...CONTEXT IN ADVERTISEMENTS Effective advertising is possible only when the advertisement conveys the intended message, giving consideration to underlying cultural codes. Semiotics, the study of signs and symbols and their meaning, offers valuable tools for analyzing advertising to uncover strengths or weaknesses of ad campaigns. In general, advertising can communicate either a solution narrative (i.e. buy our product and it will solve your problems), or an enhancement narrative (your life is already good, but if you use our product it will be that much better). Below is the comparison of the message being conveyed in both the Western and the Chinese context: * Motorcycle: Whereas in a Western context a motorcycle represents freedom, adventure, and speed, in a Chinese context it is considered dangerous, noisy, and low status. * Open Landscape: For Westerners, the open landscape portrays independence and lifestyle enhancement. From the Chinese view, the countryside may be perceived as dirty and dusty. The codes present in the advertisement convey a very different message when translated into the a different cultural context, and do not result in communicating the message which was actually intended. Some examples where companies failed due to lack of understanding of cultural nuances are: * Car ‘Nova’ in Spain-This car was introduced in Spain Nova in Spanish means it wont go which the company failed to recognize before launching the product * Volkswagon Beetle...
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...concept loosely translated from Latin to mean “an eye for an eye”. It is not surprising, therefore, that throughout the entire book of Genesis we find only two accounts of reconciliation between feuding siblings: Jacob’s reunion with his brother Esau (Gen ); and Joseph’s act of mercy towards his brothers (Gen 45: 1-28). Apart from these two episodes, in the only other instance of sibling rivalry we find in Genesis ends with Cain’s tragic murder of his brother Abel (Gen). Even within the two reconciliatory narratives represented in Genesis, Joseph’s story is the sole one with a truly respectable outcome (Genesis 45: 1-28). Esau’s and Jacob’s relationship remained strained even after the brothers ended their feud, with each going their own separate way and subsequently establishing independent communities: the Israelites (Jacob); and the Edomites (Esau). It would seem justifiable had Joseph sought to settle scores with his brothers for having beaten him, left him in a pit to die and ultimately sold him to Egyptian slavers. However, notwithstanding the pain inflicted upon him by his brothers, Joseph chose the path of forgiveness and used his influence in Egypt to ensure his family would survive the famine. The reconciliation narrative in Genesis 45 is the first...
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...Chapter 4 Reviewing the existing literature and engaging with what others have written: You need to review the existing literature because: – you want to know what is already known about your area of interest so you don't just reinvent the wheel. – Your literature review is where you demonstrate that you are able to engage in scholarly review based on your reading and understanding of the work of others. – Using the existing literature on a topic is a means of developing an argument about the significance of your research and where it leads. – A means of affirming your credibility as someone who is knowledgeable in your chosen area. Being able to interpret what they have written. The purpose of exploring the existing literature should be to identify the following issues: – What is already known about this area? – What concepts and theories are relevant to this area? – What research methods and research strategies have been employed in studying this area? – Are there any significant controversies? – Are there any inconsistencies in findings relating to this area? – Are there any unanswered research questions in this area? Purpose: – Assessing plan design – Identify potential concepts and variables – What types of methods have been used? – Interpreting your findings Getting the most from your reading: When you are reading do the following: • Take good notes, including details of the material...
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...The author preludes and supplements her own reading of the Odyssey with an analysis of the issues posed by the earlier feminist readings that she builds her arguments on. She does not simply rely on the text itself but on other critiques, texts with related and similar issues, and Greek background and history, in order to draw her conclusions and make educated comments. Siren Songs presents a feminist view and analysis of the Odyssey in a simple manner which is aimed at a more general audience. All Greek is translated, and critical terminology is clearly...
