Free Essay

Travelling & School

In:

Submitted By sparklingblue123
Words 554
Pages 3
Nanyang Technological University (NTU) is a major tertiary institution located in the far west of Singapore with approximately 33500 students[1] and 6165 staff[2]. Most people travelling to NTU will travel by the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) train to Pioneer or Boon Lay MRT station before taking a bus into NTU. There are currently 4 MRT lines and 90 MRT stations with an average daily ridership of 2.406 million in 2011[3]. Recently, there have been some developments in the MRT system. The Circle Line was officially opened in 2011 while the Downtown Line and the Thomson line will open in 2013[4] and 2018[5] respectively. These lines supplement the current 3 train lines in Singapore, namely the North-South Line, the East-West Line and the North-East Line. Moreover, there was also the construction of new infrastructure such as the additional platform at Jurong East MRT station. With the opening of the Circle Line, people can now choose among multiple train routes to travel between NTU and other areas in Singapore. In the near future, the rail network will become even more comprehensive with new extensions to present infrastructure, increased combinations of MRT lines, new trains and higher train frequencies. This will create even more varied train routes for travelling to and fro NTU. Although most parts of Singapore are accessible by road, the Parliament came to the conclusion in 1982 that an all-bus system would be inadequate and that the transport investment to build the MRT system would be largely beneficial to the people. Furthermore, the limited land space and high vehicle volume in Singapore resulted in frequent traffic jams on the roads. To solve problem of congested roads, plans were made by the Land Transport Authority to replace the primary mode of public transport – the bus network – with rail services. Today, the comprehensive MRT network forms the backbone of the public transport system in Singapore and an estimated 84% of Singaporeans rely on it daily[6]. According to the Singapore census of population 2010, MRT emerged as an important mode of transport to school for those attending higher education. Between 2000 and 2010, the proportion who commuted to school by MRT increased from 41% to 56% for university students[7]. This increase over the years can be explained by the price hike in private transport. In recent years, private transportation has become increasingly costly where the average monthly cost of owning a private vehicle is between S$1000 to S$1300[8]. One needs a compulsory Certificate of Entitlement to own a vehicle, and this may cost over S$84,000 at present time[9]. This is a significant financial burden on those using private transport. On the other hand, when one travels via taxi, a normal 10km ride will be charged at approximately S$12.30 before the peak hour surcharge, and passengers may encounter traffic jams[10]. In comparison, travelling by train is more affordable. As of end 2011, an adult only pays between S$0.73 to S$2.40[11] for each ride. Furthermore, commuters are able to avoid traffic jams when they travel via the MRT. Hence, many have turned towards public transport in their daily routine, and public transport is now the most important means of transportation for Singaporeans.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Ant Colony Optimisation

...Ant Colony Optimization 1 A Seminar Report on “Ant Colony Optimization” A Seminar submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING Presented By Ranjith Kumar A (06J11A0534) Department of computer science engineering HITECH COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECHNOLOGY (Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad) Himayathnagar, C.B.Post, Moinabad, Hyderabad-5000 2 075. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Seminar Report on “Ant Colony Optimization”, is a bonafide Seminar work done by Ranjith Kumar A (06J11A0534), in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree Bachelor of Technology in “Computer Science engineering” J.N.T.U Hyderabad during the year 2010. Y.V.S Pragathi M.Tech Head of CSE Department 3 Abstract Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) has been successfully applied to those combinatorial optimization problems which can be translated into a graph exploration. Artificial ants build solutions step by step adding solution components that are represented by graph nodes. The existing ACO algorithms are suitable when the graph is not very large (thousands of nodes) but is not useful when the graph size can be a challenge for the computer memory and cannot be completely generated or stored in it. In this paper we study a new ACO model that overcomes the difficulties found when working with a huge construction graph. In addition to the description...

