...To what extent do liberals disagree over freedom? (15) Liberals agree that individual freedom a natural right therefore allowing them to make their own decisions and to maximise their potential. Also all liberals’ general view is that unlimited freedom to do whatever they wish is not permissible as it could lead to individuals harming each other which are not permissible. This shoes that Modern and Classical Liberals do agree to some extent. Classical Liberals believe in a concept called negative freedom. Negative freedom is an interpretation of freedom where the only restriction permissible is to prevent individuals from harming each other because individuals are of self-interest hence they would harm others if it benefitted them. John Stuart Mill came up with this concept and went one step further by not accepting restrictions on any form of self- harm as it clashed with individual freedom to natural right also they are harming themselves which does not affect any other individual. The classics believe in an absence of restraint as well as minimal state intervention. Modern Liberals will critique this by arguing that the state intervention is to minimal therefore the individual could harm others and get away with it as there is no one to enforce the rule. Modern liberals believe in a concept called positive freedom. Positive freedom is an interpretation of freedom where the individual is required to be encouraged by the state and others in order to develop skills with...
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...To what extent do Classical and Modern Liberals follow the same principles in their ideology? (45) Typically, liberalism is categorised into two separate components; Classical liberalism, which was fashioned during the 19th century and the more recent modern liberalism that emerged following the rise in industrialisation. Although both divisions of Liberalism unavoidably overlap in attitudes and principles regarding the theory behind the ideology, there are a number of notable differences when the two forms of ideology are analysed together. Some will say that both Classical and modern liberalists possess a number of parallel approaches towards this political theory and its key concepts. Therefore, it shall be my conclusion that, whilst both Classical and Modern Liberals follow the same ideology, they interpret it in a different way. Firstly, both strands of Liberalism believe in the necessity of some kind of a state, since life without a state, as Thomas Hobbes stated, would be ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short’. Both views consider the existence of a state to be essential in order to protect individual rights. Since Liberalism, from a general perspective, considers humanity to be self-interested and egoistical. The importance of the state is emphasised since it ensures that individuals do not exploit other individuals rights (through acts of theft, harm etc.). Liberal analysists, Hobbes and Locke, particularly stressed the importance of creating a ‘social contract’...
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...Answers 1. Why do liberals support constitutionalism and consent? (Jan 02) Constitutionalism is a belief in limited government brought about through external (usually legal) and internal (institutional) checks on the exercise of power. Consent is the idea that govt power should be based on the agreement of the governed, usually expressed through regular and competitive elections. Liberals support constitutionalism and consent because they fear that govt may become a tyranny against the individual, based on the assumption that power is inherently corrupting and concentrations of power will lead to absolute corruption. This assumption is rooted in the liberal view of human nature: as individualism implies self- interest, those with power over others are apt to abuse it for their benefit and at the expense of others. Liberal constitutionalism is expressed through support for various external and internal devices, such as codified constitutions, bills of rights, the separation of powers, federalism or devolution, and so on. Liberal support for consent is evident in support for electoral democracy in general and, more specifically, sympathy for referendums and proportional representation. 2. Distinguish between negative freedom and positive freedom, and explain the implications of each for the state. (Jun 02) Negative freedom is the absence of external constraints upon the individual, usually understood as non-interference. It is manifest in freedom of choice and...
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...Pornography benefits women, both personally and politically (McElroy.W 1995. XXX: A Women’s Right to Pornography). Comment on this statement examining both sides of the argument. Pornography is any type of material that depicts erotic behaviour and is intended to cause sexual excitement in its audience. It is an issue that has been under constant debate in our society and there are many arguments for and against pornography it has been extensively debated whether pornographic material should be legally protected or banned. Those who believe pornography must be protected argue that the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of expression, including sexual expression. A strong defender to this view is McElroy, who reflects this in her writing of “XXX: A Woman’s Right to Pornography”. Opponents of McElroy’s view raise moral concerns, arguing that the First Amendment does not protect expression that corrupts people's behaviour, therefore defending the suppression of pornography because it perpetuates gender stereotypes, as women are reduced to nothing more than sex objects which promotes violence against women and that men are viewed as “naturally” oppressive and violent and they are ruled by their sexual natures. Opponents also believe that even if pornography is viewed as speech it should be treated as a low value form of speech that is not entitled to First Amendment protection. According to the Radical feminist view, men are socialized to have sexual desires...
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...Now, liberalism proponents disagree on how to define this minimum area, what types of states and institutions are most appropriate and so on, and what means should be used. But, generally speaking, the central claim of liberalism includes that the state must protect some minimum area of our individual freedom. A second central claim of liberalism is rationalism, this idea that human reason is seen as important. In other words, the critical reasoning of the individual is assumed to allow for improvements to be made to our societies. So this is an optimistic view of human nature, that we have individual freedom to use our reason to come up with better ways of living together in societies. And the third claim of liberalism that we'll mention today is...
