...Ecotourism Investment and Development Models: Donors, NGOs and Private Entrepreneurs Susan Heher smh53@cornell.edu Johnson Graduate School of Management School of Hotel Administration Cornell University December 2003 -1- 1. 1. INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AND ECOTOURISM 3 7 7 8 12 15 17 17 20 22 26 27 29 31 32 33 34 36 37 39 39 42 46 55 58 61 64 70 75 77 79 81 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AND ECOTOURISM COMMUNITY BASED ECOTOURISM THE SCALE OF ECOTOURISM MARKET DEMAND 2. DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FROM DONORS AND AID AGENCIES THE RISE OF DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PROJECTS OVERVIEW OF TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS AND ASSISTANCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES AND NGOS THE ROLE OF CONSULTANTS THE PROJECT PROCESS: ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION CONCLUSIONS 3. PRIVATE SECTOR ENTREPRENEURS AND DEVELOPERS PROFILE OF ECOTOURISM ENTREPRENEURS SOURCES OF FINANCING AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE GROWTH, PROFITABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY: THE ABILITY TO HAVE AN IMPACT CONCLUSIONS 4. 5. HYBRID: NGO VENTURE CAPITAL CASE STUDIES A. INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK, IADB B. US AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, USAID C. WORLD BANK: LESOTHO D. THE EUROPEAN UNION: SWAZILAND E. WORLD BANK IN SWAZILAND F. THE NATURE CONSERVANCY, TNC G. CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL, CI H. CONSERVATION CORPORATION AFRICA, CC AFRICA I. TURTLE ISLAND J. MAHO BAY K. KRUGER NATIONAL PARK, MALULEKE COMMUNITY AND MATSWANI SAFARIS 6. CONCLUSION -2- 1. Introduction...
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...Executive summary: The tourism marketing strategy has been prepared with realistic, achievable goals and objectives that will maximise the opportunities provided to tourism operators within UK. It is constructed in a manner that provides linkages with the marketing strategies of major industry stakeholders. Britain tourism industry profile: Tourism is the UK’s sixth largest industry – amounting to £105bn in revenue each year. It has employed over 1.3m people, generates £20bn per annum in foreign exchange and contributes an estimated £24bn per annum to the Exchequer through VAT and other taxation. Value of tourism industry in UK: There is great potential to increase the tourism industry in UK. The table shows the value of tourism in UK both in terms and percentage. Table: 1 value of tourism (real terms) Sectors | 2010 | 2020(expected ) | Inbound tourism | £20 bn | £36 bn | Domestic tourism | £70bn | £112 bn | Outbound tourism | £15bn | £24bn | Total | £105bn | £172bn | Table: 2 value of tourism industry (%) Sectors | Percentage (%) | Inbound tourism | 19% | Outbound tourism | 14% | Domestic (day visitor) | 46% | Domestic (overnight) | 21% | 14 Advising tourist on product, contract Transport to the destination Providing accommodation food, etc. Organise event, experience Transport from the destination Travel Agent Transport Company Hotel, Restaurant Site Operator, Cultural...
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...strategic initiatives including cost control measures and cautious approach ensured that our underlying businesses remained strong despite the rising costs and falling global demand SWOT analysis for Genting Berhad Strengths/Weaknesses (SWOT) Helpful to achieving the objective Harmful to achieving the objective Internal Origin (attributes of the organization) Strengths • Strong liquidity position • Strong financial performance • Diversified business operations Weaknesses • Limited investor confidence • Weak performance in the plantations • Limited Geographic Presence External Origin (attributes of the environment) Opportunities • Strategic acquisitions • Resort World at Sentosa (RWS) • Improvement in Malaysian tourism sector Threats • Legislative changes in gaming sector • Economic condition in UK • Growing competition Overview Genting Berhad (Genting) is a Malaysia-based investment holding and management company. Its diverse business portfolio and its strong liquidity position place it at an edge over its peers. Genting's weak operational performance and declining returns could be of concern. The company's growth could be restricted by factors such as competition and economic situation in UK. However, the company could stand to gain from RWS, its resort project in Sentosa (Singapore). Strengths Strong liquidity position The company's current ratio was 4.82 at the end of fiscal year 2009. This was above the S&P 500 companies average* of 1...