Words: 5585 - Pages: 23

Free Essay

Graphing Applications and the Tsp

...Graphing Applications and the TSP Name: Institution: Graphing Applications and the TSP Question 1 A Hamiltonian cycle is a closed loop within a graph that visits all its vertices exactly once. An example of the Hamiltonian cycle is the Travelling salesman problem. The solution to the minimum length of a Hamiltonian cycle is an NP complete problem that cannot be computed in polynomial time. This means that the minimum possible path cannot be computed by a deterministic machine. When completing a Hamiltonian cycle, one has to make sure that there are only two edges getting in and out of a vertex. In addition one has to ensure that there are no sub-cycles in the cycle. In a Hamiltonian cycle with n vertices, the number of different cycles that can be completed is (n-1)! /2 in a complete undirected graph and (n-1)! In a complete directed graph (Narasimhan, 2009). Question 2 A Euler cycle is a path that passes through all the edges of a graph exactly once. It usually starts and ends at the same vertex. For one to construct a Euler cycle all the vertices in the graph must have an even degree. Therefore, one can conclude that any graph with all vertices of an even degree connected is a Euler cycle. Unlike the Hamiltonian cycle, the Euler cycle can be computed in polynomial time. The Euler cycle can be constructed using the Fleury’s or Hierholzer’s algorithm. Question 3 The minimum length of a Hamiltonian cycle is the shortest path that can...

Words: 1227 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Demo Script

...Demo Script Parallel Computing on Azure - Travelling Salesman Demo Demo version: 1.0.0 Last updated: 12/7/2011 Contents Overview 3 Key Messages 4 Key Technologies 4 Prerequisites 4 Time Estimates 5 Setup and Configuration 6 Demo Flow 7 Opening Statement 9 Step-by-Step Walkthrough 10 Segment #1: Scaling-Up Windows Azure Applications using a Single Instance 10 Segment #2: Scaling-Out Windows Azure Applications using Multiple instances 17 Summary 24 * Overview This demo highlights how to scale-up Web Applications on Windows Azure, using the .NET Task Parallel Library (TPL) classes from .NET Framework 4.0. This library efficiently utilizes multiple processors within Windows Azure roles, where the size of the Virtual Machine instance is greater than Small (i.e. where there are multiple processors available). Additionally, the demo shows how to scale-out applications taking advantage of Technical Computing across multiple role instances, using a Job scheduling algorithm. The work is distributed to all the available instances, maximizing the CPU processing of each. Travelling Salesman demo is using a “genetic” algorithm to quickly solve the problem that would ordinarily require very many conventional interactions to solve. The problem and its real–life applications are widely documented (for example, see http://www.tsp.gatech.edu/index.html). The algorithm used in this demo was taken from http://www.heatonresearch.com/online/introduction–neural–networks–cs–edition–2/chapter–6...

Words: 3071 - Pages: 13

Free Essay

Optimization Problem

...World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol:7 2013-06-25 Optimization Using Simulation of the Vehicle Routing Problem International Science Index Vol:7, No:6, 2013 waset.org/Publication/15351 Nayera E. El-Gharably, Khaled S. El-Kilany, and Aziz E. El-Sayed Keywords—Discrete event system simulation, optimization using simulation, vehicle routing problem. points or require a solution to be found quickly. Computational time on the fastest computers for optimization methods has been too long for many practical problems. Cognitive, heuristic, or combination heuristic-optimization solution procedures have been good alternatives [8]. The aim of this work is threefold; to present a new mathematical formulation of the VRP problem that uses fewer decision variables, to show how to model the TSP problem as a discrete event simulation model, and to employ the developed simulation model in finding the optimum/near optimum solution of the problem. This paper is organized as follows: in Section II, the basic concepts of VRP and the solution techniques found in literature will be briefly discussed. In Section III, proposed problem formulations will be presented followed by the simulation model development and optimization using simulation in sections IV and V. Finally, in section VI, the conclusions drawn from this work are presented. I. INTRODUCTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW HE vehicle routing problem (VRP) is one of the most intensively studied problems in operations research...

