...Clinical Microbiology Reviews (2009), Trichomoniasis is a parasitic protozoan that is transmitted principally through having vaginal intercourse. Trichomoniasis is seen mostly in women but men can also contract it usually without having any symptoms of being infected. (Shafir, S. C., and F. J. Sorvillo, 2006). I will be discussing the factors, modes for disease transmission, methods used to control, and the treatment of Trichomoniasis. A protozoa is the smallest single-celled members of the animal kingdom Carson-DeWitt, R. M. & Frey, R. P. (2006). It infects millions of people worldwide and researchers have found that it can cause inflammation of the prostate by infection on men. When women come in contact with trichomoniasis, their symptoms consist of a foul smell, and a heavily frothy yellow discharge that comes from the vagina. The genital area also comes along with itching and pain when urinating or having sexual intercourse Carson-DeWitt, R. M. & Frey, R. P. (2006). Because men don’t usually have symptoms, they won’t realize they are infected, leaving the infection to settle in. In some states the test for trichomiasis vaginalis can be ordered from the internet free of charge to young girls and also to women of childbearing age and also to assist with finding out if they are infected and refer them to free clinics for follow up treatment if tested positive. The Medical Laboratory Observer states that “Trichomoniasis” has also been linked to pelvic inflammatory...
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...affecting most parts of the world. Africa is the most affected area where poor sanitation occurs mostly, and also south American. e) How is Schistosomiasis diagnosed? Schistosomiasis could be diagnosed by examining a stool sample electronically in order to find the parasite eggs. Having said that, blood test might the most proficient way of finding the eggs as the small eggs might not be detected. f) How can you prevent Schistosomiasis? As there is no vaccine available in preventing this disease, what we can do is to avoid swimming or wading in freshwater when not in countries in which Schistosomiasis occurs. Also, drinking safe water may prevent us from been infected with Schistosomiasis. TRICHOMONIASIS a. What is Trichomoniasis? Where is the etiologic agent? Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease which occurs after been infected with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. b. What is the mode of transmission for...
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...develop 2 or more than two episodes (1). Another common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge, bacterial vaginosis (BV), also have a considerably high prevalence (1). Since Rebecca was having unprotected vaginal sex with her male partner for 9-months, an un-safe sex preference must be considered in this situation. Which means, Rebecca is likely to have unprotected sex with her casual male partners (e.g. no condoms), and STIs must be considered. Trichomonas vaginalis is a common bacterial cause of abnormal vaginal discharge (1), also the commonest non-viral STI across the world (2), it should be considered in this case. Thus, three most likely conditions of Rebecca may be, * Bacterial vaginosis (BV) * Vulvovaginal candidiasis * Trichomoniasis Testing According to the Australian STI Management Guidelines and the STI Treatment Guideline (2010) provided by US CDC, the tests of each listed possible causes can be performed as, 1. BV a) Point of care tests Generally, BV can be diagnosed using gram stain microscopy and Amstel’s criteria (3,4,5). Direct observation of vaginal discharge (using speculum), vaginal pH test (using pH paper) and whiff test (using 10% KOH) need to be performed (3,4,5). High vaginal swab sample needs to be collected for gram-staining and microscopy (3,4,5). BV can be diagnosed with three of the following four criteria (3,4,5), i. The presence of white, homogenous vaginal discharge ii. An increased vaginal pH, >4.5 ...
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...Vulvovaginitis, also called vulvitis and vaginitis, is an inflammation or irritation of the vulva and vagina, caused by a variety of reasons. Vulvovaginitis is very common in young girls; however, the condition is not a serious issue, because mild vulvovaginitis can often with improve with simple steps. Girls can experience symptoms such as irritation in the vaginal area, redness around the labia, itching and burning in the skin, some strong-smelling discharge from the vagina. Discomfort when urinating; light bleeding, or spotting; and pain during sex, are also common symptoms of vulvovaginitis. There are three common types of vaginal infections that cause vaginitis such as: Bacterial vaginosis, Yeast infection, and Trichomoniasis. Bacterial...
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...States. STDs are most prevalent in teens and young adults. The correct use of latex condoms decreases the risk of transmitting a STD. The only guaranteed prevention against a STD is abstinence from any/all sexual activity. The incidence of STDs is almost non-existent in those involved in faithful marriages or in a mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognizes the month of April as STD Awareness Month. This annual observance is in place to raise awareness of STDs and to emphasize the importance of prevention, testing, and treating. There are three types of STDs: parasitic, bacterial, and viral. The most common STDs are Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, human papilloma virus, herpes, hepatitis B, and HIV/AIDS. While many STDs are treatable and curable, some are not and carry life-long, even life-threatening consequences. Chlamydia is the most common curable STD. It is caused by a bacterium that infects the urethra in men and women and the cervix in women. Chlamydia is transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. It can also be transmitted from mother to child during delivery. Chlamydia is probably the most common STD because symptoms may not be present for weeks, months, or even years after exposure. The most frequent symptoms are pain during intercourse and discharge from the penis or vagina. If left untreated, Chlamydia can damage a...
