...Jim Bowie James “Jim” Bowie was a real life Jack of all trades. He was a pioneer, soldier, a smuggler, slave trader, and a notorious land speculator. Most importantly, he was an prime figure in the Texas Revolution in his defending of the Alamo. Many stories have been told about Bowie, some true and some slightly stretched, but it is these stories that have made in such a legend in Texas and a hero to American history. Jim Bowie was born in Kentucky on March 10, 1796. He was the ninth of ten children that were born to his mother and father. From a very young age, his family moved several times, usually far distances from each place preceding the next. They finally settled in Louisiana, where Jim spent most of his following years. The Bowies all learned how to fish, plant crops, and run a plantation, the good qualities of frontiersmen. This is also when Jim became very skilled with weapons of all sorts. Their parents were very adamant about giving their children a good education as well. All of the Bowie children could read and write. Yet, Jim could read, write, and fluently speak both Spanish and French. In 1814, Bowie and his brother Rezin enlisted in the Louisiana militia in accordance to President Jackson’s pleading for more fighters to participate in the War of 1812. By the time the Bowie brother reached New Orleans, it was too late to join in on any of the fighting. That December a treaty was signed and the war was over. After finishing his short service in the...
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...Name Lecturer Course Date Summary The boy was shy and weeping as he attended his mother’s funeral and was greeted by Siddhartha as his son as he entered Vasudeva’s hut. As the days progressed, he sat beside the dead woman’s corpse refusing to eat or sleep. Siddhartha honored the boy's grief by letting him do whatever he wanted, and letter learned that the boy was spoiled by the city life. As time passed, the boy remained a stranger to Siddhartha when he refused to work, displayed a proud and stubborn heart and lack respect for his elders. Siddhartha waited for a long time for his son to understand, accept, and even return his love. Vasudeva advised Siddhartha to return the boy to the city and with one of the servants or even his teacher but be in an environment he was used to. However, Siddhartha could not follow his friend's advice to give up his son. He, therefore, let his son order him around and do his chores. One day, Siddhartha lost his patience when the boy turned openly against him. He had given the boy a task of collecting brushwood, but the boy refused and instead shouted his hatred and contempt to his father’s face. The boy later ran off and did not return until tale in the evening. The following morning the boy was gone and stolen the money and the boat. Siddhartha saw the boat on the opposite side of the shore, and he knew the boy had run away. Siddhartha and Vasudeva built a raft and crossed the river, and Siddhartha went after the boy. On reaching the main gate...
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...A constant theme in many horror movies and poems is the presence of psychological torture. The most sadistic and cruel inflictor of pain is often our own mind, and when someone manages to manipulate us on a mental level, we are at our most vulnerable. Edgar Allen Poe was a master at painting vivid storylines of people going insane with the prospect of their own doom. Hollywood has combined classic fear-inducing plots with gruesome special effects to bring that same mentality to audiences. In the short story by Poe, “The Cask of Amontillado”, the main antagonist effortlessly manipulates and traps his victim. In much of the same way, the gory “Saw” franchise focuses on a madman who sees himself as a vigilante and takes justice into his own hands by torturing his victims on both a mental and psychological level. “The Cask of Amontillado” and the “Saw” movies share the combined use of entrapment, manipulation, and psychological and physical infliction of pain while being at polar extremes in the methods used upon their victims. Entrapment plays an important role in both horror sagas. In the story of the Amontillado, Fortunado is taken deep into the vault. As the two walked deeper down, Fortunado was repeatedly asked if he wanted to turn back “We will go back; you will be ill and I cannot be responsible. Besides there is Luchesi” (Poe), but his pride and vanity drove him on farther into the catacombs in search of the Amontillado. Fortunato was led into a niche where instead of...
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...Kelsie Folden Extra credit For this extra credit I went to the circ for the radical beauty display. I loved it! It showed things from what we think are beautiful like in the media. For example how magazines computerize faces and hair and everything! When really behind famous peoples pictures it’s just normal acne wrinkled women like everyone else. This is so sad causing younger women to feel ugly, even not normal. They also had a section where people we naked and all shapes and sizes, but happy and proud. For example I love the picture of two naked woman one skinny, one larger. They were both so happy and smiling. They were both beautiful. I also saw a picture of an overweight woman with words all over here like stereotype words such as lazy, careless, passive, undisciplined, insecure, giving, ect. Then the skinny woman next to her also had words like superficial, confident, mean, vain, ambitious, ect.... my favorite picture that I thought nailed this whole display on the head was the one where a girl asks "which bit would you alter first?" (As she is standing in front of mirror naked asking her mom). Then the mother says "the culture." loved it just shows how we are brain washed into what beauty really is. Not only brain washed about that but also the last picture that intrigued me was a naked picture of a transsexual person. First thought was wow he looks so normal to me. Then I stopped myself and said wait Kelsie why isn’t he normal?! Made me feel bad and like I was brain...
