...A. Physical Destination Planning- A Supply-led Approach • In 1970s, a range of recreation plans, foreshore studies and a local environmental plan for Lake Macquarie, still influenced by the prescriptive methods and approaches of physical land use master planning was prepared. These plans and policy documents adopted standards for the provision of open space and recreation facilities and identified sites for recreation and tourism development. • In 1977, the Lake Macquarie City council formed a Lake Macquarie tourist facilities development panel, the task of which was to identify and develop the tourism capacity of the local area. • Identify and investigate sites of potential tourism development and to advise on how tourism development might be achieved. B. Building Markets- A Demand-led Approach • By 1980s, tourism had become an important economic activity in many regional areas of Australia. Strong growth in international visitation, particularly from Asian and North American markets, drove a push to build tourism resorts and to increase yield by building integrated products and experiences. • These resort developments were usually characterized by high financial risk and long lead times before financial returns could be made and were targeted at international markets sensitive to international economic conditions. • Economic conditions weakened (most notably, interest rates rose and investor confidence weakened)...
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...Chapter 15: Tourism Policy: Structure, Content, and Process Question 4. How would you identify and choose the stakeholders who should be involved in the formulation of a tourism policy for a region? Is there anyone whom you feel should be excluded from the process? Stakeholders should be identified and chosen based on a broad range of economic and social benefits such as employment and income. Employment and income are important because they allow stakeholders to reside in and to enjoy the quality of the region. Stakeholders include: Residents of the host destination Local/municipal/regional/provincial/national governments Local/regional/national environmental groups Local visitors/excursionists Remote visitors/tourists Tourism industry sectors such as accommodation, attractions, adventure and outdoor recreation, entertainment, events, food services, tourism visitor services, transportation, and travel trade Destination management organization (DMO) Culture/heritage groups Social/health/education groups I cannot think of anyone specific who should be excluded in the formation of tourism policy because it seeks to ensure that visitors are hosted in a way that maximizes the benefits to stakeholders while minimizing the negative effects, costs, and impacts associated with ensuring the success of a destination. Question 8. What are the most important interfaces of tourism policy; that is, which other sectors of the economy and society need to...
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...Jahangirnagar Planning Review ISSN 1728-4198 Vol. 2, June 2004, pp. 67-82, © Jahangirnagar University This article is brought to you by www.bdresearch.org Eco-Tourism: An Investigation into the Conceptual Framework and Policy Requirements for its Growth in Bangladesh Golam Moinuddin* Halima Begum** Abstract Sustainability considerations have been making ways in each and every development initiative in the last two-decades or so. In line of this trend, the concept of eco-tourism emerged and later on, turned out to be an environment friendly and economically beneficial industry taking over a considerable bulk of mass-tourism activity and offsetting some of its negativities. Such a transformation has ultimately positioned eco-tourism to be the substitute of mass-tourism in many tourist destinations. In view of such reality, this article attempts to investigate on the conceptual dynamics and benefits of eco-tourism and explores reflective state of these theoretical underpinnings on the basis of two case studies drawn from successful eco-tourist destinations. In light of such investigative out-puts, the article focuses on the prospects of eco-tourism industry and makes an effort to provide a broad policy framework for the development of the same in Bangladesh. It identifies areas of intervention required in promoting the eco-tourism industry in the country. Finally, it attempts to define and differentiate the respective roles of the private and public sectors in the flourishment...
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...Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure By Ahmad Maez Al Zuned Student ID: 119148785 BSc (Hon’s) International Tourism and Hospitality Management Final Stage University of Sunderland London Campus August 2012 Contents Abbreviations List 4 Introduction 5 Theoretical Framework 5- 6 Tourism in a Destination 6-10 The Need for Tourism Planning 12-17 Approaches of Tourism Planning 18 Five Approaches of Tourism Planning 19-23 The Practice of Tourism Planning: A Case Study of Kenya 24- 29 Recommendations ...