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...violent material, the classical liberalists such as John Stuart Mill would defend the feminists in censoring such behavior based on his harm principle. The article also raises gender inequality issues of contemporary society, one being the subordination of men to women. Three political philosophies are concerned with the law of obscenity: liberalism, conservatism and feminism. Conservative morality takes into consideration the elements of virtue or wickedness behind pornography and asks if the material in question poses threat to society. Liberalism, alternatively, is concerned with the repercussive effects of withholding such material from the public, and whether it would be more detrimental not to permit its publication (Mahoney 8). Both liberal and conservative approaches believe that harm needs to occur before the law should intervene....
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...Assess the contribution of feminist sociologists to an understanding of family roles and relationships. In this essay I will explore the different schools of feminism such as Marxist, liberal and radical feminism, who share the view that women are oppressed in a patriarchal society but differ in opinion on who benefits from the inequalities. Each school of feminism has their own understanding of family roles and relationships which I will assess through this essay. Firstly one must look at the division of domestic labour and conjugal roles. Conjugal roles refer to the roles performed by men and women in relation to housework, childcare and paid work. Traditionally men had the instrumental ‘bread-winning’ role which the women had the expressive role (childcare and primary socialisation). Feminists say that the traditional division of labour is neither natural nor beneficial to women as their expressive role is unpaid and taken for granted. However different feminist views disagree on who benefits from this unpaid labour. Marxist feminists would argue it is capitalism that benefits most as wives keep their husbands happy and therefore they are left with a content workforce. On the other hand, radical feminists would argue that men are the main people to gain from women’s oppression as we live in a patriarchal society. A functionalist view from Wilmott and Young says that there has been a ‘march of progress’ in which the family has become more symmetrical with more joint conjugal...
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...May 2018 The Freedom of Speech “Congress shall make no law… abridging the freedom of speech…” Why should the 1st amendment be changed now? Should groups like the Neo-Nazis be stripped of their constitutional rights? A huge controversy has arisen on whether groups like the Neo-Nazi should have the right to protest and have full freedom of speech. Despite this heated debate, Neo-Nazis should have the right to speak their opinion because of the freedom speech guaranteed in the constitution, the right to purchase a protest permit, and lastly to further prevent rebellion. Neo-Nazis as well as any other group or American citizen have the first amendment right. The first amendment states, “Congress...
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...Two Concepts of Liberal Pluralism George Crowder Political Theory 2007; 35; 121 DOI: 10.1177/0090591706297642 The online version of this article can be found at: http://ptx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/2/121 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Political Theory can be found at: Email Alerts: http://ptx.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://ptx.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Downloaded from http://ptx.sagepub.com at Ebsco Electronic Journals Service (EJS) on September 6, 2008 Two Concepts of Liberal Pluralism George Crowder Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Political Theory Volume 35 Number 2 April 2007 121-146 © 2007 Sage Publications 10.1177/0090591706297642 http://ptx.sagepub.com hosted at http://online.sagepub.com Is the liberal state entitled to intervene in the internal affairs of its nonliberal minorities to promote individual autonomy as a public ideal, or should it tolerate the nonliberal practices of such groups in the name of legitimate diversity? This problem can be fruitfully approached from the perspective of Isaiah Berlin’s notion of “value pluralism.” According to William Galston, value pluralism privileges a form of liberalism that is maximally accommodating of nonliberal groups and their practices. I agree that pluralism fits best with a liberal political framework...
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...Steering Bangladesh in the Right Direction: A report based on Steering Bangladesh in the Right Direction: A report based on Youth Leadership Summit 2011 is published by the Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center and funded by the World Bank. Steering Bangladesh in the Right Direction: A report based on Youth Leadership Summit 2011 is the result of collaboration with pi Strategy Consulting. Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center Plot 3 Road 20 Block J Baridhara Dhaka 1212 phone: (02) 883 3519 email: info@bylc.org www.bylc.org CORE TEAM AND AUTHORS © 2012 Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center All rights reserved. Samina Hossain Leadership Fellow, Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center Neamah Nazrul Islam Management Trainee, Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. Samira Saba Intern, Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center PRODUCTION TEAM - CREATIVE DESIGN Ivdad Ahmed Khan Mojlish Director, Youth Leadership Programs, Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center Neamah Nazrul Islam Management Trainee, Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center We are grateful to Pial Islam and his team at pi Strategy Consulting for their generous support in survey design and data analysis. In addition, we offer a special thank you to Charles Undeland at the World Bank for his guidance and advice on the production...