Words: 4604 - Pages: 19

Free Essay

Stochastic Vehicle Routing Problem with Restocking

...UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA Faculty of Business, Economics and Statistics Department of Business Administration 040661 KFK PM/SCM/TL: Seminar B (E) WS /2014 Stochastic Vehicle Routing Problem with Restocking Professor : O.Univ.Prof.Dr. Richard Hartl Vienna,2014 Student: Shkodran Ahmeti 0851254 Table of contents Table of contents List of figures 1.Introduction 1.2. Problem Presentation 2. Stochastic Vehicle Routing Problem With Optimal Restocking 3. Single Vehicle Routing Problem 4. Multiple Vehicle Routing 4.1. Heuristic Algorithms 4.1.1. Route-First-Cluster-Next Heuristic Algorithm 4.1.2. Cluster-First- Route- Second Algorithm 4.1.3. Improving the Heuristic Solution 5. Computational Study and Results 5.1. Set – partitioning problem formulation 5.2.Test of Algorithms over Problem Sizes and Expected Route Length Limits 5.3. Comparison of the Algorithms over Demand Variations 5.4. Comparison with a Deterministic Method 6. Summary References List of figures Figure 1 A desired truck route with restocking action of returning to the depot when a stockout occurs or in anticipation of a stockout Figure 2 The two updating Strategies a and b Figure 3 Defined or particular route of a single vehicle Figure 4 Expected costs of going directly to the next node Figure 5 Expected costs of the restocking action Figure 6 Monotonicity of function fj(q) Figure 7 Choosing the unused vehicle Figure 8 Forming the clusters Figure 9 Routing through the clusters Figure 10 Cyclic transfer...

Words: 5634 - Pages: 23

Premium Essay

Development of Transportation Methodology in Operation Research

...ADVANCED OPERATION RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT OF O.R. METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION METHODOLOGY IN OPERATION RESEARCH “PENGEMBANGAN METODE TRANSPORTASI DALAM OPERASI PENELITIAN” TYPE II – COMPARE & CONTRAST IQBAL TAWAKKAL - 1506694736 PROGRAM MAGISTER TEKNIK INDUSTRI - SALEMBA UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA 1. INTRODUCTION A special class of linear programming problem is Transportation Problem, where the objective is to minimize the cost of distributing a product from a number of sources (e.g. factories) to a number of destinations (e.g. warehouses) while satisfying both the supply limits and the demand requirement. Because of the special structure of the Transportation Problem the Simplex Method of solving is unsuitable for the Transportation Problem. The model assumes that the distributing cost on a given rout is directly proportional to the number of units distributed on that route. Generally, the transportation model can be extended to areas other than the direct transportation of a commodity, including among others, inventory control, employment scheduling, and personnel assignment. Transportation was one of the earliest application areas of operations research, and important transportation problems, such as the traveling salesman problem, vehicle routing problem, and traffic assignment problem, contributed to fundamental knowledge in operations research. Transportation remains one of the most important and vibrant areas of operations...

Words: 2523 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

North West

...A Library of Local Search Heuristics for the Vehicle Routing Problem Chris Gro¨r1 e Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 cgroer@gmail.com Bruce Golden R.H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, bgolden@rhsmith.umd.edu Edward Wasil2 Kogod School of Business, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA, ewasil@american.edu The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a difficult and well-studied combinatorial optimization problem. Real-world instances of the VRP can contain hundreds and even thousands of customer locations and can involve many complicating constraints, necessitating the use of heuristic methods. We present a software library of local search heuristics that allow one to quickly generate solutions to VRP instances. The code has a logical, object-oriented design and uses efficient data structures to store and modify solutions. The core of the library is the implementation of seven local search operators that share a similar interface and are designed to be extended to handle additional options with minimal code change. The code is well-documented, straightforward to compile, and is freely available online. The code contains several applications that can be used to generate solutions to the capacitated VRP. Computational results indicate that these applications are able to generate solutions that are within about one percent of the best-known solution on benchmark problems. Key words: vehicle routing;...