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...ANALYSIS THE GRASSHOPPER AND THE BELL CRICKET BY: YASUNARI KAWABATA ”The grasshopper and the bell cricket” is a short story, written by Yasunari Kawabata, written in a narrative perspective of someone watching children searching for insects using colored and decorated lanterns. I would like to think that the author is trying to symbolize life, and that it is not only one path to go. We are all aiming for acceptance and to fit in to the society, but this story tells us that The author, who put himself as narrator, describes how he walks through the halls of the university and approaches the upper school and its playground, and he seems to get so emotionally attached that he cannot take another turn. “I turned right so as not to leave the playground behind. Kawabata writes, “When I turned to the left, the fence gave way to an embankment planted with orange trees”. The color orange usually symbolize a warning, danger or something strong. Later on Kawabata describes a group of young children that are searching for insects with lanterns in bright colors as crimson, pink, indigo, green purple and yellow. This probably is a way of describing different personalities; to clarify this Kawabata also writes, “the candle’s light seemed to emanate from the form and color of the design itself." This is probably also one of the reasons to why the author chose to write about children to symbolize how we easily forms after our surroundings and how we think things should be. Each...
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...Bloch, Marc; The Historian’s Craft, translated by Putnam, Peter; New York: Vintage Books; 1953.197 pp. Marc Bloch, the French historian, a founder of the Annales School of historical thought, murdered by the German Gestapo in 1944 as part of the French Resistance to the Vichy government, in his “memorandum of a craftsman,” attained two goals. The first goal he accomplished was to defend and elucidate why one should study history, and the second goal was to expound how one should study history. Though he wasn’t able to finish this book but we can say that this book was successful in creating an image of history by introducing it to a whole new height of prominence from the beginning phase. “Tell me, Daddy. What is the use of history?” His famous opening lines gave an expression of a meaningful occasion in Bloch’s, and all humankind’s too. It seems that throughout the book he is trying to justify the ‘use’ of history by stating that it’s nothing but understanding and then application. He looked at the techniques of historical inquiry. He believed that history did provide entertainment and comfort although it was also serious and academic at the same time. He believed that it’s necessary for historians to prove themselves as a profession by good observation and transmitting common sense and history as a “legitimate form of knowledge” and proficient in nourishing the intellect as it is narrative and poetic too. It is this searching for legitimacy that takes us back to the empiricists...
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...QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Introduction Suppose that we have carried out a survey on the effect of carrying out a management audit with three groups of nine participant institutions each i.e. small medium and large. Each group was given the same survey questions in questionnaire format and the answers from the scores were tagged between 0 and 20. What is to be done with the raw scores? There are two key types of measures that can be taken whenever we have a set of scores from participants in a given condition. First, there are measures of central tendency, which provide some indication of the size of average or typical scores. Second, there are measures of dispersion, which indicate the extent to which the scores cluster around the average or are spread out. Various measures of central tendency and of dispersion are considered next. For this assignment, a survey is the type of data collection method in consideration and how the results of that survey would be analysed. SURVEYS Surveys are a very popular form of data collection, especially when gathering information from large groups, where standardization is important. Surveys can be constructed in many ways, but they always consist of two components: questions and responses. While sometimes evaluators choose to keep responses “open ended,” i.e., allow respondents to answer in a free flowing narrative form, most often the “close-ended” approach in which respondents are asked to select from a range of...
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...Education,” from Pedagogy of the Oppressed by Paulo Freire. New York: Continuum, 1993. Translated by Myra Bergman Ramos [This is the citation information you will need to construct a Works Cited entry; for in-text citation, use Paulo Freire’s last name and the paragraph number (since this is a reprint and not the original, book-length source). Consult your Easy Writer for information about citing a book with a translator]. A careful analysis of the teacher-student relationship at any level, inside or outside the school, reveals its fundamentally narrative character. This relationship involves a narrating Subject (the teacher) and patient, listening objects (the students). The contents, whether values or empirical dimensions of reality, tend in the process of being narrated to become lifeless and petrified. Education is suffering from narration sickness. The teacher talks about reality as if it were motionless, static, compartmentalized, and predictable. Or else he expounds on a topic completely alien to the existential experience of the students. His task is to "fill" the students with the contents of his narration—contents which are detached from reality, disconnected from the totality that engendered them and could give them significance. Words are emptied of their concreteness and become a hollow, alienated, and alienating verbosity. The outstanding characteristic of this narrative education, then, is the sonority of words, not their transforming power. "Four times four...
