...CHAPTER III. PRACTICAL RESPONSIBILITY I: NORMATIVE EXPECTATIONS In Chapter II, I have identified a basic objection to any responsibility-based account of action, the fundamental problem. In a nutshell, the concept of action appears to be prior to the concept of responsibility in the logical order of things. If so, then an account of action in terms of responsibility is impossible. I have also suggested that the challenge thus posed could be met with a concept of practical task-responsibility. The aim of this and the next two chapters is to develop such a concept. I will claim that a person is practically task-responsible for ϕing just in case it would be reasonable (in a special sense I will explain in Chapter V) to expect of her that she ϕ. Two major conceptual tasks lie ahead. First, the concept of expectation involved must be clarified. Second, the concept of reasonableness must be explained. These are the respective tasks of the present and the next two chapters. As we will see, both tasks are rather delicate. In both cases, we will see that the fundamental problem reappears at various junctures in the natural course of explanation of the concepts. I begin the chapter by clarifying the distinction between normative and predictive (or descriptive) expectations (section 1). Sections 2-4 proceed to discuss the concept of normative expectations, since the concept of practical task-responsibility is characterized exclusively in terms of normative expectations. After some preliminary...
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...and not in control. Everyone is also required to have a job, either in the chain gang (picking up community, digging graves), serving food to inmates at other jails, or various other jobs. Military like discipline is required due to the fact that inmates are not separated at all. So, extra precautions need to be taken at all times. The maximum sentence for an inmate in tent city is around one year. For some people, there are many questions about why tent city is ran the way it is. Some people may consider Tent City to be extremely unethical. The first issue that was brought up was the inmates having to wear pink underwear. This decision was made because some inmates tried to steal undergarments so all of the whites were died pink. This made the inmates humiliated knowing they had to wear them. Also, the fact that more is spent on food for police dogs than inmates might raise some questions. Yet, police dogs are important and these people are still in jail, but they are still human and deserve to be treated as such. In Arizona, temperatures reach record highs at points. These inmates are housed outside and have no luxuries of fans or the AC, so sometimes they have to deal with temperatures up to 120ºF. After being presented information about tent city, it is very obvious why some people would consider it to be unethical. I can directly relate much of what I saw in this documentary to what we have learned in class so far. We see both formal and informal social control displayed there...
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...SOCIAL CONTROL • What is Social Control? In sociological dictionaries, “social control” is defined to include all social processes, institutions and methods that produce (or attempt to produce) conformity or regulate the individual and collective conduct of its members. Social control refers generally to societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate individual and group behavior, leading to conformity and compliance to the rules of a given society, state, or social group. Many mechanisms of social control are cross-cultural, if only in the control mechanisms used to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie. Some theorists, such as Émile Durkheim, refer to this form of control as regulation. Sociologists identify two basic forms of social controls: 1. Internal Control- Internalisation of norms and values by a process known as socialization. Socialization is defined as "“the process by which an individual, born with behavioral potentialities of enormously wide range, is led to develop actual behavior which is confined to the narrower range of what is acceptable for him by the group standards.” 2. External Control- External sanctions, which can be either positive (rewards) or negative (punishment). These sanctions come from either formal or informal control. While the concept of social control has been around since the formation of organized sociology, the meaning has been altered over time. Originally the concept simply referred to society’s ability...
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...Deviant Behavior Course Project Option Four: Mini Research Paper Breaking Folkways For this assignment I chose this particular research option because I am very interested in people’s reactions to experiencing things they are not used to, I also do not embarrass easily. My research involved intentionally violating common folkways in the presence of family, co-workers and strangers. After breaking common norms I than analyzed the results and recorded them below. Day One – Hugging co-workers rather than saying hello In our culture, when in the workplace, it is appropriate to greet fellow employees with a “hello”, “hi” or handshake. For the purpose of this assignment I decided to greet my coworkers with hugs, rather than saying hello and shaking their hand. Clearly the norm which I violated here were keeping the greeting casual and possibly invading my co-workers personal space. Americans are usually very adamant about not getting too close to others while in public and vice versa, so this one was fun for me. Throughout my work day, whenever I encountered a fellow employee I gave them a semi-long hug with a pat on the back, this included both male and female co-workers. I really enjoyed this one. The reactions from the people whom I greeted with a hug, rather than a simple “hello” or hand shake ranged by the particular individual and were usually along the lines of what I expected. All of the females I hugged responded with a return hug, meaning my hug...
