...CONTENTS 1. MEANING-PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION 2. A SYSTEM APPROACH (COMPONENTS) 3. COMPONENTS :- TRANSPORTATION i. MEANING ii. FUNCTIONS iii. MODES – MEANING,FEATURES,ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES * ROAD * RAIL * WATER * AIR PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION MEANING: Physical distribution is the set of activities concerned with efficient movement of finished goods from the end of the production operation to the consumer. Physical distribution takes place within numerous wholesaling and retailing distribution channels, and includes such important decision areas as customer service, inventory control, materials handling, protective packaging, order procession, transportation, warehouse site selection, and warehousing. Physical distribution is part of a larger process called "distribution," which includes wholesale and retail marketing, as well the physical movement of products. Physical distribution activities have recently received increasing attention from business managers, including small business owners. This is due in large part to the fact that these functions often represent almost half of the total marketing costs of a product. In fact, research studies indicate that physical distribution costs nationally amount to approximately 20 percent of the country's total gross national product (GNP). These findings have led many small businesses to expand their cost-cutting efforts beyond their historical focus on production...
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...Transport policy in 2011: a new direction? RESEARCH PAPER 11/22 2 March 2011 This paper outlines the changes made to transport policy by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition Government and looks at some of the long term transport challenges the government is likely to face over the course of this Parliament. It complements and updates House of Commons research paper 10/28, Transport policy in 2010: a rough guide. Louise Butcher Matthew Keep Recent Research Papers 11/05 Social Indicators 18.01.11 11/06 Scotland Bill [Bill 115 of 2010-11] 19.01.11 11/07 Estates of Deceased Persons (Forfeiture Rule and Law of 19.01.11 Succession) Bill [Bill 8 of 2010-11] 11/08 Unemployment by Constituency, January 2011 19.01.11 11/09 Fixed-term Parliaments Bill: Commons Stages 21.01.11 11/10 UK Defence and Security Policy: A New Approach? 21.01.11 11/11 Health and Social Care Bill [Bill 132 of 2010-11] 27.01.11 11/12 Economic Indicators, February 2011 01.02.11 11/13 Anonymity (Arrested Persons) Bill [Bill 9 of 2010-11] 02.02.11 11/14 Education Bill [Bill 137 of 2010-11] 03.02.11 11/15 Budget Responsibility and National Audit Bill [HL] 08.02.11 [Bill 143 of 2010-11] 11/16 The Local Government Finance Settlement 2011-13 08.02.11 11/17 Legislation (Territorial Extent) Bill [Bill 10 of 2010-11] 08.02.11 11/18 Wash-up 2010 11.02.11 11/19 Unemployment...
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...Economic Benefits of Transportation Improvements Shamonica Jordan Arkansas Highway Transportation Essay March 11, 2013 Economic Benefits of Transportation Improvements Today, the development of public transportation is extremely prospective in terms of the community development. The development of public transportation can improve the community environment, its socioeconomic development. Goodyear (2010) states the following public transportation has a great potentially, when the use of cars as the main means of transportation threatens to the environment. With that being stated it provides inefficiency with the potential positive effects of public transformations being underestimated. In this respect, it is possible to dwell upon economic, environmental and social benefits resulting from the development of public transportation. First, public transportation can have a positive impact on the development of the local community because it opens larger opportunities for transportation within the community as well as increases its transit potential. American Public Transportation Association (2013) states the following: opponents of public transportation may argue that public transportation needs substantial investments and, what is more important, it is the community or state funds that will be used to fund the development of public transportation. In this respect, opponents are right in regard to the substantial increase of public expenditures on...
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...Management At the University of Johannesburg April 2014 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Background 3 Research Statement 4 Body 5 Car/Driver Passenger 5 Mini Bus/Taxis 7 Walk 8 Bicycle 9 Train 12 Bus 16 Conclusion 19 Bibliography 20 1. Introduction Background Information The South African economy has seen phenomenal changes in the economic environment that it operates in and the Government has taken the initiative to align the country to conform to international standards to become a competitive and relevant role player in the global markets. In all economies, transportation infrastructure and modes is the vital key to the progress of any country. South Africa comprises of 9 different provinces of which Gauteng is the dominant generator of all South African GDP. Labor is the main source required for the creation of GDP and in that context transportation to and from their place of residence to the place of employment is critical. This research addresses to modal share trends that would likely to take place based on the statistical information extract from the (Vadi, 2013), within a defined period of 30 years from 2011. The topic of discussion revolves around the Figure 1 extract from the journal, (Vadi, 2013) by which a calculated predication of expected of modal share in the main modes in the next 30 years. TABLE 8: MAIN MODE OF TRAVEL TO WORK IN JOHANNESBURG Mode | 2002 Gauteng Household Travel Survey | 2011 Gauteng Quality of Life...