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...ABTRACT Tourism is all about travel; and the role of transportation in its operation is vital. Travel can be discussed without taking tourism into consideration, but tourism cannot thrive without travel. Transportation is an integral part of the tourism industry. It is largely due to the improvement of transportation that tourism has expanded, though this expansion is good due to increase revenue that would be captures as a result of passenger traffic will have an impact negative side. In some area to name a few; the ecology; degradation of destination sites, tourist experience, and in some cases the economy of these destinations. In the light of such issues, it is important to discuss how these developments affect the traveller and the destination INTRODUCTION Tourism has emerged as one of the most dynamic sectors of any country’s economy. Not only does it make significant contribution to the foreign exchange earnings, employment, income generation and regional development but it also helps in the overall development of that country directly or indirectly through different sectors. Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity, in 2011, there were over 983 million international tourist arrivals worldwide, representing a growth of 4.6% when compared to 940 million in 2010 (Press release). UNWTO. 7 May 2012, Retrieved 15 June 2012. International tourism receipts the travel item of the balance of payments grew to US$1.03 trillion (€740 billion) in 2011, corresponding...
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...Planning the holidays Let me present some reflections on the issue that, I dare say, must be the most exciting for majority of ordinary people, who spend the most of their lives (from 5 to 7 days a week) working and then have a couple of weeks of holiday in summer months (if they have luck). It is planning holidays. In our modern world we can refer to a lot of travel agents, who’ll try to help us choose the best variant for our holiday among infinite multitude of different destinations, tours and travelling programs. It is convenient on the one hand if one has financial opportunity and a willing to trust the planning of their holidays to a manager of a travel agency. He may offer the tourist any kind of a tour according to their wish. To my mind, the most all-embracing and effective way from the informative, cultural point of view is to go on a tour to a foreign countries (or even the places in your country you have never been to) with a bunch of people you don’t know (and even may not like). Joining such tour is a good idea, because it’s rather hard for an average tourist to get around on their own. Some tourists like to make their way around leisurely to see the sites, they don’t like the fast pace of tours, they’d rather have the time to take in each site, not rush through it just to take a picture and say “I’ve been there”. But tours come in all shapes and sizes; one can find the exact offer that isn’t too fast-paced or strenuous. Some tourists...
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...disadvantages of developing mass tourism Today tourism is one of the largest industries in the world. In some countries it is the main economic division. There is a wide variety of tourist types within the tourism market today,so much so that the term ‘average tourist’ has become irrelevant. (Murphy,1985) The United Nations states that ‘In Cambodia, one of the poorest countries in the world tourism is the main economic division was expected to generate 7.3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2004 and close to 400,000 jobs.’(United Nations, 2007).The most of people think that the economic impact of tourism is absolutely positive whereas the social and environmental impact is only negative. Indeed, increasing incomes to regions due to tourists are easy to see as well as numerous host-tourist conflicts and destruction of the environment and local cultures. However, tourism can have both positive and negative outcomes for residents in communities when sharing and preserving their culture and nature could be seen as conflicting goals.(McComick, B.E.2002,p303) Nevertheless here could be two sides of outcomes: positive and negative. The positive side is that tourism has brought booming business to many countries and causes economic growth Although tourism brings many jobs to countries and decrease unemployment. Also tourism supports business. Tourists purchase local goods and use local services such as attraction, entertainment and other. . However tourism has negative impact on local...
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...Business Tourism as an Industry Driver Lilla Széplaki DISSERTATION FOR BA (HONS) IN TRAVEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT OXFORD BROOKS UNIVERSITY AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL – BUDAPEST 2007/2012 1 Acknowledgements Hereby, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to the Sales team of the Budapest Marriott Hotel, who gave their assistance informing me about all the needed data. I would like to thank to the people with whom I have had interview and also for my former colleagues from the Kempinski Hotel Corvinus. They supported me in my research work. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Mr Alan Godsave. His suggestions helped me to write this thesis. 2 Table of Content 1. 2. Introduction......................................................................................................... 4 Literature review ................................................................................................ 7 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. What is Tourism? ........................................................................................ 7 The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) .......................................... 8 Current situation of business tourism ....................................................... 9 Globalisation ......................................................................................... 9 International Trends .......................................................................... 10 The affecting factors of Business Tourism .......
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...Downloaded from jvm.sagepub.com at EMIRATES AHM on February 25, 2012 Article Journal of Vacation Marketing 17(4) 303–314 ª The Author(s) 2011 Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1356766711423322 jvm.sagepub.com Benefit segmentation of potential wellbeing tourists Juho Pesonen, Tommi Laukkanen and Raija Komppula University of Eastern Finland, Finland Abstract The purpose of this study is to segment tourists according to the benefits they seek from a tourism destination. These segments are examined in order to find attractive segments for local wellbeing products. Segmentation in the context of wellbeing and wellness provides companies information on what kind of tourists are most interested in buying wellbeing products and contributes to the existing segmentation theory by using data driven segmentation in a situation where traditionally commonsense segmentation is used. The literature surrounding benefit segmentation in tourism is reviewed in order to find the benefits tourists might think of as important. The results of K-means...
