... Date of Submission: 28.12.2010 Introduction Born from the great Liberation War of 1971, Bangladesh is a non-communal, progressive, democratic state that has worked to establish an economy and society free of inequality, and to nurture a culture of democracy and respect for human rights for all fostered by patriotism in all areas of social existence. Along with a tolerant democracy, the aspiration is for a more caring society based on a system of values rooted in the culture and traditions of Bangladesh. The country’s value system will develop as it progresses, and the values will translate from collective to individual perspectives creating a collective drive to work together towards national development. Bangladesh’s heritage, rich in content and diversity, shall have a place in our present and be the anchor for the country’s ambitions. Globalization in the broadest sense implies integration of economies and societies across the globe through the flow of technology, trade and capital. Economic globalization is a process of rapid economic integration between countries that is driven by the increasing liberalization of international trade and foreign direct investment. Liberalization of the economy in Bangladesh seemed an inevitable measure to meet the economic challenges of globalization. Whether it has derived benefits for the country or not remains a point to be analyzed. Some argue that the country has opened up to the world economy too fast and suffered in consequence...
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...states; China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indian, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Officially came into existence in 1985 with the adopting of its Rent at the first meeting in Dhaka (December 7-8, 1985). The idea of regional cooperation was first recommended through ‘a regional forum’ by Bangladesh in 1980, with a perspective to positioning regular regional stage solutions among nations in Southern region, Japan on concerns of typical attention and possible cooperation in financial, public and other areas. The reasoning was mainly predicated on the assumption that regional encounters anywhere in the globe had been highly successful and that the areas in the Southern region Oriental area would benefit substantially from such cooperation as it would enhance their aggressive position, both independently and as a group. The Bangladesh offer recommendation that built in sense highly validated regional cooperation, particularly among Southern region China, because the nations in the area enjoy regional contiguity, traditional, public and cultural affinities which would act as synchronization and to reducing of deal costs. First Conference: The international assistants of the seven Southern regions China accordingly decided at their first conference in Colombo (21-23 Apr 1981) to engage in cooperation in five wide places, namely farming, non-urban growth, telephony, meteorology, and wellness and inhabitant’s solutions. The international assistants also decided to set up a Panel of...
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...Tanzania. Study explores the potentiality and sustainability of EPZ as a development strategy in the context of linkage with Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and its benefits in a competitive environment. An understanding of this subject is important for at least four reasons.Firstly, government spends part of its limited budget through fiscal incentives to subsidize EPZs. This is a revenue loss to the governemnt, and such budgetary impact have implications on other government development programmes. Secondly, though EPZs strategy may look impressive, it may be constrained by the level of competiton created by liberalization, therefore, identifying challenges and limitations facing the regime in the competitive environment encouraged by free trade regime is important to enhance its sustainability.Thirdly, there is evidence elsewhere that it is mainly cheap labour and excellent infrastructure but not fiscal incenntives that attract export-oriented FDI.A proof will provide a lesson and new experince in the context of this study.Lastly, Tanzania experience on EPZ has not been explored enough partly due to the newness of the phenomenon in the country. One implication from these arguments is that due to high costs involved in establishing and maintaining EPZs, continuing to rely on the strategy if desired outcomes are not achieved satisfactorily is a wastage of resources.In such circumstances, government should address the obstacles more strategically, or resort to alternative strategies...
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...progress. The goals of “free trade and investment in the region” clearly asks the member economies to make commitments to liberalize their trade and investment regime. Unfortunately, however, the progress to achieve the Bogor goals for the past 10 years has been so disappointing and undermined the momentum of the APEC process. He comes the importance of Bogor Goals. In spite of varying perception, it is the single most important goal of APEC cooperation. Next session will be more on ASEAN summit in Singapore 1992. And will show its ASEAN free trade area as a framework of initial cooperation. The third session will be much more interesting, will report about Osaka Agenda 1995 its 3 pillars of action, Shanghai Accord 2001 on trade facilitation plan and the APEC meeting in Busan 2005 for mid term stock. The mid term stock relates to the Bogor Declaration of 1994. The Bogor Goals set out in the declaration underpin all APEC plans and actions. Specifically, all member economies have determined to realize free and open trade. Table of Contents 1.0 Research into the original goals of forming APEC as an informal grouping 2.0 Include the resolutions of ASEAN Summit in Singapore in 1992 in launching an ASEAN Free Trade Area schedule as a framework of initial cooperation 3.0 Elaborate on the following landmark summits ; 3.1 The Osaka Agenda 1995 and its 3 pillars of actions 3.2 The Shanghai Accord 2001 on trade facilitation plan 3.3 APEC meeting...
