue.
Striated, voluntary and skeletal –This helps support and moves the body.
Smooth or involuntary – performs involuntary functions such as peristalsis, breathing etc.
Cardiac- Heart muscle to help pump blood, strong tough muscle that needs to work 24 hours.
This type of tissue provides stability to the skeleton and the internal organs and allows body movement. All muscle is made of 75% water, 20% protein, 5% mineral salts, glycogen, glucose and fat.
Organs
Two or more kinds of tissues will make up an organ. The organ is part of the body to perform a physiological function many organs include
Brain- fills the cranium, exercising control over the whole body and mind, nerve impulses travel to and from the brain along the spinal cord.
Lungs- its function is to deliver oxygen to and from the body and remove co2 from the blood.
Heart- To pump oxygenated blood around body and the deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.
Kidneys – humans have two of these, blood on its way through the body passes through kidneys in order to be filtered of toxic substances before recirculating.
Liver – performs many functions, the liver cleanses and stores energy as well as removes toxins, nitrogen from amino acids, and they store vitamins glycogen iron and fats. It produces heat, body sugar levels and produces bile.
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The reproductive organs (male and female genitals)- helps with reproduction ( creation of a baby).
The Intestines. Small and large intestine, the Small intestine helps and aids chemical digestion of food, absorbs nutrients into the blood. The Large converts waste food into faeces.
The Skin.
Is the largest organ.It covers the whole body and is water resistant. It consists of two layers the epidermis and the dermis. Its main function is protecting and shaping body. The epidermis is the layer of skin we see , the dermis or the real skin is connected to the blood and lymph supply such as the nerves.
Bladder
A sac like organ which stores urine and also disposes of it.
Stomach
A j shaped elastic organ, its main function is digesting broken down food, digesting proteins, kills bacteria by producing hydrochloric acid.
Systems.
A group of organs or related functions join to form a system.
The main systems are Skeletal, Nervous, Endocrine, Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive, Lymphatic, and Muscular.
Skeletal.
Made up of 206 bones that support’s the muscles and organs of the human body. Its divided into two parts, Axial and Appendicular.
Axial, supports the head, neck and trunk the Appendicular supports appendages or limbs attaches them to the rest of the body, they are linked together by ligaments tendons, joints and gives the body its shape and also supports muscular system.
Nervous.
Made up of brain, spinal cord, also connect the peripheral nervous system. The Sensory neurons connect to the central nervous system by electrical signals. (Neurons are cells which gather information across the body).
Endocrine.
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Composed of the ductless glands which produce hormones (the bodies chemical messengers). Hormones control and affect many body functions as well as behaviour. This system works very closely to the nervous system.
The Circulatory (Vascular system).
Composed of the blood, the heart, arteries and veins. This system is mainly responsible for distributing oxygen and essential nutrients to whole body as well as removing potentially damaging waste and carbon dioxide. Its main organ is the heart.
Respiratory
This system is also our own personal breathing equipment. It takes substances from outside the body (gases, particularly O2), circulating them through body to cells, tissues then helps in excreting excess and waste. This exchange of O2 and Co2 is called gaseous exchange.
Digestive
Is a set of organs which transforms whatever we eat into substances that can be used in the body for energy, growth and repair. This system consists of Stomach, Intestines and Liver. Once food is broken down by various chemical processes and nutrients are removed, rest is excreted as waste.
Urinary
It’s the human bodies own waste disposal system, consisting of organs, bladder, kidneys and other small components. This system helps to remove waste substances it does this through filtration and excretion. This system also plays a part in Homeostasis.
Reproductive
All the sexual organs helps in reproduction fusing the egg cells (female) and sperm (male). These are brought together in creating a baby.
Lymphatic
Works very closely to the circulatory system entwined with the circulation of blood. It provides a channel through which excess tissue fluid is returned to the bloodstream.