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...bodies and international agencies on the travel and tourism sector 2 Role of the Government in Tourism 2 Role of the government bodies 4 Roles of International Agencies 5 United Nations (UN) 6 United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) 6 World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) 6 Driving the Agenda - raising awareness of travel and tourism industry as a revenue generator. 7 The Facilitator: educating industry participants. 7 The Networking Forum 7 Q 2.2 Illustrate how local and national economic policy has an effect on the success of the travel and tourism sector 8 GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC POLICY AND TOURISM 8 • Direct Influence 8 Taxation (remove money) 8 Infrastructure investment and maintenance (inject money) Government spending on tourism 8 Tourism development 9 • Indirect Influence 9 Q 2.3 Analyse the implications of political change on the travel and tourism sector in various countries 10 Impact of political change on the travel and tourism industry 10 IRAN 10 CHINA 11 Reference and Bibliography 12 Q 2.1 Explain the role of government, government sponsored bodies and international agencies on the travel and tourism sector Role of the Government in Tourism The role of the government, according to traditional political theory, is concerned with maintaining law and order, defence, internal communication and transport infrastructure, and economic redistribution. All of these affect tourism. There are two levels in the role of government in...
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...PRACTICE CASE STUDIES IN TOURISM” Ms. Helen Williams H. Williams & Associates Dr. Dorothy I. Riddle, CMC Service-Growth Consultants Inc. Vancouver, Canada Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago – January 2004 1. Overview Because tourism is the world’s largest industry – responsible for more than one in ten jobs globally and contributing over eight percent of domestic economic activity – developing countries are targeting tourism to generate more income for their national economy. In order to be successful, each country needs to formulate a tourism strategy that identifies and justifies its strategic objectives, priorities, and targets. Small States are particularly challenged because they are more dependent on external trade while having fewer domestic resources on which to draw. For this project1, six Small States representing different geographic regions and stages of development were chosen for an examination of best practices and lessons learned in developing a national or regional tourism strategy: the Bahamas, Botswana, Bulgaria, The Gambia, Trinidad & Tobago, and Vanuatu. A tourism best practice is an innovative policy, strategy, programme, process, or practice that is shown to produce superior results. Country Type of Best Practice Example of Best Practice The Bahamas service design One-stop online booking and immigration card Botswana planning process National Eco-Tourism Strategy Bulgaria planning process National...
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...Abstract Nature-based tourism is an important part of the global tourism industry, and its components and features vary considerably from one destination to another. In Malaysia, location, quality and quantity of natural resources, and their infrastructure have not been well documented in the past. Thus, this paper attempts to assess local community-based management for potential ecotourism in South Kelantan which is Gunung Reng, Jeli as case study. The study investigated the local community involvement in managing Gunung Reng as tourist spot at their place. The instrument used during the survey was a semi-structured questionnaire. Community analysis were carried out and based on data collected using face-to-face questionnaire interviews with the villages and community leader. The findings of the study is hoped to be beneficial to the government agencies in order to obtain a better understanding of the unique characteristics of people and will use this information as an input for their planning strategies to develop and implement a community-based tourism in Gunung Reng for better living conditions for the community people. The location is suitable for outdoor activities such as jungle trekking, hiking, swimming and fishing. The main objective of this study was to determine local community involvement in resource protection for ecotourism through a collaborative management arrangement. The findings of the study provide support for the involvement of local community in Gunung...
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...to achieving economic sustainability for tourism in (i.e. California and Giants Causeway) is maximising the economic retention of tourist spending in your local economy. The sustainable tourism businesses need to develop strategies that are capable of meeting the long-term economic needs and aspirations of the local community. If the communities are engaged by tourism organisations as stakeholders in tourism, and economic partners in the tourism industry, this will actively support local tourism businesses. Tourism is a rapidly growing industry and has far-reaching economic and environmental impact across the destinations; hence, if tourism is an important source of local employment and a significant buyer of local goods and services, residents are more likely to be supportive. The business operators and local communities need to work together to maximise local economic benefits as well as the positive impacts of destinations. The possible strategies to use to manage responsible tourism are, seeking out ways to include local service providers and producers in your business, encourage your local business suppliers to develop sustainable goods and services that reflect local nature, history and culture. Widening access to facilities: One of the key challenges for Responsible Tourism is to broaden access. The local governors would need to approach their responsible side to the tourism facilities to make it more sustainable and using tourism to make better places for people to live...
