...Alan Turing is among many of the famous mathematicians whose efforts have drastically impacted our world. Alan Turing has many achievements such as creating the first Turing Machine and discovering the nonexistence of a universal algorithmic method in math. Today, we recognize Turing for his mathematic accomplishments and contributions that he so determinedly worked for. Alan Mathison Turing was born June 23, 1912 in Paddington, London, England to his father, Julius Mathison Turing and his mother Ethel Sara Turing. Turing was the second son of his parents; his oldest brother being John Turing. Both Alan and John saw very little of their parents, since his father was part of the administration presidency of British India. So, they were temporarily raised by a Colonel in Hastings, England. He grew up in the upper...
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...ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT May 22, 2016 Artificial Intelligence Introduction “With artificial intelligence, we are summoning the demon. You know all those stories where there is the guy with the pentagram and the holy water and he’s like… (wink) yeah he’s sure he can control the demon… doesn’t work out.” Elon Musk. For some people, AI is the response to many of our major problems and it will help us to get more space in our daily life to perform other activities unrelated to work. In addition, some people think that they came to accelerate a world of calculation that is to complex for the human race. However, there are others like Elon Musk thinking about the ability of self-improvement process they have. At the end the question is, Is AI in our advantage or dis-advantage?. The Gestation of Artificial intelligent: 1. In 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain: They proved that something that something that behaved like a biological neuron was capable of computation and early computer designer often though in term of them. They created a neuronal network similar to the way human neuronal works. The way the neuron network works is: * A cell, which can output a 0 or a 1 * A number of excitatory inputs * A threshold value. What is important about their work and this type of network is that they could generate or recognize any regular sequence. 2. In 1950 Turing's ``Computing Machinery and Intelligence'': The testing machine era. He...
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...In 1950 Alan Turing wrote the paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence. This document attempts to address the question "Can machines think?". Much of the paper involves speculation and the creation of theories without any solid facts to back them up. Due to the lack of digital computers, really the only one being ENIAC at this time, it was nearly impossible for him to test these concepts. Therefore one can view many of the statements within this document as both theory and philosophy. Additionally with Americas participation in the Korean war the development of computation would not be a major interest of the American public till the start of the space race in the late 50's. Alan Mathison Turing played a critical role in the evolution of computer science and subsequently the advancement of technology. While working as a cryptographer he came up with the ideas of representing data with ones and zeros and assigning computers with six essential...
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...vA Very Brief History of Computer Science Written by Jeffrey Shallit for CS 134 at the University of Waterloo in the summer of 1995. This little web page was hastily stitched together in a few days. Perhaps eventually I will get around to doing a really good job. Suggestions are always welcome. A translation of this web page into French has been prepared by Anne Dicky at the University of Bordeaux. Before 1900 People have been using mechanical devices to aid calculation for thousands of years. For example, the abacus probably existed in Babylonia (present-day Iraq) about 3000 B.C.E. The ancient Greeks developed some very sophisticated analog computers. In 1901, an ancient Greek shipwreck was discovered off the island of Antikythera. Inside was a salt-encrusted device (now called the Antikythera mechanism) that consisted of rusted metal gears and pointers. When this c. 80 B.C.E. device was reconstructed, it produced a mechanism for predicting the motions of the stars and planets. (More Antikythera info here.) John Napier (1550-1617), the Scottish inventor of logarithms, invented Napier's rods (sometimes called "Napier's bones") c. 1610 to simplify the task of multiplication. In 1641 the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) built a mechanical adding machine. Similar work was done by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Leibniz also advocated use of the binary system for doing calculations. Recently it was discovered that Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)...
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...science and information technology Subject is Artificial Intelligence Assignment no (1) Topic is Chapter 1 Presented by : Alrasheed Alsadg omer abdalla Class three EXERCISES These exercises are intended to stimulate discussion, and some might be set as term projects. Alternatively, preliminary attempts can be made now, and these attempts can be reviewed after the completion of the book. 1.1 Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) rationality, (e) logical reasoning. 1.2 Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several objections to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry weight? Are his refutations valid? Can you think of new objections arising from developments since he wrote the paper? In the paper, he predicts that, by the year 2000, a computer will have a 30% chance of passing a five-minute Turing Test with an unskilled interrogator. What chance do you think a computer would have today? In another 50 years? 1.3 Are reflex actions (such as flinching from a hot stove) rational? Are they intelligent? 1.4 Suppose we extend Evans’s ANALOGY program so that it can score 200 on a standard IQ test. Would we then have a program more intelligent than a human? Explain. 1.5 The neural structure of the sea slug Aplysia has been widely studied (first by Nobel Laureate Eric Kandel) because it has only about 20,000 neurons, most of them large and easily manipulated...