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...CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NAME : TAFADZWA MUDHLIWEVHU REG NUMBER : C13121173D PROGRAMME : BSSCM MODULE : PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT LEVEL : 2.1 ASSIGNMENT Discuss the policy instruments that the government of Zimbabwe applies to intervene in the freight-transport industry and point out in your view how these measures affect business logistics management and performance in the country. Introduction Transport policy deals with the development of a set of constructs and propositions that are established to achieve particular objectives relating to social, economic and environmental development, and the functioning and performance of the transport system. Policy has to be dynamic and evolutionary. The Relevance of Transport policies arise because of the extreme importance of transport in virtually every aspect of economic, social and political activities of nation states. The Logistics Performance Index ranked Zimbabwe at position 103 out of 155 economies, an indication on how difficult it is to move goods by roads in the country. Transport Sector Environment in Zimbabwe The transport sector environment is made up of public and private institutions and organisations. These are supported by legislation, which is implemented and policed by various institutions and individual operators of motor and non-motor transport. Legislation...
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...King of the Road A helping hand is lent not just only for those who carry heavy loads of things but also for the parents who bring child/children with them. Helping these little toddlers mount inside a public utility vehicle, until they find a seat fit for everyone. The jeepney is the indisputable king of the road because of the sense of bayanihan inside. The jeepney, which had its origins from the reinvention of US military jeeps at the end of the Second World War, has developed since then. Jeepney manufacturers have turned it into an icon, a symbol and one of the insignia of Philippine culture while still retaining its purpose as a popular means of mass transportation. Statistically speaking, jeepneys are one of the most favorable means of public transportation by the Filipinos. As the Land Transportation Office (LTO) reports on the first quarter of 2011, they registered 230, 622 units around the country and surprisingly 61, 145 units are around the small region of Metro Manila. What does it say about the popularity and continuing patronage of the people? A Complete Turn Around As we are hearing from most of the people, there are a lot of words opposing the use and presence of these jeepneys. There are a lot of complaints that says they are the primary cause of heavy traffic along major highways and avenues, and a major cause of air pollution because of the increasing number of smoke-belchers to name a few. However, they play a big role in the lives of every...
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...Stateline Shipping and Transport Company Strayer University MAT540 – Quantitative Methods September 1, 2011 Stateline Shipping and Transport Company In Excel, or Other Suitable Program, Develop a Model for Shipping the Waste Directly from the 6 Plants to the 3 Waste Disposal Sites The Stateline Shipping and Transport Company wanted to transport chemical wastes from the six plants to the three waste disposal sites. The six pants and their capacity for wastes generated are shown below. Also shown are the three waste disposal sites and their demand requirements. |Plants |Supply (barrels) | |1. Kingsport |35 | |2. Danville |26 | |3. Macon |42 | |4. Selma |53 | |5. Columbus |29 | |6. Allentown |38 | |Waste Disposal Sites |Demand (barrels) | |A. Whitewater |65 | |B. Los Canos |80 | |C. Duras |105 | Shown below are the shipping costs ($/bbl) from each waste disposal site to each plants. |Plants |Waste Disposal Sites | | |A. Whitewater...