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...INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE TOURISM SECTOR IN KENYA INTRODUCTION Tourism in Kenya dates back to pre-independence days and history has recorded that as early as the 1930's, overseas visitors and explorers had started coming to Kenya mainly for big-game hunting expeditions while others came in search of solitude and adventure. These expeditions were locally referred to as "Safari" thus lending the travel world literature with a new vocabulary. Among the early visitors were statesmen, royalties and celebrities such as Theodore Roosevelt, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, and Ernest Hemingway respectively. At that time, there was in existence a fairly developed but basic tourism infrastructure. The available accommodation was spartan but sufficient for both the visitors as well as the settler community in Kenya. However soon after independence, the Kenya Government realized the enormous potential of the tourism industry and hence undertook to upgrade the existing infrastructure as well as investing in additional facilities. To achieve its goal, the Government encouraged local and foreign entrepreneurs to invest in the tourism and hospitality industries thus paving the way for the future development of the sector. In spite of increased competition from other destinations, Kenya remains one of the most popular tourist destinations in Africa. Tourism in Kenya is mainly based on natural attractions, which include wildlife in its natural habitats as well as beautiful beaches amongst...
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...developing, managing, and operating beach resorts and destination resort marinas; outline the internal and external factors influencing the market position of property; review the social, environmental, and economic issues that relate to planning and development process of resorts; and lastly, critique sustainable practices and policies related to resorts. Wherever appropriate, particular reference will be made on resort sector particularly in Western Australia and across other coastal areas in Australia. For example, Perth is popular for beach resorts and destination marina resorts owing to its proximity to the coastline. Indeed, the region is an attractive site for tourists. According to Pham, Simmons and Spurr (2010), tourism contributes significantly the total GDP and resort business is a major economic activity in Western Australia. Development, management and operation of beach resorts and destination marina resorts: key issues and trends Most resorts in Australia are in situated in regional zones. In Australia, major development of resorts happened in the 1980s, for example, the development of big resorts including Hyatt Sanctuary Cove, Ayers Rock Resort, Sheraton Mirage Gold Coast, Sheraton Mirage Port Douglas, Hyatt Coolum (Tourism Research Australia, 2006). Most restaurants that emerged during this period were based on overambitious expectations of the magnitude of demand for resorts coupled with a blurred...
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...attention has been paid to the effects of tourism and related developments upon the environment of ‘destination areas’. The increasing popularity of the concept of sustainable development has resulted in tourism being viewed as an activity which could easily be developed along those appropriate lines. It is argued, however, that such a viewpoint is often simplistic and naïve, because of a lack of understanding of the complex nature of tourism. While tourism is dependent upon the environment for much of its well-being, the prevailing lack of knowledge, responsibility, and long-term planning, has often resulted in development which is neither environmentally nor culturally sympathetic to the host area and community. A broad definition of environment is necessary in this context, encompassing both the physical and human realms and also Nature's, as is an equally wide view of human leisure activities, which needs to include far more than tourism. It is necessary to take a critical view of some alternative approaches to mass-tourism, which have been suggested as appropriate for environmentally significant areas; for at least some of the problems resulting from tourism-related developments are more profound, and less easily solved, than has often been suggested. Solutions are inevitably a combination of compromise and positive planning and management, and successful examples are difficult to find. Improved understanding of the complex nature of tourism, and of its linkages to the environment...