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...“TOXOPLASMOSIS” (toxoplasma gondii) Definition: Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. The infection is most commonly acquired from contact with cats and their feces or with raw or undercooked meat. Causative Agent: Toxoplasma Gondii, protozoan Means of Transmission: Orally and congenitally Reservoirs: Cats (preferred reservoir), birds and mammals (intermediate host), Humans (intermediate host) Diagnosis: "Fecal exams [in cats] are essentially useless, since the eggs they shed are only present in the feces for the first 2-3 weeks" (1). "The current lab test only indicates exposure to toxoplasmosis not the presence of an active infection." (1). "The history, signs of illness, and the supportive laboratory tests" will lead to a diagnosis (2). "A presumptive diagnosis may be made by demonstration of a fourfold or greater increase in antibody titers" (2). The uses of ELISA, western blot and latex agglutination tests have reliable results (4). Mainly the only people that really need to be tested for this disease are AIDS patients, immunosuppressed, and infants at birth. Symptoms: "Respiratory involvement is common in cats with both primary and secondary forms of the disease" (1). Fever, malaise, weight loss, and lack of appetite are common symptoms of this form (1). You have these symptoms in addition to vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal lymph node enlargement (1). Signs of Disease: The disease can become latent. All...
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...estrogen levels. There are several different types of vaginitis. Types of vaginitis include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, trichomoniasis, and vaginal atrophy. The first form bacterial vaginitis, also known as BV, results when one of the organisms present in the vagina has overgrown. This overgrowth causes an upset of the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina. Women in their reproductive years, ages 14-44 are typically...
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...University of Phoenix Material Body Systems and Diseases Complete the table below for the required systems listed. You are required to list four to six of the main organs of each body system, one or two sentences explaining the function of the system itself in your own words, and a short list of five to six major diseases that afflict each system. This assignment is due in Week One. |System |Organs in the System |Function of the System |Major Diseases Afflicting the System | |Nervous System |Brain |The most impost important |Alzheimer | | |Spinal Cord |system in our body which |Parkinson | | |Peripheral System |assist the nerve impulses to |Epilepsy | | | |control what is receive and |Stroke | | | |process. |Multiple sclerosis | |Cardiovascular System |Heart |The cardiovascular system |Coronary artery | | |Blood Vessels |helps food and air (oxygen) to|Heart...
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...them are; Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Genital Herpes, HIV/AIDS, Chlamydia, Trichomoniasis and HPV (Barlow, 2011). Most of these genitourinary diseases affect both genders, but they have been known to cause severe health problems in women than in men. For instance, if an expectant mother catches STDs, this can have serious health implications for the infant (Iannini, 2003). Genitourinary diseases that are caused by parasites or bacteria are treatable by use of antibiotics and other types of medicines. Those that are caused by viruses are untreatable; currently there is no cure for them (Markos, 2003). Drugs sometimes control STDs caused by viruses. Also correct and consistent use of latex condoms significantly reduces chances of contracting an STD even though they are not a hundred percent effective (Pattman, 2010). Initially, most genitourinary infections do not have symptoms. This fact poses a greater risk of infecting others. Some symptoms of these diseases might include; discharges both vaginal and penile, pelvic pain and pimple like ulcers around the genitals (Miller, 2003). In women, STIs acquired before conception may result in serious health implications for the baby. Sometimes it is hard for women who had STIs to become pregnant (Rogstad, 2011). Approximately 30 different parasites, bacteria and viruses can cause STIs. A perfect example of genitourinary infection caused by parasites is Trichomoniasis, those caused by bacteria include; Chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea and...
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...STD’s In America Jessica Ferguson Park University STD’s In America What you don’t know can’t hurt you right? Wrong. The purpose of this paper is to discuss sexually transmitted diseases and just how harmful and deadly they can be. Many people do not know that they are even at risk of catching an STD and even if they are already infected with one they may not have any symptoms leading them to believe that they have anything wrong with them and this can lead to passing the diseases on to their partners....
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...Topic STD (Sexual Transmitted Disease) In the United States alone, an estimated 19 million new STDs infections occur each year. Most people remain unaware of the risks and consequences of Stud’s. Some of the common known STDs are Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Genital Herpes, Genital HPV Infection, Syphilis and Trichomoniasis and Viral Hepatitis. Gonorrhea and Chlamydia have the highest transmittal STDs in Americans between the ages of 15 and 24 years of age. The reason it is on a rise is because some of these young Americans don’t think it can happen to them. Most of these young people aren’t being told how serious STDs are. Some STDs don’t have any symptoms, especially in women. When symptoms develop, the virus has already been in the body for a while. Health problems for women with an STD tend to be more severe than for men. Chlamydia that is transmitted in men is usually by anal or oral sex with someone who is infected. Some symptoms in men are pain while urinating, penile discharge and swollen testicles. Practicing safe sex is crucial for the prevention of an STD infection. STDs pose a serious and widespread health threat in the United States. People that have STDs are at least five times more likely to become infected with HIV. The diseases don’t discriminate. They affected people of all races, ages and sexual orientation. Women who are pregnant can pass STDs to their babies. The harmful effects of STDs in babies may include still birth or low birth weight...
