...The Versailles Treaty The Treaty of Versailles was the PEACE settlement signed after World War I ended in 1918 and in the shadow of the Russian Revolution and other events in Russia. The treaty was signed at the vast Versailles Palace near Paris between Germany and the Allies. The three most important politicians were there David Lloyd George of Britain Georges Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson of the United States. The Versailles Palace was considered the most appropriate venue because of its size many hundreds of people were involved in the process and the final signing ceremony in the Hall of Mirrors could accommodate hundreds of dignitaries. The Paris Peace Conference opened on 12th January 1919, meetings were held at various locations in and around Paris until 20th January, 1920. Leaders of 32 states representing about 75% of the world's population, attended. Negotiations were dominated by the five major powers responsible for defeating what was called the Central Power the United States, Britain, France Italy and Japan. Eventually five treaties emerged from the conference that dealt with the defeated powers. The five treaties were named after the Paris suburbs of Versailles of Germany, St Germain of Austria, Trianon of Hungary, Neuilly of Bulgaria and Serves of Turkey. The main terms of the Versailles Treaty were: (1) the surrender of all German colonies as League of Nations mandates. (2) the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France. (3) cession of Eupen-Malmedy to...
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...------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form The Treaty of Versailles was the agreement that was signed at the end of World War I. It placed blame on the war squarely on the shoulders of Germany and imposed great punishments that harmed the country and its people. The Germans immediately protested the potential damage outlined in the treaty. According to the German complaints, the Treaty had the effect of making Germany a debtor slave to the other powers of Europe. After reading the article, Comments of the German Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference on the Conditions of Peace, this argument is clearly focused with the following points, that Germany will be administered like a bankruptcy case by the victorious nations of France and England. Germany must pay reparations, in the amount of $35 billion, which is illogical. The control of Germany's rivers and construction of infrastructure by outside powers will hamper Germany's economic development. The property of German citizens abroad will be annexed and they will not be permitted to conduct trade with the civilized world. While outlining the economic difficulty that Germany will endure under the treaty, the Germans point to how Wilson's vision for peace was compromised. In the article, the following points were made about that contradiction. Wilson did not place blame on a single country for starting the war, but rather the institutions and alliances that existed prior. The treaty places blame on Germany. Wilson's vision for...
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...because it was a way to get goods to other countries easier and they could come deliver goods to the US. Open door policy- the open door policy made it so that trade was fair to all countries and there weren’t any countries that couldn’t trade or be traded with. This relates to foreign policy because it is a way of countries being friendly with other countries and making it so that all countries are equal in terms of trade. The treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, it was the peace settlement between Germany and the Allied Powers that officially ended World War I. the most famous people that wrote it were Woodrow Wilson and Georges Clemenceau and David Lloyd George. Woodrow Wilson Wilson was the president during this period. These three guys were often called the big three. The treaty was written and signed in Versailles. On May 7, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was handed over to Germany with the instructions that they had only three weeks to accept the Treaty. After a lot of negotiation between the Allies, the terms of the treaty were decided on, and covered areas of territory, the military and the economy, and Germany also had to admit responsibility for causing the First World...
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...To end World War 1 the Treaty of Versailles was signed (International Conciliation, 1919). Through the Treaty Germany was blamed for the war and was punished. This caused economical issues for Germany to face, and a loss of self-determination (International Conciliation, 1919). Some people believed Germany was not punished enough for the war and Germany believed they should have been treated differently. Germany was blamed for all of the events that took place during World War 1 and the German economy suffered from this (International Conciliation, 1919). The Treaty damaged Germany’s economy by not returning their confiscated goods back to them and also by using them to pay for the damages of the war (International Conciliation, 1919). Foreign authorities were also allowed to build canals and railroads on German territory as they pleased (International Conciliation, 1919). The Treaty called for Germany to surrender territory, such as Alsace-Lorraine (International Conciliation, 1919). This loss of territory caused Germany to lose around 2.5 million ethnic Germans, according to the authors (International Conciliation, 1919). These provisions critically harmed Germany’s economy because they were forced to pay for damage that they could not afford, and the terms of this agreement were completely decided by the countries Germany fought against in the war, while Germany had no control over the terms of paying reparations for the war (International Conciliation, 1919). They had some...
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...The Treaty of Lisbon: An Analysis After more than 50 years of European integration, the Treaty of Lisbon is a new step forward but also a deeply contested concept. This essay begins with an overview of how the new Treaty came about and why it was seen as necessary, followed by an analysis of its new developments structured into four parts. Firstly, it considers how the LT is supposed to increase the EU’s effectiveness through more qualified majority voting, the co-decision procedure and through institutional changes including the creation of new leadingpositions.Secondly,democraticvaluesaremoreclearlydefinedandrolesof theEuropeanand national parliaments are reinforced. Thirdly, the LT has attempted to improve citizen’s rights, for example by the new citizens’ initiatives, as well as by making the Charter of Fundamental Rights legally binding. Fourthly, the LT has introduced several political changes, including more cooperation on the common foreign and security policy and how to combat external threats as a global actor with a single voice. Moreover, this essay considers how the LT differs from the Constitutional Treaty, arguing that although no longer a formal constitution, it does maintain constitutional elements. It then looks at some specific issues; in particular, whether legitimacy, transparency and accountability have been improved, and takes the view that while this is the case to some extent, there remains much room to f urther improve. Finally, it also f ocuses on the...