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... - To accelerate economic growth, social and cultural development in the region. - To promote self-reliance among the countries of South Asian Region. - To generate mutual trust and understanding of each others problems. - To strengthen cooperation with other developing countries. - To cooperate on matters of common interest in international fora. - To strengthen cooperation with regional and global organisations. Population and Economic Potential: 1.4 billion people, one-fifth of the World’s population. Home to one-fifth of the World’s consumers with an average yearly income of $ 450. The SAARC region with a total market size of one and quarter billion people offers enormous potential for Intra-regional trade and cross-border investment. Intra-SAARC trade is less than 5 per cent. The SAARC region is among the poorest regions of the world. The region has 44 per cent of the World’s poor. According to a World Bank report, more than 500 million people in South Asian region live below poverty line. The South Asian region has more than 50 per cent of the total world population of child workers. Analysts argue that in today’s world of compulsive global integration of national economies. The SAARC countries continue to drift without showing any...
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...telecommunications connect all the nations together but in the same time it does not mean that there is no barriers especially trade barriers .to regulate the world trade barriers and injustice, countries cooperate and construct the World Trade Organization. WTO promotes the free trade zones and equal trade regulations to increase competition in global market. But regardless of the size of the business there are regulations to govern exports and imports. To minimize these losses from barriers and regulations is important. Thus, there are regional trade blocks to associate nations at a governmental level to promote trade and defend the members against competition. The defense mechanism against global competition obtained through making tariffs on goods produced by member countries, import quotas, government subsidies, and technical and non-tariff barriers. As trade is not an isolated activity member countries also cooperate in political, security, climatic, economic and other issues affect the region. Countries participate regional blocs because of its advantages in trade and economy. Transaction costs between countries will be eliminated. It will be easier to compare prices between participants. Uncertainty caused by exchange rate fluctuations will be blocked. The inflation in member economies will decrease. It will reduce the cost of the firms and increase the trade. But also there are some disadvantages but they are not as much as advantages. There can be instability of the system...
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...Contents 1. Executive summary ................................................................................................................... 32. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 33. Drivers to Atlas’ international strategy ................................................................................... 44. Implications of Atlas strategic options between 1989 and 2000 .............................................. 75. Atlas’ likely implementation issues of the internationalization process.................................. 96. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 117. Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 12References .......................................................................... Personal identifier: Y0217531 3 1. Executive summary This repost assess Atlas’s international strategy by in the decade 1990-2000. Section 2 briefly introduces Atlas company and calculates its return on capital employed (ROCE) of the 1990s highlighting its descending trend. Section 3 presents the factors that underpinned the reasons for which Atlas undertook its international strategy. Section 4 follows with the description of the strategies implemented and their implications on the company’s...
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...P3 Describe how the environment and culture of another country affects a business operating internationally I am going to discuss how the environment and culture of India and China affect businesses operating internationally. I am going to use Tesco as an example. Environment: Both India and China have been named as countries with the highest expected growth in the next 50 years. India population – 1.1 billion, 1.3 billion. India is democratic, China is communist. (Businesses in India have freedom of speech and the way they operate their business while business operations in China are very limited by the Government) China is strong in manufacturing while India is strong in services and Information Technology. Strengths of China = Weaknesses of India Infrastructure in India: India’s road network is a barrier to business operations and has been holding industry back which is a challenge that Tesco would come across with if deciding to expand in India as it would make imports into India much more difficult, time and cost consuming. However Indian government has made it a priority to improve the country’s infrastructure and has pledged to build 14km of new roads in the nearer future. Infrastructure in China: China’s infrastructure is top class – one of the best in the world. China spends almost 50% of its GDP on investment towards their infrastructure which include; roads, bridges, trains, ports, technology etc. China has currently approved an estimated $156 billion dollar investment...
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...Private business development was not a priority during the early stages of Doi Moi. In the mid 1990’s, market institutions were still inadequate for entrepreneurship: banks almost exclusively served state-owned enterprises; there were no credit reporting bureaus; and courts able to enforce contracts between private businesses were just being created. Among entrepreneurs interviewed by McMillan and Woodruff (1999), less then 10% said that courts or the government could enforce contracts, and just 10% said that they received credit to start businesses. In consequence, entrepreneurs relied to a very high extend on building relationships with specific suppliers and customers (McMillan and Woodruff, 1999). Regardless of the above difficulties, the early reforms of doi moi triggered a boom in entrepreneurship. The new market opportunities have encouraged many people, including the poor and former state employers, to challenge their fate, and to develop various kinds of business. While many of them may have failed, there are many success stories of this early generation of entrepreneurs. The small entrepreneurship of the 1990’s has also been important for capital and skill accumulation, and thus created an important foundation for later development. Since 1999, government policy has shifted toward developing and supporting private businesses, and entrepreneurship in particular. The Company Law of 2000 has created a more conducive environment for entrepreneurs to run their business...