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...Finding the Root Causes of Crime Crime prevention is not a new idea. In fact, most police forces have been actively engaged in crime prevention activities for a number of years, and their efforts are increasingly being supplemented by volunteer based neighborhood and community initiatives. What is new is the emerging tendency to shift away from an exclusive focus on police based approaches in favor of a broader conception of how to prevent crime. The result is a number of new possibilities for delivering on the promise of crime prevention, and the emergence of a number of new participants in the area of prevention activities. One example of this new development is the direct participation of municipal governments in the organization of crime prevention structures and the delivery of crime prevention services and activities. The involvement of municipal governments in the area of crime prevention has been spurred by the popularity of municipal crime prevention councils in Europe (especially in France), and by the successes of locally organized and community-based initiatives in North America. In both cases, the involvement reflects a sense that, whatever crime prevention is, the police cannot do it alone. Moreover, there is a growing awareness that crime prevention is an inherently political domain: citizens are increasingly vocal about where and how scarce municipal resources are allocated in the “war” on crime, and politicians are increasingly being held accountable for the...
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... INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Neil Holmes CJA/314 Criminology 06/05/14 Chris DeRicco In this paper, I hope to explain the reasons why people commit crimes and the many theories in the field of criminology. Social process theory is one such assumption and argues that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others. There are four types of social process theories including: social learning theory, social control theory, social labeling theory, and dramaturgical perspective. This paper will analyze two of the theories and will discuss social process theory and the history of its development, also the theory’s importance to criminology, examples of the theory and any negatives or positives associated with the theory. Social learning theory is the process that occurs through observing the consequences of others and by determining if such behavior is worth replicating (Wallace, n.d.). To put in a nut shell, basically this theory advises that humans learn by watching other commit crimes. This theory was developed in the 1930s by theorists Edwin Sutherland, Robert Burgess, Ronald L. Akers. These theorists developed the learning theory by recognizing the patterns of criminal behaviors and the types...
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...upbringing is of core importance in a child’s development of social skills. As seen with Jeffrey Dahmer he did not receive that socialization bond be it with his parent or other people in his life. All the way through his childhood, Jeffrey Dahmer was ignored and developed a way of perceiving himself as an outsider, rejected by society. This loneliness and sense of rejection grew until it aggravated his compulsion to commit the monstrous crimes of murder, necrophilia, and cannibalism. As seen from his biography he didn’t have close relationships that could have deterred him from committing the crime as the social control theory suggests. In his loneliness Jeffrey filled that void with dismembering animals, a behavior later seen in his crimes. It can thus be concluded that creation and nurturing of social bonds are very essential in childhood socialization and in the development of stable psychological state of mind. Jeffrey Dahmer’s Criminal Theories Jeffrey Dahmer has had many different theories applied to him, such as the social control theory, rational choice theory, and many other psychological theories. The sociological theory of deviance that best fits the criminal behavior of Jeffrey Dahmer is the Social control theory. Jeffrey Dahmer’s compulsions were not only sick, but sexual. When he began murdering, he sought out mainly homosexual African American men. He must not have cared to conform to the ‘social norm’ of a straight lifestyle when he went out to gay bars,...