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...Abstract The global community faces a number of critical challenges ranging from climate change to crossborder health risks to natural-resource scarcities. Many of these so-called global commons problems carry grave risks to economic growth in the developing world and to the livelihoods and welfare of their people. Climate change is the classic example. Despite the risks involved, donor governments have funded programs addressing global challenges such as climate change at far lower levels than traditional programs of country-based development assistance. The prospects for dealing with such global challenges will depend at least in part on new collective financing mechanisms. In this paper, we examine four categories of existing resource-mobilization options, including (1) transportation levies; (2) currency and financial transaction taxes; (3) capitalization of IMF Special Drawing Rights (SDRs); and (4) the sale, mobilization, or capitalization of IMF gold. In the end, we recommend that willing governments utilize a modest portion of their existing SDR allocations to capitalize a third-party financing entity. This entity would offer bonds on international capital markets backed by its SDR reserves. The proceeds would back private investment in climate-mitigation projects in developing countries that might otherwise lack adequate financing. This approach could mobilize up to $75 billion at little or no budgetary cost for contributing governments. Any limited budgetary costs...
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...WIDERhelsinki Chapters 1, 2 and 12 of August 2003 New Sources for Development Finance edited by A B Atkinson, Nuffield College, OXFORD Contents Chapter 1 Innovative Sources for Development Finance by A B Atkinson Over-Arching Issues By A B Atkinson Global Public Economics by J A Mirrlees National Taxation, Fiscal Federalism and Global Taxation by R Boadway* Environmental Taxation and Revenue for Development by A Sandmo* Revenue Potential of the Tobin Tax for Development Finance: A Critical Appraisal by M Nissanke* A Development-Focused Allocation of the Special Drawing Rights by E Aryeetey* The International Finance Facility Proposal by G Mavrotas* Private Donations for International Development by J Micklewright and A Wright* A Global Lottery and a Global Premium Bond by T Addison and A Chowdhury* Remittances by Emigrants: Issues and Evidence by A Solimano* The Way Forward by A B Atkinson Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 * These chapters are available on the WIDER website. Chapter 1 Innovative Sources for Development Finance 1 A B Atkinson, Nuffield College, Oxford Introduction 1 Innovative Sources to Meet a Global Challenge 2 New Development Finance: Innovative Sources 3 Origins of the Proposals 4 Political Economy 5 Criteria for Evaluation 6 Guide to the Contents of the Book Box 1 The Millennium Development Goals Box 2 Innovative Sources of Development Funding Considered Here...
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...The role of government in the U.S economy extends far beyond its activities as a regulator of specific industries or gatekeeping. The government is also responsible for managing the overall pace of economic activity, with its objective of maintaining high levels of employment and controlling price stability (inflation). It has two main tools for achieving these goals: fiscal policies, which is done through taxes and spending and monetary policies, through which it manages the supply of money. In this paper, I will discuss the why high deficits of today will reduce growth rate of the economy in the future, look at the history of our nation’s debt and deficits, different elements that causes of deficit and why the cause actually matters, what role the fiscal and monetary policies have to lead to higher or lower budget deficits and how deficits affect the overall long-term economic growth and debt of the U.S. Let us first begin by learning the difference between the terms debt and deficit. In economics, the term deficit means a shortfall in revenue of a fiscal year. It is when the government’s revenue called receipts, which are collected taxes (payroll, corporate, excise, income and social insurance), fee revenues and tariffs that are called receipts are lower that what is spent called outlays. In other words, the federal budget deficit is the yearly amount by which spending exceeds revenue. The term debt is described as an accumulation of deficits so the national debt is the...