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...The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/1352-2752.htm YouTube: an opportunity for consumer narrative analysis? Stefano Pace ` Universita Bocconi, Milano, Italy Abstract Purpose – The aim of the paper is to discuss a possible extension of narrative analysis to a new medium of expression of consumer behaviour, specifically YouTube. Design/methodology/approach – Marketing and consumer behaviour studies often apply narrative analysis to understand consumption. The consumer is a source of introspective narratives that are studied by scholars. However, consumption has a narrative nature in itself and consumers are also storytellers. YouTube is a new context in which subjects tell stories to an audience through self-made videos and re-edited TV programs. After defining the pros and cons of different approaches to the study of YouTube, narrative analysis is presented as a possible means of understanding YouTube. Findings – Some preliminary evidence is presented by discussing several YouTube videos. These indicate that YouTube content can be better understood as stories, rather than example of other approaches, such as visual analysis, media studies, videography, and others. Research limitations/implications – From the analysis conducted, preliminary managerial implications can be drawn. It seems unlikely that normal TV broadcasters will be substituted by YouTube videos. For the most part, YouTube content draws its sense and shared...
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...Introduction Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, AKA Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People’s Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. “The Mongolians who inhabit the vast plain in the northern part of China have been called the ‘ethnic group of music and poems’” (Jin 92). Mongolian developed a unique singing genre: long songs. Long songs are characterized by a musical characteristic of “a falling and rising melody with a free profound, long and slow rhythm” (Jin 93), which is “melismatically decorated and without a regular beat” (Pegg 43). Long songs have a very long history. “When it was as early as over one thousand years ago, ancestors of the Mongolians migrated from mountains and forests along the banks of Ergun River and onto the Mongolian plateau. Their way of production accordingly turned from hunting to stock raising. Long songs were formed and developed since then” (Sakura). This unique musical style has very deep influence on Mongolian People. “Long songs can be said to reflect features of Mongolian nomadic culture, link closely together Mongolian people’s language, literature, history, religion, mentality, world view ecological view of life and customs, and run throughout Mongolian people’s history and social life” (Sakura). Long songs can be classified into three main musical forms: extended, general and abbreviated. “The extended long song unfolds melodically as a continual linear development. It is characterized...
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...The Summer Solstice Nick Joaquin About the Author Nicomedes Márquez Joaquín was a Filipino writer, historian and journalist, best known for his short stories and novels in the English language. He also wrote using the pen name Quijano de Manila. Joaquin was conferred the rank and title of National Artist of the Philippines for Literature. He is considered the most important Filipino writer in English, and the third most important overall, after José Rizal and Claro M. Recto. Joaquín was born in Paco, Manila, one of ten children of Leocadio Joaquín, a colonel under General Emilio Aguinaldo in the 1896 Revolution, and Salome Márquez, a teacher of English and Spanish. After being read poems and stories by his mother, the boy Joaquín read widely in his father's library and at the National Library of the Philippines. By then, his father had become a successful lawyer after the revolution. From reading, Joaquín became interested in writing. At age 17, Joaquín had his first piece published, in the literary section of the pre-World War II Tribune, where he worked as a proofreader. It was accepted by the writer and editor Serafín Lanot. After Joaquín won a nationwide essay competition to honor La Naval de Manila, sponsored by the Dominican Order, the University of Santo Tomas awarded him an honorary Associate in Arts (A.A.). They also awarded him a scholarship to St. Albert's Convent, the Dominican monastery in Hong Kong. After returning to the Philippines, Joaquín...