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...Max Newman Mth/110 October 11, 2015 Rosemary Hirschfelder Max Newman Introduction The prominent life of Max Newman was an astonishing contribution to the history of mathematics. Newman excelled at an early age in various academics, but most notably his interest in mathematical practices like Boolean algebra, combinatory topology, and mathematical logic. The mathematical practices of Newman revolutionized world history in ways that produced many accomplished understudies after his death. “The work to which Newman contributed, though distinct from that on Enigma, has been described as being of comparable importance” (Groups, 2015). This paper will discuss the early stages of Max Newman’s life, his contributions to mathematics, and accomplishments of his life. Early Stages of Life Max Newman was born Maxwell Herman Alexander Neumann February 7, 1987. Max was born in the city of Chelsea, London, United Kingdom. In 1916, Max changed his last name from Neumann to Newman for a contemporary fit. Max’s father was Herman Alexander Neumann, and his mother was Sarah Ann-Pike. His father was a secretary originally born Jewish from Germany, who immigrated to the United Kingdom. His mother was a British schoolteacher. In 1914, Max's father was reverted to Germany because of his German descent and WWI. In 1934, Newman married wife Lyn Lloyd Irvine. Lyn was a writer in which her and Max had two kids. Their kids were named Edward and William. During the time of...
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...AI robot: how machine intelligence is evolving No computer can yet pass the 'Turing test' and be taken as human. But the hunt for artificial intelligence is moving in a different, exciting direction that involves creativity, language – and even jazz • Comments (109) • Marcus du Sautoy • The Observer, Saturday 31 March 2012 • Article history [pic] Marcus du Sautoy with one of Luc Steels's language-making robots. Photograph: Jodie Adams/BBC 'I propose to consider the question "Can machines think?"' Not my question but the opening of Alan Turing's seminal 1950 paper which is generally regarded as the catalyst for the modern quest to create artificial intelligence. His question was inspired by a book he had been given at the age of 10: Natural Wonders Every Child Should Know by Edwin Tenney Brewster. The book was packed with nuggets that fired the young Turing's imagination including the following provocative statement: "Of course the body is a machine. It is vastly complex, many times more complicated than any machine ever made with hands; but still after all a machine. It has been likened to a steam machine. But that was before we knew as much about the way it works as we know now. It really is a gas engine; like the engine of an automobile, a motor boat or a flying machine." If the body were a machine, Turing wondered: is it possible to artificially create such a contraption that could think like he did? This year is Turing's centenary so would he...
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...A PAPER PRESENTATION ON Artificial Intelligence J.G.M.Jagagdeesh Kumar Department of C.S.E. (III year) Affiliated to JNTU K DJR College of Engineering and Technology, Gudavalli, Vijayawada Krishna (dt.), Andhra Pradesh, India. Contact details: J.G.M.Jagagdeesh Kumar Mobile number:9700234518 Email Id:jjagadeesh13@gmail.com Introduction In which we try to explain why we consider artificial intelligence to be a subject most worthy of study, and in which we try to decide what exactly it is, this being a good thing to decide before embarking. Humankind has given itself the scientific name homo sapiens--man the wise--because our mental capacities are so important to our everyday lives and our sense of self. The field of artificial intelligence, or AI, attempts to understand intelligent entities. Thus, one reason to study it is to learn more about ourselves. But unlike philosophy and psychology, which are also concerned with intelligence, AI strives to build intelligent entities as well as understand them. Another reason to study AI is that these constructed intelligent entities are interesting and useful in their own right. AI has produced many significant and impressive products even at this early stage in its development. Although no one can predict the future in detail, it is clear that computers with human-level intelligence (or better) would have a huge impact on our everyday lives and on the future course of civilization...