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...Stateline Shipping and Transport Company School of Business MAT 540 This paper was presented in submission for MAT 540 assignment four (Part 1 Only). Abstract This paper serves as a written response to the instructions and questions asked in assignment four. Assignment four instructed the writer to read the case problem Stateline Shipping and Transport Company from pages 273-274 in the text, Introduction to Management Science by Bernard W. Taylor. The assignment then directed the writer to Formulate and Solve and linear transportation programming model, this step was done in QM. The linear programming model is attached herein. Keywords: Linear Programming, Transportation, Shipping, Model Introduction This Case Problem, Stateline Shipping and Transport Company, is based on a girl named Rachel Sundusky who is a manager of the South-Atlantic office for Stateline Shipping and Transport (Taylor, 2010). Rachel is negotiating a contract with Polychem an industrial use chemical company (Taylor, 2010). Polychem has six sites that it would like for Stateline to pick up waste from (Taylor, 2010). Polychem would then like for Stateline to transport the waste for disposal to one of three sites (Taylor, 2010). Polychem has agreed to handle all of the waste at all sites therefore Stateline needs only transport the materials and incur costs for the same (Taylor, 2010). Rachel would like to see what the less costly shipping routes are (Taylor, 2010). Rachel will need all of the...
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...Singapore’s transport system is not effective. Do you agree? Traveling in Singapore is both easy and economical. There is an efficient public transportation network, which offers taxis, buses, and the modern MRT rail system. With its excellent public transport system, Singapore is, without a doubt, the easiest city in Asia to get around. Not only that, Singapore’s bus network is also extremely frequent and comprehensive. Visitors rarely have to wait more than a few minutes and a bus will get them anywhere. With this in mind, I personally feel that the public transport in Singapore is extremely efficient in service and convenient for the public. Have you ever thought what life would be like in Singapore without the MRT? Most Singaporeans can no longer remember a time without the MRT. It has become a very indispensable way to get from one end of Singapore to another, and it is particularly useful for getting to downtown areas such as Orchard Road or the Central Business District, where traffic can be heavy. Unquestionably, travelling from one part of Singapore to another is a breeze thanks to a highly penetrative public transport system, which consists of the MRT, buses and taxis. Therefore, the public transport in Singapore is definitely efficient and systematic in getting Singaporeans around the country. There are many reasons why Singapore’s public transport system is well known for the convenience it provides and ease of travel for the public. The MRT network has three...
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...PT a two wheeled (Personal Transportation) device that is battery powered that utilizes self-balancing technology. It is propelled by simply standing on the device and pitching your weight forward or backwards. The technology in the base of the Segway utilized motors and sensors to adapt to the angle or pitch the rider commanded and set forth the speed and direction, turning the Segway worked in the same manner by leaning with the handle bars to turn left or right which changed the speed of the wheels to turn in either direction. Segway was considered to be a game changing innovation in the way the regular person would get around, endorsed by big names like “Steve Jobs” from Apple and “Jeff Bezos” from Amazon, Segway seemed to be the new thing with a Blue Ocean approach in personal transportation market . In this critique I will be elaborating on the missteps taken by Segway’s entry to new transportation market facing regulatory transportation barriers, followed by the shortcomings with the quality of the product, and why the Segway failed to appeal to the market, lastly some suggested improvements. Barriers to Entry Segway had a plan to develop and change the way people moved around from point A to point B by creating a device that would be environmentally friendly and economically useful for everyday use. The problem the firm faced was once introduced to the world it seemed to become an electric vehicle rather than a new mode of transportation such as a bike, scooter. The...
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...Even though centuries have passed since the very first bicycle was invented, the popularity of bicycles does not seem to decline with the lapse of time. Not only are they the indispensable means of transportation in most parts of the world, but they also evolved into a recreational sport which plentiful health benefits come along. However, the need for using bicycles for travel in a modern transportation system, especially that of an urban area, has been questioned in recent years with respect to its cost-effectiveness. In this essay, I examine both the benefits and drawbacks of the use of bicycles in public transport and form a brief conclusion based on my stance on this issue. Some advocates argue that cycling can greatly reduce the air pollution in Hong Kong. The air quality in urban areas of Hong Kong is worsening each day due to detrimental emissions and pollutants produced by the heavy traffic volume, which mainly consists of motor vehicles. Hitchcock and Vedrenne (2014) consider bicycles to be promising alternatives for motor vehicles in an effort to improve the air quality of urban areas, since they are low-carbon and human-powered vehicles that produce zero emissions when ridden. Indeed, bicycles are more environmental-friendly than motor vehicles, but its effectiveness in making a difference to the general air quality remains questionable. The findings from the research conducted by Rakowska et al. (2014) imply that reducing the portion of motor vehicles in...