Words: 10780 - Pages: 44

Free Essay

Generic Algorithim for Travelling Salesman

...Introduction TSP (Travelling salesman problem) is an optimization problem that it is difficult to solve using classical methods. Different Genetic Algorithm (GA) have been right to solve the TSP each with advantages and disadvantages (Davis, 2005) In this research paper, I highlight a new algorithm by merging different genetic Algorithm results to the better solution for TSP. In amalgam algorithm, appropriateness of algorithm and traveled distance for TSP has been considered. Results obtained suggest that it does not quickly establish in the local optimum and enjoys a good speed for an inclusive answer (Fogel, 2010). New methods such as GAs, refrigeration algorithms, Artificial Neural Networks, and ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) to solve TSP problem, in recent past have been suggested. Both ACO and GAs is centered on repetitive (Goldenberg, 2005) ACO system was unfilled for the first time by Dorigoat al. to solve TSP. In ACO algorithms, people work together to find the solution. In collective intelligence algorithms, it uses the real life of creatures without putting in consideration the complex mechanisms in run their day to day life in all aspects as best as possible. GA is an iterative procedure that contains a population of individuals or chromosomes. Coding of randomly or heuristic by a string of symbols as a gene in possible solution is done. All possible solution in this search space is examined. When search space is large, GAs usually are used. People can select an...

Words: 3446 - Pages: 14

Premium Essay

Education

...com/gleaner/20080224/focus/focus5.html) published: Sunday | February 24, 2008 Contributed Marlene Lewin, a teacher at Balmagie Primary School in St Andrew, helps one of her young students complete an assignment on one of several computers given to the school by the Cable & Wireless Jamaica Foundation and Teens 4 Technology. Dr Joseph Bonsu-Akoto, Contributor With calls from politicians and academics to make children in schools computer literate, a lot of organisations are rushing to ensure that children in Third World countries, in particular, are not left out in the computer age. I agree with the premise that being computer literate in the 21st century is the way forward to compete in today's job market. But one must be careful as to the type of implementation of such schemes. I am opposed to the idea that computers can help advance the knowledge of elementary students. I believe that the traditional method is still the most useful method even in the 21st century for elementary students. EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE Children need stronger personal bonds with caring adults. Yet powerful technologies are distracting children and adults from each other. Children also need time for active, physical play; hands-on lessons of all kinds, especially in the arts; and direct experience of the natural world. Research shows these are not frills but are essential for healthy child development. Yet many schools have cut already minimal offerings in these areas to shift time and money to expensive, unproven technology...

Words: 1290 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

I Want to Learn

...LETSGO HR SERVICES CURRENT CTC – 30 K NOTICE PERIOD – 1 MONTH CURRENT LOC - PUNE Disha Vinay Kulkarni, Flat no.14, Building no.S1, Siddheshwarnagar,Vishrantwadi, Date: 16/05 /2014. To, The Advertiser Sub: Application for the post of teacher in mathematics. Respected Sir/Madam, I, Disha Vinay Kulkarni, am M.Sc (Statistics). M.Ed. from Pune University. Knowing that there is vacancy for mathematics teacher at Camp branch . I am applying for the above post in your esteemed Organisation. I have worked as Assistant teacher in Air Force school (CBSC) for six months and St. Andrews School (State Board) Chinchwad, Pune for one year. I have vast experience of 12 years of Counseling, Co-ordination, and Administration etc in my own educational institute I would surely strive hard for the betterment of Organization, given an opportunity. Waiting for your positive and quick response. Thanking You, Yours sincerely, ( Disha Vinay Kulkarni) Resume Name: Disha Vinay Kulkarni Address: Flat No.14, Building S-1 Siddheshwarnagar, vishrantwadi, Pune-15 Birth date: 13/12/1972 Sex: female Marital status: married Religion: Hindu Bramhin Languages known: English, Hindi, Marathi. Profile: A self – motivated and efficient individual aiming for a career in Educational Organization. Experience in academics...

Words: 449 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Culture

...many differences in various respects including education, transportation, having food and shopping in terms of cultural distinction. Before coming to USA, my schedule was basically aligned with my job, five days at work and two days off. I preferred to shop online on Friday so that I can receive my purchases on Saturday morning or noon. In the weekends, I spent most of my time on my hobbies, I like catching up with my friends in a big shopping mall and going out of town to enjoy the views of nature especially in spring and autumn. As a Chinese, of course, I like having all kinds of delicious food from every place in the world, particularly I am big fan of sweet food and tasteful snacks. Now since I have been back to a student in graduate school, my favorite interest has turned into cooking Chinese food, staying at home as a homebody girl in the weekends. I...