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...Hirschi’s Social Control Theory in Crime and Punishment in Suburbia Over the past few decades criminologists and sociologists have developed several theories in an effort to try and explain what causes some human beings to commit crimes. One of the most well-known theories that tries to explain why criminals commit crimes is called the social control or social bond theory developed by a theorist named Travis Hirschi. Hirschi also wanted to figure out why people don’t commit crimes instead of just figuring out why they do and he tried his best to answer those questions using his social control theory.The social control theory developed by Mr. Hirschi states that a person who has bonds with family, friends, the community, or other groups is less likely to participate in criminal activity than people who do not have those solid bonds in their life. (Glick & Miller, 2008, p. 175) Some theorists criticize this theory because they say not having bonds with friends, family, or the community has no effect on whether a person becomes involved in criminal activity or not. This paper will use the movie Crime and Punishment in Suburbia to demonstrate the validity of the social control theory by showing that not having strong bonds in a person’s life can drive them to commit criminal acts. Crime and punishment in Suburbia is the perfect movie to use in order to demonstrate the validity of Travis Hirschi’s control theory because it is about a girl named Rosanne who lacked social bonds...
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...The second class of micro-level origin theories, control theories, explores the causes of deviance from an altogether different perspective. Control theories take for granted the existence of a cohesive set of norms shared by most persons in the society and reason that most persons want to and will typically conform to these prevailing social norms. The emphasis in these theories, unlike learning theories, is on the factors that bond individuals to conforming lifestyles. The bonds act as social and psychological constraints on the individual, binding persons to normative conformity (Toby 1957; Hirschi 1969). People deviate from norms when these bonds to conventional lifestyles are weak, and hence, when they have little restraining influence over the individual. Among control theorists, Travis Hirschi (1969) has made the greatest contributions to our knowledge about bonding processes and deviant behavior. Writing on the causes of delinquency, he argued that four aspects of bonding are especially relevant to control theory: emotional attachments to conforming others, psychological commitments to conformity, involvements in conventional activities, and beliefs consistent with conformity to prevailing norms. Among the most important of the bonding elements are emotional attachments individuals may have to conforming others and commitments to conformity—psychological investments or stakes people hold in a conforming lifestyle. Those having weak attachments—that is, people who are...
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...Using material from Item A and elsewhere assess right realist explanations of both the causes of crime and the solutions to crime (21 marks) As suggested in item A, right realists explain crime to be a social problem requiring practical solutions. Realists focus on crime which is at the centre of public concern, for example street crime, violence and burglary; they are concerned with increasing measures of crime control. Wilson and Hernstein put forward a biosocial theory explaining the causes of crime; they argue crime is an activity disproportionately committed by young men living in large cities, these young men are temperamentally aggressive as a result of biological factors which predisposes them to crime. The social aspect to their theory comes from the belief that young men are socialised in the family, school and wider community in a culture that emphasises immediate gratification, low impulse control and self-expression which has reduced the restraints on their behaviour in conforming to society’s norms and value, resulting in more crime. A criticism of Wilson and Hernstein’s theory is their assumption that young males in inner cities are responsible for most crime. Right realists uses official statistics to base their theory on, thus, the assumption of young males could be based on an invalid picture presented by official statistics. The theory also ignores wider structural causes of crime, such as the increasing gap between the rich and the poor creating resentment...
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...Discussion Question 3 The Social Bond Theory along with the Self Control Theory both help explain why crimes and deviant behavior occur. They both do so in there own way explaining why youth get involved in criminal behavior. The Social Bond Theory is also known as the social control theory; it is the belief that forming personal relationships is the most important part of human development. These personal relationships that are formed keep the youth from committing crimes or other deviant behavior. These personal relationships can be with family, school, church, government, and within the community. The Self Control Theory explains why the majority of people choose not to participate or become involved in criminal behavior. Throughout the theory it explains how people with a high level of self-control are going to be considerably less likely to participate in criminal behavior and how if you have a low level of self control you are more likely to become involved in criminal behavior. With these two theories they talk about acts of delinquency and what might affect them but the two theories them selves contradict themselves because if you are not in a certain group you may believe that you have a sense of self control and believe that you don’t need others in your life. Even with the belief that you have self-control you may still act out because you don’t have a social bond with anyone or any group. I agree with the Social bond theory more because In my personal...
