...Traumatic Brain Injury Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious health issue in the United States. Each year traumatic brain injuries affect millions of Americans. Some cases often result in death while those that survive are left with severe disabilities. Every twenty-one seconds, one person in the United States is sustained with a TBI. In 2013 alone, 1.5 million Americans suffered from traumatic brain injuries. What exactly is a TBI? A traumatic brain injury is defined as an alteration in brain function or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force. TBI’s can be classified as congenital, perinatal, or acquired. In congenital and perinatal cases of TBIs, children are born with such diseases and/or physical abnormalities. Two subcategories of an acquired TBI are non-traumatic and traumatic. From there traumatic brain injuries are broken down into two more sub-categories called open and closed injuries. Open head injury is a skull fracture that is driven into the brain caused by high- momentum causes or objects to the head where as a closed head injury is a mild physical trauma, but still keeping the skull intact. Typical causes for TBI’s are falls, motor vehicle- traffic accidents, struck by/collision accidents, and sports injuries. The two main causes are motor vehicle- traffic accidents and sports injuries. Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of all head injuries. These accidents cause about 28% of traumatic brain injuries. The...
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...Traumatic brain injury is the result when the brain tissues get damaged due to certain blows to the head (Anderson). According to Anderson in her article Traumatic Brain Injury: Complex Condition with Lasting Effects, among the leading contributors to traumatic brain injury are “unintentional falls, motor vehicle traffic incidents, and assaults”. In the said article, many different numeric descriptions have been presented. More specifically, the article provides the readers with different measures of central tendency, namely the mean, median and mode, thus giving the readers enough information about the topic and the population being described. For each of the three leading contributor to traumatic brain injury, the article describes the different age groups and the frequency of occurrence of the injury to each group. The mode, i.e. the age group with the highest number of occurrences of traumatic brain injury was identified. Since this data is purely categorical, using the mode to describe the data was indeed appropriate (Dodge 2008). The median was also used in order to describe the occurrence of traumatic brain injury. With the age ranging from zero to 91 years old, the median age was 23 years. That is, 50% of the total numbers of incidence occur for those below 23 years old, while the other 50% occur for those people who are above 23 years old. Since the data is ordinal in nature, the median was an appropriate measure of central tendency. The average time that it takes...
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...Education Article Review 2 November 27, 2012 Source and Issue Statement “Brain Injured Students At My School? In My Room?” by Bobbin Kyte Cave comes from The Clearing House journal and was published in 2004. This article discusses traumatic brain injury and how it relates to an educational environment. It outlines some of the causes of TBI, what results from a brain injury, how the law intertwines with TBI and which educational interventions are successful for students with a brain injury. Critique The background information provided about TBI is thorough, but some areas if the paper could use more empirical support. For example, the first paragraph of the manifestation section could use some support for the idea that, “Students with brain injuries often have good memory for prior learning but exhibit an inability to connect new learning to prior knowledge,” (Cave, 2004). This could be a result of the author’s professional experiences as a psychological development counselor, but nothing directly indicates that. Another area that is in need of empirical support is the second paragraph on page 172. The statement that begins, “Students with brain injuries find it helpful when…” appears to be a matter of opinion without the research to lend credibility to this statement. Overall the manifestation section of the article is very thorough in its coverage of the many different ways in which brain injuries affect individuals. The author at one point makes a great transition from the...
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... Dr. D.L. James Editor-‐in-‐Chief Student Perspectives in Cognitive Neuroscience 1 August 2014 Dear Dr. James, I would like to submit my article entitled, “Recovery from Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: Case Study-‐Susan” for publication as a review article in the Student Perspective in Cognitive Neuroscience. The article traces traumatic brain injury in an eight-‐year-‐old child with a premorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and challenging family environment. With the aid of Luria’s conceptual approach to brain organisation and function, and Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, we are able to gauge the impact of the trauma on brain function and also the long term effects...
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...The lecture explained the acute processes of Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury, with their cellular and vascular vulnerability and finally brain remodeling after stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury. Traumatic Brain Injury is found 1.5 million annually, while stroke figures show 600,000 new or recurrent strokes annually. Strokes are more common in men than women but women have high mortality following a stroke. TBI is usually found in adolescent, young adults, and people over the age of 75. Stroke is defined as a condition wherein the blood flow to the brain is hampered. This leads to the decimation of cells within the brain. It can be of two types ischemic and hemorrhagic. 80% strokes are ischemic while only 20% are hemorrhagic. TBI termed as...
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...Throughout the last 10 years the discussion regarding traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussions has been inflamed within the media. Prior to this time little research was conducted regarding various forms of TBI, concussions, and enduring consequences of experiencing a TBI. As a result of the many soldiers returning from the continuing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan with TBI diagnosis, much research has been directed toward this field. A sizeable contributor in the media recognition of the significant impact of TBI and concussions is the popularity of the National Football League (NFL) and college football. Players in various professional and college football leagues have long been experiencing TBI as a result of the contact nature of the...
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...Introduction Defining brain death has continued to be a highly controversial phenomenon in our society today. In fact, it was recently described as being “at once well settled and persistently unresolved” (Truog 273). Traditionally death involves the “permanent stopping of the heart and cessation of breathing” (Fins and Laureys 1). However, with the advent of the artificial ventilator invented by Bjorn Ibsen from Denmark, a patient’s breathing and heartbeat could be continued, even in the absence of brain function (Fins and Laureys 1). Once physicians diagnose a patient as brain dead, the next step is often the procedure of organ transplantation. There is a multiplicity of views on brain death and subsequent organ transplantation, with each culture’s beliefs shaping its own medical practices; these differing stances often lead to ethical debates. Background Brain death was first described in the 1950s by two French physicians, Mollart and Goulon, who termed it as “coma depasse,” a state beyond coma and differentiated it from “coma prolonged,” a continual vegetative state (Ganapathi 10). The Harvard Ad Hoc Committee later reported two definitions of death: the “traditional” cardio-pulmonary death and “brain death” (Lock 138). In 1981, the Report of the Medical Consultants on the Diagnosis of Death to the US President's Commission reevaluated death, advocating that the diagnosis of brain death should not be distinguished from the death of “the organism as a whole” (Death...
