...Africa before the Transatlantic Slave Trade Racist views of Africa In the last 50 years much has been done to combat the entirely false and negative views about the history of Africa and Africans, which were developed in Europe in order to justify the Transatlantic Slave Trade and European colonial rule in Africa that followed it. In the eighteenth century such racist views were summed up by the words of the Scottish philosopher David Hume, who said, ‘I am apt to suspect the Negroes to be naturally inferior to the Whites. There scarcely ever was a civilised nation of that complexion, nor even any individual, eminent either in action or in speculation. No ingenious manufacture among them, no arts, no sciences”. In the nineteenth century the German philosopher Hegel simply declared ‘Africa is no historical part of the world.’ This openly racist view, that Africa had no history, was repeated by Hugh Trevor-Roper, Regius Professor of History at Oxford University, as late as 1963. Africa, the birthplace of humanity We now knowWe now know that far from having no history, it is likely that human history actually began in Africa. The oldest evidence of human existence and that of our immediate ancestors has been found in Africa. In July 2002 further evidence of the existence of early hominids in Africa was found with the discovery of the fossilised remains of what has been called Sahelanthropus tchadensis, thought to be between 6-7 million years old, in Chad. The latest...
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...Prostitution Prof: Leon Geter 04/26/2012 Abstract This research paper surveys the contextual factors surrounding child trafficking for the purposes of prostitution and also examines potential ethical issues arising from research to safeguard the psychological and physical well-being of these children. This paper is not intended to provide an ethical best-practice checklist rather its aim is to encourage the exploration of important ethical issues and further questions to be addressed by researchers in this area. In so doing, I hope to encourage the development of a fully informed decision-making approach to anti-trafficking policy and practice, and the improved provision of appropriate services for children being trafficked for prostitution. Hence the necessity, as I see it, for a reconsideration of victim-status and its constituents. The qualitative research methodology used in this research involved semi-structured interviews conducted throughout the United States and an extensive review of current literature. The sample population included individuals from a wide spectrum of expertise including United States governmental agencies and local non-governmental organizations with experience and knowledge of child trafficking and prostitution. Introduction Human trafficking is the slavery of our time. Exactly 200 years ago, Britain and the United Stated formally outlawed the transatlantic slave trade. Today, nothing has changed, many countries are affected by people...
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...Annotated Bibliography including five citations in APA documentation format, each with a brief summary paragraph: in your own words, write a two-three sentence summary the source’s main point and identifying key expert views or evidence which will help support specific points in your outline. Human Trafficking in the United States of America I.Introduction I’ve chosen to cover this topic because now more than ever news specials are being broadcast and even though each story as similar as the next they’re very captivating. The statistics on this issue is overwhelming and it involves just about every type of criminal act known. It’s become an absolute phenomenon in the United States of America. Criminal Justice entails the following in a criminal activity; gathering evidence, apprehending the accused, conducting a trial, making defense, judgment after proving the crime and eventually punishment. There are many crimes that deserve criminal justice (Legal-Explanations.com, 2004-2007). Human trafficking which is nothing more than modern day slavery is just one of many heavy crimes that deserve it. II. Body A. Trafficking doesn't happen in other parts of the world somewhere else; sufferers of trafficking are right here in the United States, suffering horrendous human rights infringements. The United States did not set in motion the monitoring of trafficked individuals until 1994; it began being covered in the Department’s Annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices...
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...Afro-Americans’ Unrevealed Truth (The Long Song and The Known World) A Term Paper Submitted to: Marie Anne Balanni English Teacher Submitted by: Nikka Ocampo Student INTRODUCTION Why most people in the ancient times are slave victims? Why do slavery happens in the past? This is what I wanted to discover in my research. When we talk of slavery, it refers to a condition in which individuals are owned by others, who control where they live and at what they work. Slavery had previously existed throughout history, in many times and most places. The ancient Greeks, the Romans, Incas and Aztecs all had slaves. To be a slave is to be owned by another person. A slave is a human being classed as property and who is forced to work for nothing. Andrea Levys’ novel entitled “The Lost Song” and Edward T. Jones’ “The Known World” revealed to us the plight of being a slave rooted from their ancestral family and own personal experience as a slave. The two books have the same plot that unraveled the world of human existence happened in 19th century where forced labor centered in the sugar cane plantation. The main characters have a slight difference because the first one is directly the slave victim and the latter is born slave but became a slaver, owning a slave he bought. The Lost Song is set in the time of slavery and it is a story about a person’s life and the times they lived through. July a black house slave, is the main character that tells her own story. It features her mother, her...