Words: 404 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Motivational Letter

...start with, I would like to present myself. My name is Genadijs Zuravlovs, I am from Latvia. Now I have finished the Dania Business Academy in Randers on Hospitality and Tourism Management programme and before I have finished 12 years of school in Latvia. The reason I chose Denmark as the country I want to study in is that it is an attractive country to study in. There are good opportunities to gain the best education and many facilities to improve myself. I am attracted by the opportunity to study and work here. Also, I plan my future according to the speciality I choose. My desire to study Innovation and Enterpreneurship comes from several reasons. First of all, I am keen on active practice, life challenges, also, I am fond of taking part in various activities, communicating with people, searching for new ideas and the ways to realise them. Secondly, I got interested in this specialization when I was at the meeting with various representatives from the business world where it was presented. I was stimulated because I want to open my own company. At school I was involved in many activities which I felt were beneficial to me in a number of ways. In primary school I had a chance to sing in a boy choir. Also, I finished music school, the saxophone class. Moreover, I have been playing the piano for five years. I had a chance to take part in various music events and contests. Besides, I was a member of the staff of the local radio and worked as a presenter in the youth...

Words: 574 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Compare and Contrast of Two Peoplewhom You Admire

...kind person. She always teaches us to give hand to those people who are in needs and she also never tired in helping people. For example, one of my friend’s family situation wasn’t so good and therefore Ms. Kelly buy him breakfast almost every morning. She hopes that my friend will not feel hungry during the school time and it can help him to be more concentrate in his studies. Madam Tan is also a very softhearted lady. Although she was not very high-educated, she always demonstrates me and also her kids to help other people. During weekends, she will visit to the orphanage and help the workers to teach the children and also playing with them. Madam Tan also always invites me and my family to be a volunteer and join her to do social works. Although Ms. Kelly and Madam Tan both influence me to be a kind person, there are still some differences between two of them. Firstly, Ms. Kelly is a gentle and quite person while Madam Tan is an active person. Ms. Kelly is not talkative; she usually spends her time by reading or gardening near her house during evening. In contrast, Madam Tan is an outgoing person but she was a pleasant person and she has lots of hobbies like travelling, jogging, dancing, etc. Moreover, Ms. Kelly is a Christian while Madam Tan is an Atheist. Ms. Kelly is very sincere with her belief and she will go to church every Sunday for praying. On the other hand, Madam Tan is never believes in any religion since she was very young. She just trusts in human ethics...

Words: 427 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

The Son of God

...preaches the Good news. This movie also depicts a compassionate Christ, who finds himself moved by the plight of humans and who refuses to condescend to them. Jesus tenderly touches the face of the disgraced adulterers and forgives her sins, moments after challenging the hypocrisy of her would-be killers. He sends a lame man walking after morally restoring him as well. Before nourishing their souls, He attends to the physical needs of thousands who have gathered on a hill to hear Him by feeding them. Jesus also became a good teacher. He would explain difficult things in ways that made them easy to understand. He taught people everywhere He met them. He taught them at the seashore and on boats, He taught them in homes and when travelling Jesus walked from place to...

Words: 1017 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Questionairres

...affect you education? No | Practice | To a greater extent | To some extent | No extent | 1 | Early customary marriage | | | | 2 | Heavier domestic and subsistence duties | | | | 3 | Drop out due to initiation rites and passage | | | | 4 | Parents negative attitude towards girl child education | | | | 5 | Early Pregnancies | | | | 4. What other problems do you face at home as a girl that interferes with your education? SECTION C: ECONOMIC FACTORS 5. a) Indicate by ticking whether you Agree (A), Undecided (U) or Disagree (D), with the following parents’ economic aspects which may have some effect on your education. No | Item | Agree | Undecided | Disagree | 1 | My parents perceive sending girls to school as expensive in terms of the provision of books and uniforms | | | | 2 | My parents view the education of the girl child as education as loss of vital help at home and on the land | | | | 3 | My parents see investment in a girl’s education as wasteful since it benefits the family into which a girl marries rather than her own. | | | | 4 | My parents prefer educating my brothers | | | | b) Which other ways do you think...

Words: 1310 - Pages: 6