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...AUV Rivalry of Development and Survival In and Out of the Road The Case of Transport Industry in Metro Manila Philippines Candy Lim Chiu, MBA, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Hiromi Shioji, D. Econ, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan ABSTRACT The Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ) industry’s days are numbered despite the fact that it is an epitome of Philippine ingenuity on hybrid vehicle, cheap transportation, means of livelihood and employment generator that spans more than 50 years as the King of the Road. Its detour in the Philippine economy continue to be challenge by factors such as indirect government support, environmental issues, social demands, economic crisis, transport competition and entrance of substitution of Asian Utility Vehicle (AUV) that collide from all direction living the industry in jeopardy. This paper examines the similarities, differences and trends of transport business and industry in the Philippines concentrating to two major rival mode namely PUJ and AUV where it present diverse lessons to be shared for future studies of transportation business and industry around the globe. Ultimately, it aims to make recommendation on measures of ensuring a level of playing field between the players with the existence of substantial economic potential, industry improvement and concrete policy instrument. INTRODUCTION From downtown city of Metro Manila famously overcrowded public utility vehicles (PUV) headed by the legendary Public Utility...
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...scope, physical distribution includes the ____________ of ______________, ______________, and _____________ to the firm's ______________________. II. Matching type. Match Set A with Set B by writing the corresponding letter of the answer on the space provided before each number. SET A ___1. A means of transportation which is considered as less costly. ___2.A widely used inventory control technique. ___3. A special transport agency which fit the requirement for speed and reliability. ___4. This refers to receiving, recording, filling, and assembling orders for shipment. ___5. An inventory which may mean lost sales. ___6. A type of warehouse which are owned or leased by the company. ___7. This form of transportation constitutes the fastest means of delivering goods. ___8. This refers to the activities involved in moving goods over short distances into, within, and out of warehouses and manufacturing plants. ___9. A component of the order cycle that refers to the time the customer develops the order until the order is received by the seller. ___10. A form of transportation which provides a very important means of transportation especially in an archipelago like the Philippines. ___11. This cycle consists of order placement, internal order processing, order preparation, and order shipment. ___12.A type of warehouse that are operated by professional warehousers. ___13. Component of the order cycle that refers to all activities relating...
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...development of transportation system in Japan. He has dealt with the transport and communication system during the Tokugawa Era (1600-1686) and has described the process of the development certain features which ultimately helped the establishment of modern transport in Japan. 3. A study made by the Ministry of Transport, Scottish Development Department highlighted that the free flow of traffic at reasonable speed requires planned improvement of urban road systems. The study also suggested constructing secondary means of access to enable goods and service vehicles to load and unload at the stops. 4. Locklin concentrated on the study of rail-road systems. He opined that the Government ownership of transport system facilitates the planning and execution of transport system very effectively and the Government, in one way or the other is capable of providing necessary capital. 5. Sharp C.N. in his work on Transport Economics, examined the studies undertaken in the field of transport system of U.K. and studied a number of basic problems like transport economics, transport investment, transport pricing and reduction in accident rate. 6. Payne, tracing the history of development of transport in Europe suggests that the transportation facilities are established by the private sector on the basis of free competition and, therefore, the private sector should be Research Methodology allowed to continue as such. He also discusses the implications of Treaty of Rome on transportation in...
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...Can public transport compete with the car 1 IATSS Research, 27 (2), 27-35. Can public transport compete with the private car? August 2003 Linda Steg Department of Psychology, University of Groningen Grote Kruisstraat 2/I, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands e-mail: L.Steg@ppsw.rug.nl, phone: + 31 50 3636482, fax: + 31 50 3636304 Can public transport compete with the car 2 Abstract Public transport is often perceived to be a poor alternative for car use. This paper describes who may be open to use public transport more often, and how people might be persuaded to use it. A computerised questionnaire study was conducted among 1803 Dutch respondents in May 2001. Results revealed that especially fervent car users dislike public transport. For them, the car outperforms public transport not only because of its instrumental function, but also because the car represents cultural and psychological values, e.g. the car is a symbol of freedom and independence, a status symbol and driving is pleasurable. So, for fervent car users, car use is connected with various important values in modern society. Infrequent car users judge less positively about the car and less negatively about public transport. Consequently, they may be open to use public transport more regularly. In contrast, many efforts are needed to stimulate fervent car use to travel by public transport, because in their view, public transport cannot compete with their private car. In this case, policies should be aimed at reducing...
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