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... Some STIs may cause problems with the ability to get pregnant.[1] More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause STIs.[1] Bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among others. Viral STIs include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts among others. Parasitic STIs include trichomoniasis among others. While usually spread by sex, some STIs can also be spread by non-sexual contact with contaminated blood and tissues, breastfeeding, or during childbirth.[1] STI diagnostic tests are easily available in the developed world, but this is often not the case in the developing world.[1] The most effective way of preventing STIs is by not having sex.[4] Some vaccinations may also decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV.[4] Safer sex practices such as use of condoms, having a smaller number of sexual partners, and being in a relationship where each person only has sex with the other also decreases the risk.[1][4] Circumcision in males may be effective to prevent some infections.[1] Most STIs are treatable or curable.[1] Of the most common infections, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis are curable, while herpes, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, and HPV are treatable but not curable.[1] Resistance to certain antibiotics is developing among some...
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...First, the effect of sex before marriage was infected by STDs (Sexually Transmitted Disease). Many STDs are present without symptoms until the disease is far advanced. Treatment becomes difficult in diagnosis and control, because partners must be listed with the medical community to be alerted of the STDs that are being transmitted by sexual partners. A short list of STDs is gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, genital warts, trichomoniasis, and urethritis (usually caused by Chlamydia), which poses serious problems in the system of the kidneys. Lack of control of STDs leads thousands of women to develop secondary infections in the pelvic region, which in turn causes a high percentage rate of infertility. These diseases normally can be transmitted by sexual activities currently believed to be safe, such as oral/anal sex or clitoral stimulation and also sex before marriage. These diseases have a higher rate of infection compare to AIDS. Secondly, infected with AIDS also is the effect of sex before marriage. AIDS is the foremost STD everyone is quite aware of, which is spread by the HIV (virus). It isn't a pleasant sight to watch someone die of AIDS. Most of the world's AIDS patients die alone. Those who willingly have unsafe sexual practices including sex before marriage, run a greater risk infected by the disease. During sex of any kind this disease can be transmitted through blood (from the tiny abrasions that occur during sex), semen, and vaginal secretions. Besides the horrible...
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...Sexually transmitted infections are infections transmitted from one person with the infection to another person who does not have, and it is passed through sex intercourse .examples of STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, syphilis, herpes and genital warts. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. To commerce with, HIV/AIDS and STIs spread in the same way. These ways include having unprotected sex with a person who is infected by HIV/AIDS or STIs or both. Another way is through sharing of needles e.g. drug user. Drug users who use needles to inject themselves with drugs such as heroine and cocaine, they also involve in flash blooding where they transfer blood from one individual to the other. Here the virus and STIs infection are transmitted from one individual to another. In addition, having STIs make it easy for an individual to get HIV virus, this is because STIs changes the cell lining of the vagina, penis, rectum and mouth. STIs Makes the skin very delicate. This makes it easy for the HIV virus to penetrate to the body. Also STIs facilitates the transmission of HIV through the small cuts and inflammations they cause around the genital areas of both men and women. Moreover, the presence of HIV increases the ruthlessness of some STIs, this occurs because HIV makes it more difficult to treat in individual infected by it than in HIV in HIV-negative individuals. This is because the HIV virus attacks the white blood cell that boosts our immune system. In addition...
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...by either a bacteria or a virus. Bacterial STIs include: Bacterial vaginosis which is an abnormal vaginal condition that is characterized by vaginal discharge and results from an overgrowth of unusual bacteria in the vagina. Chamydia is an infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The infection is transmitted in 2 ways: Through sexual contact or mother to child on birth. Gonorrhea is caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria. The infection is transmitted from one person to another through vaginal, oral, or anal sexual relations. Epididymitis is usually a bacterial infection. The bacteria usually get to the epididymis by moving back through (retrograde) the urethra, prostate, vas deferens into the epididymis. Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (or sexually-transmitted disease, STD) caused by a protozoan (a microscopic parasite), usually found in the vagina and urethral tissues. Viral STIs include: Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two types: HSV-1 and HSV-2. Most genital herpes infections are caused by HSV-2. And Genital warts are flesh-colored or gray growths found in the genital area and anal region in both men and women. Genital warts are sometimes referred to as condyloma acuminata or venereal warts. It is caused by unprotected sex but protected with condom may not be safe. In most cases STIs have no symptoms. You could quite...
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