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...The Versailles Treaty By: Kelli Simpson AMH2030-12 Work4 According to my research President Wilson went to Capitol Hill to address the senate With his speech about “peace without victory” although his speech brought about the Fourteen Points Treaty on January 8,1918. The republican senate was against him immediately. He did not care . I believe that the President was trying to make peace with the American people as well as around the world.Wilson was convinced of his cause that he decided to that he himself would go to the peace conference. Although the Fourteen Point Treaty reassured that the America and it’s Allied that they Where fighting for more than imperialist. America wanted peace and the Allies did as well. On January 18, 1919 the peace conference began at the Palace of Versailles. Although the Fourteen Points as known as the Versailles Treaty became one-sided. President Wilson still insisted that liberal terms against the French and the British. The conference went on for months. The allies insisted on getting compensation and security for all of the damages and the loss of land during the Great War with Germany. Even though their were many rules for Germany, They signed the treaty on June 28,1919. According to our text book many of the Americans favored the treaty. President Wilson personally handed the treaty to the senate. Even though the senate house was divided into two different groups with many...
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...Were Economic Problems the Main Consequence of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany in the Years 1919-1933? Throughout 1919 to 1933 Germany made many socio-economic decisions based on The Treaty of Versailles. This essay explores the extent and importance of economic policies implemented that are related to the Treaty of Versailles and whether they were the main consequence that came of it. The essay is divided into one side agreeing with the statement and one disagreeing with the statement. Economic Problems were largely the main consequence of the Treaty of Versailles and played a vital role in the instability and volatility of the Weimar Republic. At the end of the war many countries had to rebuild, especially after the widespread devastation and financial ruin that the war left them in. Germany, just like Britain and France had to recover, however at the Treaty of Versailles they were made out to be guilty and therefore had to pay huge reparations; this was a double blow to Germany , on top of rebuilding costs Germany had to pay 132 Billion Marks (equivalent of $33 Billion). This, coupled with the already outstanding war debt of 150 Billion marks crippled the government financially. The pressure took its toll and when Germany failed to pay its reparations (December 1922) the Ruhr was resultantly taken away. With no industrial and agricultural output the crisis escalated rapidly; inflation became hyperinflation. Hyperinflation was devastating the economy, causing widespread...
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...Curs 2 The Treaty of Lisbon The treaty was signed by the heads of states of government of the 27 member states in Lisbon on the 13.12.2007. It has entered into force on 1.12.2009 after being ratified by all member states. It amends the treaty on the EU and the European Community’s treaty without replacing them. The EC treaty is renamed “The treaty of the functioning of the EU”. According to the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty, the EU replaces and succeeds the community. Therefore, the following terms will no longer be used: European Community, European communities or community law. Reference will be made only to the EU and the EU law. Following the treaty of Lisbon, the articles within the treaty on EU and the EC treaty, now the treaty on the functioning of the EU, are renumbered as part of the simplification process. According to the amendments brought by the Lisbon Treaty, the EU has legal personality, and therefore it has the capacity to enter into international treaties and agreements on behalf of the member states. In addition, the 3 pillars of the EU provided by the Treaty of Maastricht are now merged, but special procedures are still maintained in the field of foreign policy, security and defense. However, reference will no longer be made to the 3 pillars of the EU. The main reforms introduced by the Treaty are as follows: * More powerful role for the EU parliament, within the European legislative process * A greater involvement of the national parliaments...
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...Week 2: Versailles: The Allies’ “Last Horrible Triumph” Steven A. Smith Chamberlain College of Nursing Week 2: Versailles: The Allies’ “Last Horrible Triumph” The Treaty of Versailles, drafted by the Allied Forces, was drafted in with good intentions by some but not all. In the following writing, I will portray some of the complaints by Germany. As well as, what they believed would have led to them being treated differently in the sanctions. I will also delve into the higher “fundamental laws” in the document that side with the German viewpoints. There were many views of the treaty and although I have mine, its important to also views the points of those who would defend the treaty and the reasons for it. There were many provisions written in the treaty but most of which were geared toward Germany and its peoples. Their economy would be damaged and controlled by the Allied Powers with no end in sight. “Germany must promise to pay an indemnity, the amount of which at present is not even stated” (German Delegation, 1919). This indemnity later led Germany to borrowing money to pay reparations to other states. It is worth noting, the Germans were not part of the commission, which was mainly compromised of its enemies from the war. Many of the economic strong points/areas in Germany were given to foreign nations. Also, many of the ways to ship goods and such were controlled by foreigners who could limit the growth possible for the nation. Giving away key cities, controlling...