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Muscular
Comprises of the entire muscular system and their attachments, eg tendons and fascia. This System aids movement and protects. to be
1.2 Discuss the meaning of Homeostasis
Homeostasis is referred to as the maintenance of a stable internal body environment. The Internal body constantly works to keep everything stable, preventing great fluctuations such as body heat, fluid levels, amount of glucose and salts in the body etc.
Homeostasis is performed from the brain monitoring what is going on and then sending nerve impulses of hormones to other organs to make changes. It receives most of its information from the blood flowing through it. Blood sugar levels is controlled by the release and storage of glucose, which is controlled by a hormone called Insulin, body temperature is controlled by enzymes and also water , body content controlled by kidneys.
In more close detail
Ion content- this is kept regulated by the kidneys. They must keep correct balance in the cells.
Sugar Content-
The body needs the correct balance of glucose fro respiration and adequate stores of glycogen.
Water Content-
Our body is made up of 70% water and we must have the correct balance or could have severe detrimental effects on our health.
Temperature-
Our body temperature works best at 37 C. The brain sends and receives messages from the skin. Homeostasis will control and balance body temp for whatever you may be doing, running, sweating, shivering etc.
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Co2- Any extra needs to be removed.
1.3
Describe the origins of Human life in terms of cell structure?
All Cell share the same internal structure. All living things are made of cells.
The animal cells in particular consist of three main parts, cell membrane, nucleus and Cytoplasm. A plant cell have many of the same basic structure as the animal cell but has a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large permanent vacuole.
The cell is a microscopic building block of all living things as discussed before and grouped together start to form tissues, tissues grouped together form organs, organs grouped together form systems. Through what is a rather complex system starting from the cell allows us to function as a human being, we can live, breathe, digest, excrete, reproduce, sense, grow, move and eventually die when the cells themselves start to deteriorate
To understand the basic functions of life we need to understand the design of the cell, what the cell is made up of.
The cell is made up of firstly protoplasm, a colourless almost jelly like substance. It is 70% water, also contained in the cell is organic and inorganic salts, carbohydrates, lipids (fatty substances) amino acids (nitrogenous substances).
The Cell contains the following.
Cytoplasm
Is the protoplasm, the jelly like substance, it is inside the cell but is not contained in the nucleus; contained in the protoplasm is many different substances.
Nucleus
The centre of the cell, and controls all the substances in the cytoplasm and the process of the repair and reproduction of the cell itself, its contained in the nuclear membrane and contains its own protoplasm called nucleoplasm, also contained is DNA which carries the cells genetic code and chromatin, the material needed to form chromosomes.
Nucleolus
A small body within the nucleus that programmes the formation of the ribosomes which move into the main cytoplasm to help produce protein.
Ribosomes
Here enzymes and other protein compounds are produced, protein is used for growth and repair of the cell.
Lysosomes
Destroys worn out parts of the cell and bacteria
Vacuoles
Empty spaces within the cytoplasm, contain waste materials used for storage or digestion
Golgi Apparatus
Combines polysaccharides (carbohydrates) with protein compounds used for energy production.
The Cell is designed to live! It will continue to grow and also repair itself by making protein, the chemical reactions that occur in the cell are described as anabolism and catabolism, another reaction is with the controlled absorption of oxygen combined with nutrients to help with energy production, Co2 is the waste.
Healthy cells are the origins of human life and one way to grow and reproduce itself is through a term called Mitosis.
Mitosis is the multiplication of cells, this will continue through life, the process of mitosis is faster in younger people and slower as one gets older and the actual process of mitosis takes two hours. If a cell continues to divide they can create tumours and sometimes cancer. There is four stages to mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase, once the process is over the cell will rest which is called Interphase.
Meiosis
This is cell reproduction which results in a gamete and sex cell, when male sperm fuses with a female ovum they create a zygote a single cell with 46 chromosomes, the zygote will divide by mitosis and the organism that result from the cell division is called an embryo