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...TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY IN TANZANIA. DEFINE TOURISM,AND TYPES Domestic Tourism is defined as a combination of all tourists’ economic activities which include traveling to places, within the boarders of a country one normally resides, and which is other than ones usual environment, for a period of less than one year but for at least one night, and whose main purpose of visiting is other than the exercise of an activity, remunerated, from within the place visited. (UN/WTO). Therefore a person who travels from his/her place of residence to another within Tanzania and spends time in enjoying the activities, which bring him/her to the destination while paying, is then known as a domestic tourist. (Burkart and Medlike (1981). Domestic tourism in Tanzania has remained poorly documented because most local visitors stay in small uncharted boarding houses whose businesses are not well regarded in the mainstream officialdom thus not monitored by either the Tourist Board or the Statistics Bureau. The matter is even more complicated where some visitors though enjoying the recreation activities and spending money but may prefer to reside with relatives or friends in areas visited. Conversely some may stay in boarding houses but have their recreation activities paid for by their hosts. The National Tourism policy (1999) explains that, Tanzania is endowed with unique tourist attractions that draw thousands of tourists from all over the world. However, most citizens of this country...
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...National Arts Holdings Limited (Hong Kong Listed Code:8228) 1 Company Information National Arts Entertainment Limited (HK) National Arts Films Production Limited (HK) National Arts Advertising and Promotions Limited (HK) Head Return Limited (Theme Park Management) Expand Pacific Limited (Hotel Management) 2 Company Information Mainly focus on Hong Kong and China market We started our Film Production and Artist Management business since 2008 and got successful results. In the future, we shall continue developing international and diversified cultural, film and tourism industries. Our company has begun the development of scenic spots and hotel projects in recent years. 3 Company Information – Film Production Our Chairman, Mr. Checkley Sin Kwok Lam, is the producer of Ip Man movie series. His recent production ‘The legend is born – Ip Man’ received world recognition, several awards and nominations: In the 30th Hong Kong Film Award in 2011 • The nomination to compete for the Best New Artist (Mr. Dennis To) In the 13th Shanghai International Film Festival in 2010 • The nomination to compete for the Best Movie • The nomination to compete for the Best New Artist (Mr. Dennis To Yu Hang, Our Artist) • The award of the Best Supporting Actor (Sifu Ip Chun, the son of Grand Master Ip Man) 4 Company Information – Artist The nominations to Mr. Dennis To by his first two movies The legend is born - Ip man and...
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...1.0 Introduction to Brazil Tourism Industry In Brazil, tourism is a key to the economy development of several regions of the country. This statement was further supported by Slob B. & Wilde J. (2006), in their published journal entitled ‘Tourism and Sustainability in Brazil’, regardless of anywhere in the world, tourism, indeed; is the fastest growing industry and it contributes the world economy with a gross output of over US$7 trillion, employing 11% of globe’s workforce, forming 11.5% of global GDP. While in Brazil, White (2006) found that the industry contributes 3.2% of the total country revenue in year 2005. According to World Tourism Organization (WTO), due to the devaluation of American Dollar against the Brazilian Real has made a favorable trend in International tourist arrival to Brazil to grow dramatically in 2007 and in early 2008. In spite of this, statistic in Table 1 shows that revenue had risen from USD 4.3 billion in 2006 to USD 5.7 billion in 2008. Table 1 Brazil International Tourism Arrivals 1995-2011 Year | International tourist arrivals (x1000) | Annual growth (%) | Total revenue (millions USD) | Annual growth (%) | 1995 | 1,991 | - | 972 | - | 2000 | 5,313 | - | 1,810 | - | 2003 | 4,133 | - | 2,479 | - | 2004 | 4,794 | 16.0 | 3,222 | 30.0 | 2005 | 5,358 | 11.8 | 3,861 | 19.8 | 2006 | 5,019 | -6.3 | 4,316 | 1.1 | 2007 | 5,025 | 0.1 | 4,953 | 14.8 | 2008 | 5,050 | 0.5 | 5,780 | 16.7 | 2009 | 4,802 | -4.9 | 5,305 | -8...