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...http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2013/images/11/24/iran.text.pdf • Pause efforts to further reduce Iran's crude oil sales, enabling Iran's current customers to purchase their current average amounts of crude oil. Enable the repatriation of an agreed amount of revenue held abroad. For such oil sales, suspend the EU and U.S. sanctions on associated insurance and transportation services. • Suspend U.S. and EU sanctions on: o Iran's petrochemical exports, as well as sanctions on associated services.5 o Gold and precious metals, as well as sanctions on associated services. • Suspend U.S. sanctions on Iran's auto industry, as well as sanctions on associated services. • License the supply and installation in Iran of spare parts for safety of flight for Iranian civil aviation and associated services. License safety related inspections and repairs in Iran as well as associated services. • Establish a financial channel to facilitate humanitarian trade for Iran's domestic needs using Iranian oil revenues held abroad. Humanitarian trade would be defined as transactions involving food and agricultural products, medicine, medical devices, and medical expenses incurred abroad. This channel would involve specified foreign banks and non-designated Iranian banks to be defined when establishing the channel. o This channel could also enable: transactions required to pay Iran's UN obligations; and, direct tuition payments to universities and colleges for Iranian students studying...
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...FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY IN THE CAT BA BIOSPHERE RESERVE OF VIETNAM Thanh Van Mai Bosch O.J.H School of Integrative Systems, The University of Queensland, QLD 4343, Australia Corresponding author (thanh.mai@uqconnect.edu.au) ABSTRACT Tourism is not simply an industry, but is an open, dynamic and complex system. The system consists of many interacting components and involves many different stakeholders. The development of tourism in a sustainable way impinges on and is subject to many factors. The limitation of traditional approaches to tourism research has become evidently in many cases. These approaches have usually looked at a particular issue or issues of the whole tourism picture. As a result, it has become difficult to manage tourism toward sustainability. This paper provides an overview of the systems thinking approach and its application in the study of the tourism system in the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve of Vietnam. This study shows that systems thinking has proved to be an effective and powerful tool to explain the complexities of the tourism system. It has helped to simplify, clarify and integrate isolated problems associated with the industry, and provided a mechanism for group learning and decision making to achieve desirable outcomes. The paper proposes systems thinking be used as an appropriate tool for sustainable tourism development. Key words: complexity, dynamics, sustainability, systems thinking, sustainable tourism development 1. INTRODUCTION...
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...Current Practices in Tourism Hospitality and Events CHTM33 Module Guide University of Sunderland London Campus Contacts Module leader US: Dr. Donna Chambers, Reader Module tutor USLC: Dr. Barbora Cherifi, Academic Tutor 3rd floor staff room barbora.cherifi@sunderland.ac.uk Module information TITLE: Current Practices in tourism, Hospitality and Events CODE: CHTM33 CREDITS: 30 LEVEL: M MODULE BOARD: Tourism PRE-REQUISITES: none CO-REQUISITES: None LEARNING HOURS: 300 Learning Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module, students will have Knowledge 1. Demonstrated an advanced knowledge of current issues, debates and practices in Tourism, Hospitality and Events. 2. Critically evaluate current research and scholarship relating to tourism, hospitality and events. 3. Critically evaluate the strategic challenges facing Events, hospitality and Tourism organizations. Skills 4. Demonstrate the ability to communicate concepts and analysis orally as well as in written form. 5. Demonstrate the ability to analyze, synthesize and diagnose issues and opportunities in tourism, hospitality and events. 6. Reflect critically on the relationship between theory and practice in tourism, hospitality and events. Content Synopsis This module is conceived as an open platform for students to engage with current practices, issues and debates in Tourism, Hospitality and Events. As well as introducing students to the latest theoretical debates...
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...and Crompton （1998） conducted a survey in three different tourism communities in Texas, United States, and identified social and cultural factors, economic, crowding and congestion, environmental, services, taxes and community attitudes as seven distinctive dimensions of impacts that the community experience of tourism. Certain elements, such as socioeconomic and spatial factors, economic dependency, resident and community typologies, and theoretical perspectives （e.g. community attachment, and social exchange and growth machine theories） are important in framing resident attitudes toward tourism in a community （Harrill, 2004）. Harrill （2004） added that citizen participation process can help identify tourism-related issues and groups of...
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