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... Kororareka became a well-known stop for sailors, gaining the nickname, “hell hole of the pacific” as lawlessness and brothels thrived (Walker, 1990). Māori had concerns that Pakeha were becoming progressively unruly and compelled Pakeha leaders to control their people. James Busby was consigned by the Crown to establish order and govern the settlers. With concerns of Frenchman Charles de Thierry’s desire to claim Aotearoa (State Services Commission, 2005, p. 17), Busby persuaded 34 chiefs to sign a Declaration of Independence for New Zealand (Orange, 2004). Unfortunately this had no immediate effect and subsequently Captain Hobson was sent to Aotearoa specifically for annexation (King, 2003). Overnight, Hobson and Busby drafted the treaty, missionary Williams and his son translated it to Māori. February 6 1840 at Waitangi 40 Chiefs signed (Orange, 2004). Orange (2004) suggests a number of discrepancies...
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...Congress of Vienna in 1815, which ended the Napoleonic Wars—perhaps the first true “world war”; and the various Paris settlements which ended the first world war which is generally referred to as such in 1919, which I will call collectively the Versailles Treaty for convenience’s sake. Largely the same countries were the major players: France, Britain, and Russia took part in each settlement. Meanwhile, Germany and Austria, major players at Vienna, were excluded from the Versailles talks, as punishment for being the defeated and supposedly responsible party. Similarly, the United States was a major force in shaping the Versailles settlement, while a century before, it had stayed out of the Napoleonic conflict, and besides did not have enough power at that time to merit a major role at the table even if it had become involved. Nonetheless, the inherent similarity remains; both the Vienna and Versailles treaties were attempts by the major western powers to realign and redraw large portions of the world map in order to create a lasting peace. Both treaties were concerned with statecraft, either consolidating old entities into new ones, or breaking apart empires ostensibly in the name of nationalism, on a scale which no other treaty has attempted before or since. All this was done, in both cases, to hopefully create a lasting peace, a stable order. The Vienna Settlement created nearly a century without major conflict in Europe, a feat completely unprecedented in that continent’s...
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...construct a treaty that would relocate the First Nations peoples to a dedicated land claim elsewhere. As a result, Treaty Nine (also referred to as “The James Bay Treaty”) was established on July of 1905, between the Government of Canada, in the name of King Edward II, and various First Nations groups in Northern Ontario (Treaty Texts, n.d.). The Ojibwa and Cree were two key groups involved in the signing of this treaty, representing their people in agreement with the government's terms. They had the basic idea that the treaty was one of sharing and friendship and their goal was to establish a relationship with the government of the day, where they could share the land and take part in the decisions affecting it (The Mushkewgowuk and Anishinaabe Peoples, 2009). They were poor and needed assistance, blindly welcoming the opportunity to start a discussion and enter into a treaty with Canada, which was thought to be an agreement that would bind each party together in good faith (George MacMartin's Big Canoe Trip, 2014). Hunting, fishing and trapping rights were of great significance and needed to be secured in an agreement with the government but the Indians also needed monetary help, schools for their children and to know that they would not be interfered with in their traditional lifestyles on the land and waters. Nevertheless, oral understandings of the treaty show that what was discussed and agreed to by the Indian peoples was not reflected in the written treaty; there is a...
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...learning about how World War I ended. The Versailles Treaty was created by the winners of World War I like France, Great Britian, and the United States to make peace. How did it help contribute to an even worse war less than twenty years later? The Treaty of Versailles helped because World War II by treating Germany harshly. This harsh treatment can be seen in three areas: territorial losses, military...
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...This essay discusses the edicts of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles that listed the punishments of Germany for in their eyes starting World War One. Their punishments included the taking over of all territories and the colonies of Germany on and off the continent of Europe. World War I was fought between between Austria-Hungary and its allies Germany and Serbia and its allies America,Britain,and France It lasted from August 1, 1914 until November 11, 1918. The winners of WWI, the Allies met in Versaille to negotiate the end of the war. Prior to the war Germany had colonies in 8 different countries. Germany was a less aggressive colonizer because they traditionally worked on conquering Europe and not having a colony. Germany did not use colonies...
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...Protests against the Treaty of Versailles in Germany. Protests against the Treaty of Versailles in Germany. Question: What were ‘reparations’, and what changes were made to the Treaty of Versailles over this issue between 1919 and 1932? Question: What were ‘reparations’, and what changes were made to the Treaty of Versailles over this issue between 1919 and 1932? Versailles Treaty Reparations on Germany Versailles Treaty Reparations on Germany Word Count: 1,101 Word Count: 1,101 2014 2014 Joel Joel Versailles Treaty Reparations on Germany Versailles Treaty Reparations on Germany What were ‘reparations’, and what changes were made to the Treaty of Versailles over this issue between 1919 and 1932? After WWI, following the defeat of the Central Powers, the Treaty of Versailles, designed chiefly by France, Britain, and USA, was signed by Germany. The treaty was intended to suppress Germany under the reins of a ‘harsh peace’. The conditions of the treaty subjugated Germany in many ways: Germany had to accept guilt for starting the war, had land taken in what is known as the Territorial Clauses, had limits put on their military power in what is known as disarmament, and were excluded from the League Of Nations; but worst of all the terms, Germany had to pay reparations – the bill to compensate for war damages. Article 232 of the Versailles Treaty read, “The Allied and Associated Governments, however, require, and Germany undertakes, that she will make...
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