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...History books mainly reflect the involvement of men. The abolitionists (Clarkson and Wilberforce), the Slave traders (Canot) and the enslaved (Equaino). In portrayal of enslaved people, men appear more frequently. In the movie Amistad it is told from the point of view of Cinque; in the TV series Roots it follows Kunta Kinte. This male dominated history fails to acknowledge, belittles and devalues the role of women at all levels of slavery. What about the female slave traders, slave owners, enslaved females, female rebels and abolitionists? Are they really invisible? Verene Shepherd, in Women in Caribbean History states that up until the 1970s Caribbean books neglected women because early historians looked at colonisation, government, religion, trade and war fare, activities men were more involved in. Also some historians felt that women’s issues did not merit inclusion and where women could have been included, such as slave uprisings, their contributions were ignored. Shepherd believes changes occurred with the influence of women’s groups who tried to correct the gender neutral or male biased history. There was also a shift into social history, looking at the non elite and into topics such as family life. Books started to look at women’s social and political activities. Unfortunately there was a lack of first hand accounts from the period of the transatlantic slave trade – accounts written by men at the time either ignored women or perpetuated the myth of female inferiority...
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...Final Project Charlon L. Gibbs University of Scranton Final Project Outline I. Key Concepts Which Impacted Me – Page 3 II. Key Concepts Which Resonated With Me – Page 4 III. Five Page Paper on the Areas of Concern – Pages 5 – 8 IV. Reference Page – Page 9 V. Racist Poster (Unintentional) – Page 10 The key concept which impacted me the most was allowing students to discuss the diversity issues and not just ignore them; the topic for week five was Discussing Difficult Topics. While attending undergraduate school, I was taught to not address diversity issues unless the student/child brings up the issue in order not to disrespect diverse backgrounds. The first step in breaking down cultural barriers is to allow students to ask questions about the issues which concern them. This lesson also alerted me that when having a conversation in the classroom dealing with diversity and cultural backgrounds, there needs to be structure and rules about the expectations during the discussion. Dilg (2003) explained that ignoring sensitive topics bring about misunderstandings and denies guidance in dealing with certain subjects. Conversations across the classroom allow students to interact with the many different backgrounds of their classmates and to understand the cultural differences, just by dialogue. Ignoring a problem or situation does not help anyone and in order for students to become 21st Century Learners...
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...indigenous new world cosmographies, illustrate the important sociocultural role the plant has played for millennia. However, modern society has elevated Zea mays far above the status of mere plant, fashioning it into a commodity intimately connected to systems of control and capitalism. Consequently, corn has played an essential role in colonization, industrialization, and the advent of overproduction. The beliefs and literature of numerous new world cultures, along with the literatures of modern Western cultures, offer a striking analysis of corn's current position in western society. The far-reaching impacts that corn has on our socioeconomic and subsistence systems reveal a great deal about globalization, commodification, and dominance. This paper examines corn through a cultural studies lens, documenting the influence of this iconic foodstuff and analyzing its effects over historical and cultural boundaries. 2 Corn has long been located at the center of indigenous new world cultures, as well as at the center of modern Western society, and its presence spans and transcends boundaries between cultures and time periods. Corn’s genesis as a foodstuff, and its ascension to the status of...
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...Christian church is facing retrenchment. Black women are prevented from obtaining high positions in the pulpit, they are persecuted due to patriarchal roots, and the women with existing positons in the church are mocked. Black women preachers and Black women pastors . Preachers can preach the gospel while Pastors are allowed to lead the denomination. The church has its own rules and its own language. Some church terms are misinterpreted and used interchangeable, It is popular vernacular to refer to a Black Christian church as just a Black church. During the Transatlantic slave trade Christianity was used to enslave Africans. The descendant of those Africans also known as African Americans adopted Christianity and turned it into their motivation. Modern day African Americans are also known as Black Americans or the shortened term Black, the reasoning for that belongs in another scholarly paper....