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...Fifteen years ago, if you believed that injuries to the brain recuperate similarly to other typical injuries, no one would question you. Today, if you believed that your brain had the ability to fully recover from a concussion, you would be in the vast majority of individuals uneducated on this topic. However, in more recent years, researchers have found that the structure and the way the brain functions can be permanently affected by a traumatic brain injury. Although the brain's ability to repair itself through brain plasticity compensates for the minor damages, more severe damages are not as simple, and are often unable to return to the previous uninjured state. Significant collisions can result in chronic traumatic encephalopathy, in addition...
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...The purpose of this article is to give information about students with TBI. It explains about neuroimaging and how it affects the students. Students with traumatic brain injury (TBI) usually survive. In this article it says, “In 2009 approximately 3.5 million individuals sustained and survived a TBI.” The students have a school psychologist and the psychologist does many things to help the students. It states that, “a school psychologist’s typical psychoeducational assessment is comprised of standardized paper-and-pencil cognitive, achievement, emotional and behavioral testing, and classroom observations (Merrell, Ervin, & Peacock, 2012).” The article also talks about the brain network which it talks about different parts of the brain. The...
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...children a sense of team work and it also gives them responsibility and keeps them busy at the same time. Even though it is good for them in a way, it can also cause tragedy and pain for everyone that is involved in it. Each year the U.S. emergency departments treat and estimated 173,285 sports-and-recreation-related traumatic brain injuries, including concussion, among children from birth to 19 years old, and each year TBIs contribute to a substantial number of deaths and cases of permanent disability (CDC, 2010). With this information in mind, parents, athletes, and coaches have to be very careful when it comes to concussions, a concussion can happen without the knowledge of the person involved and it can show itself right away after the injury or it can take up to days or weeks after it (brainline.org). The Frontal and Temporal lobes are the most affected areas by Traumatic Brain Injury because they are against the most rigid bones, after this traumatic event has occurred, a person is not the same, personality changes, issues with relationships can occur and even interaction is harder (Kelly, 2008). A study that took place between the periods of 1997-2007 reported that an annual average of...
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...All of this relates back to Judy. During her incident, she received a hemorrhage in the right temporal lobe, a hemorrhage in the occipital horn of the right lateral ventricle, bleeding in the right frontal lobe, and a subdural hematoma in the left temporal lobe, among generalized trauma across the brain (Apps et al., 2010). The primary link to the mesolimbic system in this situation is frontal lobe damage. When Judy became impaired in this specific region she lost the connection between the PFC and the mesolimbic system, in turn resulting in losing the ability to regulate her reward system effectively. Now, when stimuli reach the VTA and DA is swept along the system, strong urges to act on said stimulus do not reach the PFC, the region that relays if...
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...As stated ABI can be a traumatic or a non-traumatic brain injury. A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is “damage to the brain caused by an external physical force such as a motor vehicle accident, assault, or a fall” (7). When there is a TBI the individual’s brain can be stretched, torn, penetrated, bruised or in some instances the brain becomes swollen. Based on the effect, the injury can resulted in affecting more than one part of the brain. A major health and socioeconomic problem has been generated throughout the world due to TBIs. “It is the leading cause of mortality and disability among young individuals in high income countries, and globally the incidence of TBI is rising sharply, mainly due to increasing motor vehicle use in low-income...
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...Traumatic brain injury also known and abbreviated as TBI, it is described to different for every person, and varies depending on the circumstances. TBI is a disability that is recognized by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and a very common injury. Playing tackle football or even romping around with siblings can cause this injury, and very commonly overlooked due to no visible injuries but can be very dangerous and life-threatening if not looked at by medical professionals. Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury: A traumatic brain injury varies from state to state. However, in the state of Kentucky the definition for students to be to be categorized by this disability “is an acquired injury to the brain caused by an...
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...Head injuries are among the most common types of trauma encountered in emergency department (EDs). Many patients with severe brain injuries die before reaching a hospital, with almost 90% of prehospital trauma-related deaths involving brain injury. The prime goal of treatment for patients with suspected traumatic brain injuries (TBI) is to prevent secondary brain injury. Providing adequate oxygenation and maintaining blood pressure at a level that is sufficient to perfuse the brain are the most important ways to limit secondary brain damage and thereby improve the patient’s outcome. Subsequent to managing the ABCDEs, identification of a mass lesion that requires surgical evacuation is critical, and this is the best achieved by immediately obtaining a computed tomographic (CT) scan of the head. Obtaining CT scan should not delay transfer process to a trauma centre that is adept of immediate and definitive neurosurgical management....
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...Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as intracranial injury, is when the brain damage by external mechanical force making Brain function briefly or forever impaired. The definition of (TBI) is not very accurate, according to specialties and circumstances. A head injury definition used identically with brain injury definition, which may not be associate to neurologic deficits. In another word, the definition is not comprehensive. (TBI) known back before recorded history. Human skulls found in ancient graves with holes. According to Scholars these holes may have been made to treat (TBI) in ancient time. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written around 1650–1550 BC, describes various head injuries and symptoms and classifies them based on their presentation and tractability (1). The main causes of (TBI) in the United States include assaults, car accidents, sport, and fall. (TBI) types depend on the spot and strength of the mechanical force in the head, so doctors decided to classify (TBI) based on that, including symptoms in to three main level mild, moderate and severe....
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