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...have different needs, and policies that benefit one individual may not benefit another one. 个人主义是属于新观点，原来主要观点还是group核心观 2. 然后可以简单解释一下government size，因为这和spending其实是一个东西 定义：Size of government = volume of public spending, expressed as % of GDP. Spending包括：Purchases of good and services. Transfers of income to people, businesses and other governments Interest payments on the public debt 历史发展总结（选写，不想写就不要写了，以下ppt原话） * Public spending has increased rapidly in recent history in advanced economies. * Public spending is also rising in emerging economies. (new development) * There is a positive relationship between GDP per capita and government spending. * The composition of public spending has changed overtime. * The composition of tax revenue varies largely between countries. 3. 重点：government spending的增长 首先提一下Wagner’s law，也是gs增长的主要特点 “Public spending increases proportionally more than the growth of national income.” 然后解释理由，就是为什么会这样 有两个角度，demand和supply 3.1从demand角度来讲，有三个小点： 3.1 .1 Public goods have a high income elasticity of demand (>1) E.g. education, health care. When people become richer, they demand much better education and health care. If the demand for public goods increases faster than GDP, public spending will rise overtime as a percentage of GDP. 就是说人们富了以后就会对public层面有更高的要求，自然会demand更多spending 3.1.2 Need for regulation 环境上As income grows, people become more bothered with negative externalities (clean water, clean air), and the states has to intervene (and...
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...involving tax haven is to obtain benefits in taxation, taking advantage of its no or lower taxation. Thus, there may be extremely low or no capital gains or transfer tax, gift, death or estate duties. The difference in the level of taxation between jurisdictions is determinant to decide whether a tax haven should be used and, if so, which one. The no or nominal tax criterion is not sufficient, by itself, to result in characterization as a tax haven. The OECD recognized that very jurisdiction has a right to determinate whether to impose direct taxes and, if so, to determinate the appropriate tax rate b) Bank and commercial secrecy. Tax havens generally allow secrecy or confidentiality to operations in or through them. Many jurisdictions offer protection to banking affairs and other financial transactions from divulgence to foreign tax authorities, and some of them have also enacted secrecy or confidentiality provisions. Generally, classical tax havens do not require the production of companies’ annual accounts. Transparency ensures that there is an open and consistent application of tax laws among similarly situated taxpayers and that information needed by tax authorities to determine taxpayer’s correct tax liability is available. c) Lack of exchange controls. Many tax havens developed a dual currency control system, under which residents are subjected to both local and foreign currency controls and non-residents, only to the local currency controls. Companies set up in a tax haven...
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...Global Employment Trends 2012 Preventing a deeper jobs crisis INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE • GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2012 First published 2012 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Global Employment Trends 2012 / International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2012 1 v. ISBN 978-92-2-124924-5 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-124925-2 (web pdf) International Labour Office employment / unemployment / labour force participation / economic recession / developed countries / developing countries 13.01.3 Also available in French, Tendances mondiales de l’emploi 2012 (978-92-2-224924-4), Geneva, 2012, and Spanish, Tendencias Mundiales del Empleo 2012 (978-92-2-324924-3), Geneva, 2012. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed...
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...Journal of Public Economics 6 (1976) 55-75. 0 North-Holland Publishing Company THE DESIGN OF TAX STRUCTURE: DIRECT VERSUS INDIRECT TAXATION* A.B. ATKINSON University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, England J.E. STIGLITZ Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A. Revised version received February 1976 1. Introduction The recent literature on optimal taxation may be seen as attempting to clarify the structure of the arguments advanced to support changes in the tax system, tracing the implications of taxes and quantifying (analytically) the trade-offs between the various objectives of tax policy. This literature has examined the optimal structure for particular types of taxation taken in isolation, such as the optimal rates of excise tax and the optimal income tax schedule. Our purpose, on the other hand, is to provide a broader framework and to consider the interaction between different kinds of taxation. To illustrate this, we reexamine the age-old question of direct versus indirect taxation and the relationship of these taxes to the goals of efficiency, vertical equity and horizontal equity. After describing in section 2 the general framework of the analysis, and arguing that any treatment of the choice of tax structures must be centrally concerned with distributional considerations, we begin in section 3 with the extension of the classic Ramsey formula for optimal excise taxation to include vertical equity objectives. This was considered by Diamond...