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...the IMF Structural Adjustment Programs Sven Bokhari 820619-P291 Fabrizio Del Duca 791225-P114 Group number: 1983 Summary Date: Level: Authors: 2008/06/03 Master thesis in International Business and Entrepreneurship, 10p (15ECTS) Sven Bokhari Västerås Date of birth: 19820619 Fabrizio Del Duca Västerås Date of birth: 19791225 Title: Economic Development through globalisation in Nigeria. An analysis of Shell & the IMF Structural Adjustment Programs Leif Linnskog, Ph.D. Tutor: Research Question: Can globalisation be seen as positive or negative for the Economic Development of Nigeria? A focus on Shell and the International Monetary Fund Research Issue: Globalisation in its current form is viewed in the Western world as a positive influence for the Economic Development of under developed countries. However these views on the benefits brought to developing countries have been frequently disputed. The research we are undertaking is a pilot study based on documentary research. Our source of information is secondary data such as books, articles, newspapers and journals. The study employs a qualitative approach. Even though globalisation is often viewed as positive we have discovered that this is not always the case in relation to its effects in Nigeria. Judging from our analysis, globalisation through the IMF and Shell has had an overall negative impact on Economic Development. However, Shell is attempting to act more responsible by adjusting its position in order to...
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...or bonded labor. Some humanitarian groups buy captives’ freedom, but critics say that only encourages slave traders to seize more victims. Meanwhile, nearly a million people Abducted from her village in southern Sudan when she was 6 years old, Akuac Malong was enslaved in northern Sudan until she was freed at age 13. are forcibly trafficked across international borders annually and held in captivity. Even in the United States, thousands of women and children from overseas are forced to become sex workers. Congress recently strengthened the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, but critics say it is still not tough enough, and that certain U.S. allies that harbor traffickers are treated with “kid gloves” for political reasons. I N S I D E THIS ISSUE THE ISSUES ......................275 BACKGROUND ..................282 CHRONOLOGY ..................283 CURRENT SITUATION ..........287 AT ISSUE ..........................289 OUTLOOK ........................291 The CQ Researcher • March 26, 2004 • www.thecqresearcher.com Volume 14, Number 12 • Pages 273-296 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................293 THE NEXT STEP ................294 RECIPIENT OF SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE x AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILVER GAVEL AWARD HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SLAVERY T CQ Researcher H E THE ISSUES 275 • Does buying slaves in order to free them solve the problem? • Is the...
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...transportation fees through prostitution, 12 hours a day, and six days a week. Guards were posted at the doors. Attempted escapes were punished with severe beatings. The bosses considered rape a training method. Mexican farm workers paid $20 for a condom and 15 minutes with a woman, though on average they received $3 per encounter. It became impossible for the women to pay their debts, since the bosses added charges for room, board and miscellaneous fines to the original transportation fee. Eventually two 15 year-olds successfully fled to the Mexican consulate and the traffickers were arrested. The women face deportation to Mexico, where some of the original recruiters are still at large. (D’Agostino, Joseph. “The New Illegal Immigrants: Sex Slaves.” Human Events 7/2/99, Vol. 55, Issue 24, p. 4) Freedom is a short, powerful word we take for granted every day. It is hard to fully appreciate freedom when we have never had it snatched away from us. We get to choose our jobs, where we live, what we eat. If we are unhappy with any of our life situations we have the freedom to leave and engage in some other activity that satisfies us. Unfortunately, some people are not so lucky. They live the majority of their lives without ever experiencing freedom due to the various practices of modern day slavery. Today, there are millions of people around the world being kidnapped, virulently mistreated and sometimes even murdered, all to facilitate cheap or free labour and sexual...