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...market, social and cultural risks, and cyber or technology risks. A description of how these risks would be managed and a summary of the strategic planning process will be explained. Mexico has a moderate political risk according to AM Bests Country risk report. Mexico ties with large, developed countries that are very strong has help them in this aspect when it comes to their political risk. NAFTA North American Fair Trade Agreement also helps in this respect since it is now one of the largest free trade areas. This agreement was established between the Unites States, Canada, and Mexico and became effective on January 1, 1994. This alliance has brought economic growth and rising standards to the citizens of these three countries. There are many advantages of NAFTA, being that it has created the world’s largest free trade area, and links 444 million people and produces nearly $17 trillion in goods and services annually is that it eliminates tariffs that create agreements on international rights for business investors. This reduces the cost of trade and spurs investment and growth for large and small businesses. When tariffs are eliminated this also reduces inflation by...
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...In analyzing the free trade market there have been several agreements that have been put in place to ensure that there is fair trading among countries. This is necessary in order to ensure that there is a balance between the supply and demand in all markets. It would not be fair for the countries that are powerful on an economic and political level to dominate the market, which would impact the countries that poorer than others. There is constant talks and meetings about free trade agreements in several markets and free trade zone. Most countries are tying to facilitate free trade on a international level, which is never a easy task because there are so many facets of the agreements that have to be addressed. There are many theories that exist that make the thought process simple of implementing free trade agreements but when you think about the principles and how it will affect society, the environment and multiple societies around the world. By encouraging free trade this is the first step towards positive development for all countries. Since the FTA was put in placed there has been a balance, which has curved unethical and illegal practices. It is very important to foster the right relationship between countries, to ensure not only economic growth and national security among foreign countries and trading. Free trade areas (FTA) are agreements where two or more countries eliminate trade barriers and tariffs between goods traded amongst the countries. Started after the end...
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...I truly learned a lot. With an international business it has various key learning concepts including entry to new markets, trade and foreign direct investments, politics, economics and environmental variables of culture. Each of these concepts carries a different definition as well as the same intent. Globalization by definition means a “trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological independence among national institutions and economies.” (p 7) Within globalization it is very important that the particular company that plans to expand beyond the borders of their home office must understand that going global is not just looking at the global aspext and not taking the time to properly invest money, time, and strategy. For example when Apple began to go global they took the time that was necessary to properly strategize on how to get their product from beyond the four walls of the Apple brand. Globalization has good parts as well as bad parts. The good part about globalization is that the particular brand that is going global has the potential of reaching more than just one particular group. However on the reverse side of globalization when taking your company to the next level especially when going global you run the risk of having to move your production from for example “America” to a place like “China”. International trade is something that is very important in international...
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...Andre Henry Prof. Guillaume Teasdale 02-43-244-01 Tues Mar 31, 2015 Americanization in Canada Americanization is the influence of the United States on the culture of another country. The influence extends on another countries cuisine, popular culture, technology, political techniques and business practices. Americanization refers to a process of acculturation by populations to American values and cultures. Canada and the United States are allies and trading partners (Gravelle 135). The two countries share a rich history of cooperation with each other. Cooperation between the two nation has been promoted by the fact that the two countries are neighbors. Canada began developing relationships with the United States after the Canadian confederation. The nation began their reliance on the United States for their national defense. Many Canadians believe that the country’s economic, political and military dependence on the United States would not make a difference in their day to day life activities. The Americans have influence more than the Canadian culture. Aspects in relation to media, economic dependence, American propaganda, artists and political pressure from the United States have made Canada too Americanized. The factors that make Canada too Americanized reflect mainly on the social life witnessed among many Canadians. They are viewed as risk hazards because they threaten the traditions and heritage that define the nation as an independent country. The US and...
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...uncertain situation as they focus to defend their own domestic products all whilst maintaining a steady external trade. A continuing worldwide economic power house, Mercosur continues to struggle with certain facets of trade and political structure. Background South America throughout past decades has seen bloodshed and political instability, and despite much improvement there is still reoccurring corruption to date. Although the Pablo Escobar reign in Colombia, Noriega’s rule in Panama, and Castro’s hold on Cuba are no longer relevant, there still remains similar political instability today. Mercosur directly translated is Mercado Comun del Sur, or The Southern Common Market, and is a trade bloc for six of South America’s member nations (See Appendix A for current member countries) where they enjoy free trade, very similar to that of the North American Free Trade Agreement, where the goal is full South American economic integration. Enacted in 1991 under the Treaty of Ascuncion, Mercosur was created around the time of NAFTA, and other world trade blocs where they sought to fill the grey areas of GATT , General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, that over looked regional, political, and cultural needs for its members (Kionsky, 2012). Further issues with non-transparent trades and non-uniformity in investments through GATT allowed for investors to make under the table trades where no tariffs...
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