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...California Pizza Kitchen November 16, 2013 ABSTRACT The purposes of this case study are to discuss the main issues of CPK (California Pizza Kitchen) and think critically to find solutions to the current situation. In order to achieve these purposes, we first analyze time frame of the CPK’s establishment and recent development to find the absolute advantages and disadvantages of CPK compared with its competitors. According to our calculation, we will discuss whether to use moderately levering up CPK’s equity. Finally, a more suitable and profitable model will be established to improve the competitiveness and market share percentage of CPK. Key words: time frame, stay power, levering up, and debt INTRODUCTION California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) was a casual dining restaurant that co-founded by Larry Flax and Rick Rosenfeld in 1985 in Beverly Hills. California. Larry Flax and Rick Rosenfeld both hold the title of co-present, co-CEO, and co-chairman of the Board of Directors for CPK. It is known for its health-baked barbeque-chicken pizza, the “designer pizza at off-at-the-rack prices” concept flourished. By 2007, the company expanded its chain to 213 locations in 28 states (about 41% in California) and 6 foreign countries. The casual dining model had won much brand awareness and brand loyalty with its family-friendly surrounding, excellent ingredients, and inventive offering. The current core customers of CPK had an average household income of $75,000 (results...
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...2013 Budget Speech Minister of Finance Pravin Gordhan 27 February 2013 ISBN: 978-0-621-41456-1 RP: 345/2012 To obtain copies please contact: Communications Unit National Treasury Private Bag X115 Pretoria 0001 Tel: +27 12 315 5526 Fax: +27 12 315 5126 Budget documents are available at: www.treasury.gov.za 2013 Budget Speech Honourable Speaker I have the honour to present the fourth budget of President Zuma’s administration. Mr President you said in the State of the Nation address that “we should put South Africa first. All of us have a patriotic duty and responsibility to build and promote our country.” You further said “The National Development Plan provides a perfect vehicle for united action precisely because it has the support of South Africans across the political and cultural spectrum. Leaders in every avenue should be ready to rise above sectional interests and with great maturity, pull together to take this country forward.” This challenge applies to all sections of our society: business, labour, public representatives, activists and citizens in every part of the country. As we pointed out in the 2012 Budget, global economic uncertainty will remain with us for some time. South Africa’s economic outlook is improving, but requires that we actively pursue a different trajectory if we are to address the challenges ahead. 1 2013 Budget Speech Under your leadership Mr President, we have opened new channels of communication and built more cohesion among...
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...TAX COMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS AND INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE AMONG SMEs IN UGANDA BY ANNET NAKIWALA 2007/HD10/11264U A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT S FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY September, 2010 TAXCOMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS & INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE DECLARATION I, Annet Nakiwala, declare that this dissertation is my own work and that it has never been presented for a degree award at any other university. Signature: ………………………………………… Date: ……………………………………………… ii TAXCOMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS & INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE APPROVAL This is to certify that this dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of a Masters of Science degree in Accounting and Finance of Makerere University with my approval as University Supervisor. Joseph Ntayi (PhD) Supervisor Signature: ………………… Date: ……………………… Arthur Sserwanga Supervisor Signature: ………………… Date: …………………….. iii TAXCOMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS & INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE DEDICATION I dedicate this entire effort to my late Mother Gorreth Nabagereka. We miss you dearly. iv TAXCOMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS & INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completion of this research has been a result of both direct and indirect support of many people to whom I owe acknowledgement. I owe profound gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Joseph Ntayi and...
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...Private Inurement In order for any healthcare organization or nonprofit hospital to become income tax exempt under Section 501(c)(3) they must ensure that no portion of the hospital or organizations net earnings benefits any individual or private shareholder associated with the organization. When an organization qualifies as a 501(c)(3), the IRS presumes it is a private foundation unless the organization can show it is a public charity. This excludes statutory public charities such as schools and churches. A charity organization can lose tax exempt benefits if found to violate the private inurement proscription. Inurement violations can occur when a financial benefit occurs from the allocation of an organization’s financial resources to an individual without regard to exempt status in mind and based solely on the individual’s relationship with the organization. Individuals or private shareholders are known as “insiders” who have a personal interest in the organization’s activities or the individual is in a position to influence the organization (Zarzar, 2001). According to Karl Emerson, excessive compensation is the most common type of private inurement paid to insiders within an organization. There are other forms of private inurement that can cause an organization to lose their tax exempt status or impose intermediate sanctions such as: organizations purchase of an asset from an insider; sale of organization’s asset to an insider; the organization’s rental of property to...
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