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...Northern Consortium United Kingdom – Politics Past paper questions for June exam < Module 1 > Section A 1a What are the differences between Public Bills Committees and Select Committees? [5] Public Bills Committee is part of legislative process, whereas Select Committee is part of scrutiny process. In the former committee, the bill is examined by line by line to ensure that its wording and language is clear to allow any amendments on the bill. In the latter committee, there are two departments – governmental and non-governmental. They examine government departments’ expeditures , policies and policies. There are between 16 to 50 members in the PBC who are selected by Committee of Selection whose 7 out 9 members are ships. On the other hand, there are 11 members in the SCs and to eliminate “the conflict of interest, all the members are backbench members who are elected using the Alternative vote system. 2a What are the main functions of Parliament and how well does it perform them? [5] < This question is a 20-mark question > 3a What are the differences between direct and representative democracy? [5] In direct democracy, people are directly involved in decision-making processes, whereas in representative democracy, people elect MPs who will represent and form a government in Parliament. For instance, some qualified members of Athenian society were involved in decision-making and a referendum is a limited form of direct democracy. Also general elections...
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...Research Paper: How the Media Affects National Psyche Following the American Psychological Guidelines Name: Institution: Introduction National psychology refers to the idiosyncratic emotional character of specific states, cultural groups or immigrates. It is a common assumption that diverse cultural parties or individuals habiting a specific state, are commonly characterized by a unique mixture of human attitudes, principles, virtues and emotions. National psychology plays various imperative roles in the development of a country. For instance, from a political dimension, politicians will appeal to people using common national identity such as the “ Russian people.” Media may refer to tools that are required to store and deliver information in form of processed data to people. There are various types of media known to man. However, this paper focusses on the various means of communication that include televisions, newspapers, radios and magazines. This forms of communication are widely known for their ability to influence people’s views and opinions. Media plays a vital role in the influence of national psychology. The influence of media on national psychology has been under scrutiny for several years. Studies show that media can indeed affect psychology of an individual directly or indirectly. There are several theories that have been postulated to support this notion. One of the theories is media psychology. “Theories of psychology have been formed from synthesis of philosophy...
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...Ex 1 Using material from the article as well as your own ideas, consider what the priorities of education should be for your country and justify your reason for choosing these priorities. In Singapore, education is more or less a political and social engineering tool that prepares Singaporeans for the workplace of the future. In the 1960s, education was driven by the need for Singapore to survive as a small, independent city state with limited resources. Thus, there was a strong link between education and economic development. Given its history, it’s not surprising that Singapore still values education as part of the nation-building process. The main priority of education in Singapore should be economic growth. Singapore has no natural resources other than its own people. Given this situation, it is imperative that our human capital is completely harnessed and developed for nation building. Education, which allows for the accumulation of knowledge and skills, thus becomes vital for sustained economic growth. In this century, economies all over the world are transformed by globalization, to remain competitive, Singapore needs to transform itself into a global hub of knowledge and innovation driven industries. To achieve this, a world-class workforce that is creative, entrepreneurial and adaptable needs to be cultivated to survive the many challenges of this new century. However, as the article pointed out, education is also a personal right, an entitlement. While the government...
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...State University California In today’s world, the news media reaches and affects every person in the United States. The question now is does mass media such as newspapers, television, and the internet affect the voting trends of the voters? The ownership of the media (Djankov, Nenova, McLiesh, & Shleifer, 2003), targeting specific demographics (Clinton & Lapinski, 2004), the implications of the internet (DiMaggio, Hargittai, Neuman, & Robinson, 2003) and how candidates use media (Aarts & Semetko, 2003) are all important aspects in determining whether a potential bias exists (Eveland & Shah, 2003) on the part of the news media. It is hypothesized that when the mass media displays certain biases leaning towards one party over the other, the populace tends to vote in the direction of the media. The following five scholarly literature reviews will attempt to demonstrate and support the hypothesis. According to Eveland and Shah (Eveland & Shah, 2003, p. 101)there is “a large percentage of the public (that) believes that the news media are biased, and the majority of these individuals consider the direction of bias to be against their own viewpoint”. This drives the question this paper attempts to answer. This article looks at media’s credibility and integrity in the eyes of individual people. The author’s give several hypothesis to provide multiple angles at which to look at the issue of the perceived hostile media bias’s. Aarts and Semetko offer a different...
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...1.0 Exercises on Professionalism 1.3.a. What is your over-all rating? Do you agree or disagree with the rating? Why and why not? Give some supporting answers to your judgment/s. My over-all rating in the Professional Development Assessment was 109 points out of 120. I believe the rating I got was reasonable and just since I pondered over the possibilities of each component. Definitely, I am in agreement with the rating. It is neither too high to the point of being improbable nor too low to being a discredit. The total percentage I got for this evaluation was 90.83%. This means that despite demonstrating the behaviors frequently, it must be taken into account that I am not perfect; I have my flaws and shortcomings. The point of the assessment was to rate how often I exhibit the given traits and to figure out areas that I need to improve on. Even though most of my answers on the subsections of the different professional behaviors fall under the consistently rating scale, I still had items wherein I encircled frequently or “75 to 95% of the time.” This just shows that even though I could rate the behaviors as a whole, I am aware that there are still underlying factors to be considered. For instance, Professional Presentation and Initiative lead me to think that I put them into practice consistently. However, I have realized that I fall short at some aspects under those behaviors. Truly, I should not neglect the smaller details and should consider them important. 1.3.b. List...
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