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...Policy issues paper Brandon Quisano CJA314 September, 05, 2014 Oscar Diaz Policy issues paper In this paper, I hope to analyze and figure out what causes individuals to commit crimes and the many theories in criminology. Social process theory is one such assumption and argues that interaction and interacting with other individuals certain criminal behaviors are learned. There are four types of social process theories including: social learning theory, social control theory, social labeling theory, and dramaturgical perspective. The developmental process and background of social process theories will be discussed in this paper. Also the important parts of this theory to criminology and the pro’s and con’s that are a part of the theory. Social learning theory is when consequences are observed of others and thinking about copying a behavior is called social learning theory. To put in a nut shell, this thoery explains that human beings are educated by observing others. Identifying certain patterns in behavior of the criminal kind and the values that went along with them theorists such as Edwin Sutherland, Robert Burgess, and Ronald L. Akers developed in the 1930’sLearning theory. Other well known theorists Albert Bandura also helped in this theory and developed Recipricol determinism that emphasizes how a person’s behavior, enviroment and their personal qualities all intertwined with each other. (“Learning-Theories.com”,2012). Developed by Bandura are these steps number...
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...ABSTRACT The field of humanoids robotics is widely recognized as the current challenge for robotics research .The humanoid research is an approach to understand and realize the complex real world interactions between a robot, an environment, and a human. The humanoid robotics motivates social interactions such as gesture communication or co-operative tasks in the same context as the physical dynamics. This is essential for three-term interaction, which aims at fusing physical and social interaction at fundamental levels. People naturally express themselves through facial gestures and expressions. Our goal is to build a facial gesture human-computer interface fro use in robot applications. This system does not require special illumination or facial make-up. By using multiple Kalman filters we accurately predict and robustly track facial features. Since we reliably track the face in real-time we are also able to recognize motion gestures of the face. Our system can recognize a large set of gestures (13) ranging from “yes”, ”no” and “may be” to detecting winks, blinks and sleeping. Chapter 1 ROLE OF HUMANOIDS 1. INTRODUCTION.: The field of humanoids robotics, widely recognized as the current challenge for robotics research, is attracting the interest of many research groups worldwide. Important efforts have been devoted to the objective of developing humanoids and impressive results have been produced, from the technological point of view, especially...
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...Tool control in the shop It’s a matter of fact – tool control affects safety. Leaving a tool in an aircraft or engine is not just an inconvenience, it is a safety risk. Realizing this, most aircraft maintenance businesses enforce some sort of tool control procedures. They realize that establishing and enforcing a tool control program can provide numerous benefits, the foremost of which is safety. In this article we will take a look at some ideas inherent to an effective tool control policy. What’s involved? At a minimum, tool control is a method to quickly determine that all tools are accounted for at the end of a maintenance task. This can only be done if each tool has a specific place where it is stored that allows for quick identification if the tool is missing. There are several ways to do this. Tool shadowing This involves specifying a specific space for each tool. It should be designed in such a way as to quickly determine if a tool is missing. A popular method is to use some type of foam product and cut out spots for each tool. In a toolroom environment, walls can be used with pegboard and hooks. The item is then outlined and shadowed. Tool identification Some companies require employees permanently mark their tools for tool identification purposes. This provides a way to quickly identify who a tool belongs to when it is found. Tools can be marked using a vibra-peen tool. Some other marking methods such as permanent marker may not be very effective in a hangar...
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...Watched?," by Kristin Lewis, it shows the advantages and disadvantages of using social media. One disadvantage of social media is that whatever you post is being tracked. According to the article, "Are You Being Watched," by Kristin Lewis, it states, "When you go online, there's a good chance that tracking technology is recording your activity-sites you visit, what you share in social media accounts, YouTube videos you watch" (Lewis 15). This shows that what you do online is being watched without your permission. A advantage of using social media is that you can stay in touch with friends and family. According to the article "Could You Become a Mean Meme," by Kristin Lewis,...
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