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...PART-1 1. Concept of globalization: Globalization means the coming together of different societies and economies via cross border flow of ideas, finances, capital, information, technologies, goods and services. The cross border assimilation can be social, economic, cultural, or political. But most of the people fear cultural and social assimilation as they believe this would have a negative impact on the existing culture of their society. Globalization therefore has mostly narrowed down to economic integration and this mainly happens through three channels; flow of finance, trade of goods and services and capital movement. Globalization is a term that includes a wide range of social and economic variations. It encompasses topics like the cultural changes, economics, finance trends, and global market expansion. There are positive and negative effects of globalization - it all comes as a package. Globalization helps in creating new markets and wealth, at the same time it is responsible for extensive suffering, disorder, and unrest. The great financial crisis that just happened is the biggest example of how negative globalization can turn. It clearly reveals the dangers of an unstable, deregulated, global economy. At the same time, this gave rise to important global initiatives, striving towards betterment. Globalization is a factor responsible for both repression and the social boom. What happens when there is a growing integration of economies across the globe? Majorly...
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...acid salts and normal salts POINTS TO NOTE f Non-metals form acidic oxides, while metals form basic oxides. f Amphoteric oxides show both basic and acidic properties, while neutral oxides show neither. f Non-metallic oxides dissolve in water to form acids. f Metallic oxides are basic oxides and dissolve in water to form alkalis. f Acids combine with bases to form salt and water only. f Salts can be formed from the reaction of acids with carbonates, hydrogen-carbonates, alkalis and metals. f The pH of a substance indicates how acidic or basic (alkaline) its aqueous solution is. The pH scale goes from 0 - 14 with a pH less than 7 described as acidic and a pH greater than 7 described as basic or alkaline. One can use pH paper (litmus) or indicator solutions, such as methyl orange and phenolphthalein, to determine whether substances are alkaline or acidic. f Strong acids and weak acids differ in the number of molecules that react or dissociate to form ions. For a strong acid, a vast majority of the molecules form ions, while only a small proportion of ions are formed from a weak acid. f Dibasic and tribasic acids can form both normal and acid salts. f Soluble salts can be prepared from the action of an acid on a metal,...
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...RESEARCH PAPER 06/36 19 JUNE 2006 A Political and Economic Introduction to China “If the 20th century ended in 1989, the 21st began in 1978” Martin Jacques, The Guardian, 25 May 2006 China’s political and economic rise and what it means for the world is now a central preoccupation of analysts and policy-makers. Public awareness of China is likely to increase as the 2008 Olympics in Beijing draw near. This Research Paper is intended to act as a resource that Members of Parliament and their staff can draw upon when engaging with China’s remarkable transformation. Part I provides key facts and figures about China. Parts II and III review recent developments and future prospects by addressing four key questions. Is political authoritarianism sustainable? Can China’s development be peaceful? What are the main domestic economic challenges facing China? What is China’s impact on the world economy? Part IV summarises key aspects of UK and EU relations with China. The Paper ends with a select bibliography of key sources. The Research Paper is intended to act as a platform for a series of Library Standard Notes that will address in more depth specific issues about China that there is space here only to discuss briefly. Jon Lunn, Maria Lalic, Ben Smith and Claire Taylor INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AND DEFENCE SECTION Ed Beale, Ed Potton, Ian Townsend and Dominic Webb ECONOMIC POLICY AND STATISTICS SECTION HOUSE OF COMMONS LIBRARY Recent Library Research Papers include: List of 15...
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...TExES I Texas Examinations of Educator Standards Preparation Manual 133 History 8–12 Copyright © 2006 by the Texas Education Agency (TEA). All rights reserved. The Texas Education Agency logo and TEA are registered trademarks of the Texas Education Agency. Texas Examinations of Educator Standards, TExES, and the TExES logo are trademarks of the Texas Education Agency. This publication has been produced for the Texas Education Agency (TEA) by ETS. ETS is under contract to the Texas Education Agency to administer the Texas Examinations of Educator Standards (TExES) program and the Certification of Educators in Texas (ExCET) program. The TExES program and the Examination for the Certification of Educators in Texas (ExCET) program are administered under the authority of the Texas Education Agency; regulations and standards governing the program are subject to change at the discretion of the Texas Education Agency. The Texas Education Agency and ETS do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, or disability in the administration of the testing program or the provision of related services. PREFACE The State Board for Educator Certification (SBEC) has developed new standards for Texas educators that delineate what the beginning educator should know and be able to do. These standards, which are based on the state-required curriculum for students—the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS)—form the basis for new Texas Examinations...
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