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...are many. Some want to enjoy the beautiful luscious scenery of tropical rain forests while others the exotic flowers found at the garden of Eden on the Road to Hana. Some want to experience a taste of Maui’s culture found at one of the many fire eating, grass skirt wearing dancers who perform at a Luau, serving scrumptious dishes. Yet others visit the island for great adventures like ziplining across the top of a rainforest, snorkeling near the coral reef or jet skiing across white topped waves. Whatever their reasons, there are various opportunities to satisfy every appetite. 2. Examine the infrastructure this destination has or doesn’t have to support current and future tourism demand (e.g., airport, highways,etc.). The infrastructure found in Maui does appear to currently support the tourism demand. When I visited in August 2011, the airport had very little congestion. There were seats available on the airplane which even allowed us to choose where we wanted to sit. Unfortunately, I had the opportunity to visit both Kapalua and Kahului airport, in search of my lost luggage, which were located on opposite ends of the island. The attendants at the Kahului airport were personal and atttentive. Outside the airport the streets were well paved, well lit and bustled with activity. Sadly, the Kapalua airport was closed and had only one security officer manning the premise. Our drive along one of the tourist attractions known as the road to Hana proves the current...
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...Kumarakom: A Case Study of Sustainable Tourism Background Kumarakom is situated on the banks of the Vembanad Kayal (backwater), 10 km. west of the Kottayam District Head Quarters in Kerala. Located between 9o37’ N and 76o25’E, the Kumarakom panchayat is bounded by Kavanar and Aimanam panchayat in the north, Kottayam - Alappuzha Canal in the south, Thiruvarppu panchayat in East and Vembanad Kayal in the west. It has an area of 51.67 sq. km. of which 24.13 sq. km. is Vembanad Kayal, 15.04 sq. km. is land and 12.50 sq. km. is Paddy fields. Kumarakom has a bird sanctuary home to 91species of local and 50 species of migratory birds. Prof. K. K. Neelakandan, renowned ornithologist reported thousands of Night Herons, Darters and Cormorants breeding in the mangrove forests of Kumarakom in 1970s and early 80s. Kumarakom also has a number of mangrove species, of which three are reported only from Kumarakom. The mangrove forests are also the feeding and breeding grounds for numerous species of fish. Blessed with backwaters and pristine environs, Kumarakom is known for its Kayal, Kuil and Karimeen (Lake, Bird and Fish). Kumarakom, a backwater tourism hub is gaining strategic place in on the tourist map due to its natural charm and aesthetic beauty. Tourism development in Kumarakom started with the lease of KTDC land in the bird sanctuary area to Taj Kerala Resorts Limited in the 1989. Tourism has developed rapidly in the area hence Prime Minister A B Vajpayee’s visit in 2000...
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...INTRODUCTION Tourism industry is one of the most profitable industries in many countries (Sinha, 2004). Whenever tourists visit a country, they bring in additional resources to the destination and such resources contribute to the development of the destinations and the country itself. It is therefore no surprise that many countries make tremendous efforts to tap income from the tourism industry (Australian Government, 2004). Among these countries are India and China. In the recent years, there have been major improvements in the tourism industry of the two countries which have restructured their mode of operation in handling tourists by providing high standards of accommodation and levels of service (Bikyamasr, 2012). This essay looks at recent tourism developments and trends that have been happening in India and China and it further looks at the likely future trend of tourism in these two emerging countries. INDIA In India, the development of the tourism industry has been on the rise in the last four years. At the moment, the industry is largest service industry contributing to about 6.3% of GDP and accounting of 8.78% of total jobs (Sinha, 2004). Though the country has not fully developed its tourism industry, further availability of tourism sites and products and adequate human resources could definitely aid this industry to rise to its full potential. According to Seth, Bhat & Sushma (2010), in 2008 the tourism industry in India was at its infant stage. At that time...
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...NATIONAL ITEGRATION National integration is the awareness of a common identity amongst the citizens of a country. It means that though we belong to different castes, religions and regions and speak different languages we recognize the fact that we are all one. This kind of integration is very important in the building of a strong and prosperous nation. India is a country with innumerable diversities, an entity composed of many communities, races classes, languages and subcultures. In any such nation, there are many obstacles to the achievement of national integration. In India the following hindrances are obstructing the growth of national feeling, casteism, communalism, linguistic fanaticism, social disparity, economic inequalities and immorality, regionalism etc. 1. Casteism: Caste is an imported part of our social fabric. This was developed in the past on the basis of division of labour in the society. But now casteism has segregated the society. Unity and integrity has become a dream in a caste ridden society. The feeling of socially neglected scheduled castes under the suppression of upper caste ruined the sense of we feeling and unity. It becomes a problem for national integration. 2. Communalism: Religions antagonism has posed a i serious challenge to national integration in India. India is a multi- religious land. Political manipulation has projected one religion against the other which resulted in communal riot, bloodbath, mutual, distrust and...
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