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...Otherness: Essays and Studies 1.1 October 2010 Haunting Poetry: Trauma, Otherness and Textuality in Michael Cunningham’s Specimen Days Olu Jenzen Early conceptions of trauma are intimately linked not only with modernity but specifically with the height of industrialisation (Micale and Lerner 2001). This is converged in the opening of Specimen Days particularly in the image of an industrial accident at the ironworks where a young man is killed by the stamping machine. His young brother, replacing him at the machine after the funeral, then experiences an apparition of the dead brother still trapped inside the machine, which leads him to believe that all machines house entrapped ghosts of the dead. Writing on the Victorians’ anxieties about internal disruption caused by the advent of the railway, Jill Matus (2001, 415) has pointed out that, Freud himself remarked in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), [that] there is ‘a condition [which] has long been known and described [and] which occurs after severe mechanical concussions, railway disasters and other accidents involving a risk to life; it has been given the name of traumatic neurosis’ (12). Freud’s remark brings to the fore the traumas of the industrial age as both individually and publicly experienced and negotiated. This condition of trauma as private and public, individual yet also societal is held in tension throughout Cunningham’s novel. Reflecting on the otherness of trauma and its vexed relationship to representation...
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...Compare and contrast the major characteristics of two methods of sociological inquiry. Your answer should clarify how: Each method relates to a distinct tradition of social research (e.g., positivism, interpretivism or the critical tradition); Addresses the issue of objectivity and; Account for the relationship between the natural and the social sciences. Research methods are a crucial part to understanding society. Without research methods, scientists and researchers would not be able to understand the why, the how or the what. There are three main traditions in social research; Positivism, Interpretivism and Critical Tradition. In this essay, the writer will examine two of these traditions; positivism and interpretivism. The writer will talk about each of these traditions, the history and the type of research method each are. The writer will discuss examples of each tradition, a qualitative research method and a quantitative research method. The writer will then go on to discuss the contributions of two major sociologists in each; Emile Durkheim for Positivism and Max Weber for Interpretivism. The writer will then go on to compare and contrast each tradition. Positivism was first established by French philosopher Auguste Comte in the early 19th century. Positivism can be defined as ‘’ the tendency to develop the means of our reason either to predict the phenomena of nature or to modify them through our intervention, which is the characteristic feature...
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...Excerpted from Critical Companion to the Bible a Literary Reference Reading the Bible as Literature The Bible was written by many human authors, some of whom are known with certainty and some of whom are disputed. What is more, if you were to ask believing Jews or Christians, they would name a different author of the Bible: God is said to have “inspired” the writing of the Scriptures. The Bible is a religious book, not just for one community of faith, but for several: Jews and Christians of different denominations, including both Catholic and Protestant traditions. These groups disagree as to which books actually belong in the Bible. In addition, over time, several different approaches to interpreting the Bible have been developed by these groups. In this volume, the Bible is examined mainly from a literary point of view. A literary approach to this unique book, however, will only be successful if we are conscious of the fact that it is not to be judged according to the rules of modern literature but rather as a document of the ancient Near Eastern and Jewish-Hellenistic cultures. One Book, Many Books: Which Texts Belong to the Bible The Bible is not a single, unified work but a compilation of individual texts commonly called books. Which books belong to the Bible? This question is answered differently by different religious communities. The Hebrew Bible is the Holy Scripture of the Jews. It contains books originally written in the ancient Hebrew and partly in...
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...Research 4 6. Methodology 5 6.1 Research Design 5 6.2 Sources of Data 5 6.2.1 Secondary Data 5 6.2.2 Primary Data 5 6.2.2.1 Population 5 6.2.2.2 Working Population 5 6.2.2.3 Sampling Design 5 6.2.2.4 Data Collection Method 6 6.2.2.5 Data Survey and Scaling Techniques 6 6.3 Data Analysis 7 7. Time Scale/Research Planning 7 8. Timetable 9 9. Problems of the Fact 10 10. Conclusion 10 11. Reference 11 12. Appendix 12 Abstract Commercial Banks are the most dominant financial institutions in the domain of commerce and industry. The efficiency of commercial banks is dependent on their ability to mobilize fund profitability, which can enhance their corporate value. There can be few, if any, parts of the economy in which risk management is more important than the financial sector. Financial institutions account for a sizeable number of the world's leading companies and have a critical role to play in the economics of every country and thus in world economic order as a whole. The research will be focusing on the case study method by interviewing the concerned person that will provide detailed analysis of such Bangladeshi commercial banks of the country as their business operation is being centered on taking risks in conditions of uncertainty. The process with such focus on how outcomes relate to effective risk management will be deemed important. The results should achieve in answering such issues and problems presented based...
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