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...John Searle is an American philosopher born in 1932 and attended Oxford University. The Chinese room argument is Searle’s way of refuting the Strong A.I. thought that running an adequately complex program is sufficient for thinking by showing how running a computer program is not sufficient for the computer to be thinking. The argument goes that a person who has never seen the Chinese language in any form is sitting in a room sealed from the outside world. In the room, there is a basket full of Chinese symbols and a book that shows what symbols to put together when responding to a group of symbols on a piece of paper that has been slipped into the room by a Chinese speaker. The man in the room following the instructions can trick the Chinese...
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...basic function of the human brain. While it is certainly evident that a computer can acquire knowledge from a program or programmer, it is the new developments in AI that will enable it to apply the knowledge. The new advancements in AI will hopefully enable these machines to not only possess the knowledge, but also understand how to utilize it in a number of situations. Artificial Intelligence researchers analyze human intelligent behavior in an attempt to have computers use the same deductive reasoning skills that humans use. While many of the developments in AI are relatively new the research of AI has been around for many years. One of the first notions of Artificial Intelligence came from Alan Turing (1912-1954) a British mathematician, and logician. Turing is widely considered to be the father...
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...Back in the 1950’s, the Americans dreamed of a future that held flying cars, robots, and a multitude of other fantastical life improvements. One of these ideas was Artificial Intelligence. To some Artificial intelligence is a topic reserved for science fiction and the future but the reality of it is that we are closer than ever to true silicone based life. For a computer program to be considered artificial intelligence it must first past the Turning Test. “The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing in his seminal 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" as a method for determining in principle whether a computer possesses thought.”(Shieber 502-503) The turning test is a new take on an old concept. The original concept was an imitation game that consisted of three players. The players were a man, a woman, and an interrogator all in separate rooms. The three players communicated via teletype only (think instant messaging) so that the players could not see or hear each other at all. The goal of this game is for the woman to convince the interrogator that she is a woman; the man to convince the interrogator that he is a woman, and the interrogator to determine which is which. Common contestants for this test are Chat programs. These are programs that are designed to chat with humans by imitating responses in a chat room environment. There are many versions of the Turning Test that put these chat programs to the test. They work in a manner similar to the imitation...
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...System Engineering Management ROBOT PAINTING USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SUBMITTED BY Hari priya Kapileswarapu 1504606 ADVISOR Steven Maher; Geoffrey Rodman OKLAHOMA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY ABTRACT: This paper describes about one the functionality of the robot and how robot paints an object using artificial intelligence. And objects like iron wall, wooden box, motor bike etc. Suppose if the robot has to paint a motor bike it has to identify the parts of the motor bike and has to paint the color to those parts. For example, if the rims of the wheels had to be painted in black color then the robot has to identify the rims and paint the black color. In the same way, if the chassis had to be painted with black color then the robot has to identify the chassis and paint it accordingly. In this way, the whole motor bike would be painted by the robot based on the parts. For painting the parts of the motor bike there are some methods like generating the optimum path and the trajectory methods. In this way, robot can paint the respective object based on the models with different colors. Index Terms— Artificial Intelligence, Dec ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: I feel it a great pleasure and honor to express our immense gratitude towards our esteemed guide, Geoffrey Rodman for standing by our side all through the implementation of the project. His able technical guidance and expertise have Contribute to the success of...
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...understand how symmetric encryption can be applied to the investigation of access points. Continuing with this rationale, we validate that the much-touted certifiable algorithm for the improvement of expert systems by Richard Hamming [9] is Turing complete. The roadmap of the paper is as follows. We motivate the need for Smalltalk. Similarly, we place our work in context with the previous work in this area. We place our work in context with the existing work in this area. Finally, we conclude. The implications of empathic configurations have been far-reaching and pervasive. In fact, few analysts would disagree with the study of Scheme. Our focus in this work is not on whether neural networks and IPv7 are often incompatible, but rather on exploring a novel heuristic for the deployment of thin clients (Caffila). 1 Introduction Futurists agree that mobile methodologies are an interesting new topic in the field of complexity theory, and security experts concur. The lack of influence on cyberinformatics of this discussion has been well-received. The notion that hackers worldwide interfere with IPv6 is largely considered confirmed. To what extent can red-black trees be refined to solve this question? Our focus in this paper is not on whether hierarchical databases and operating systems can interact to answer this quandary, but rather on proposing an application for write-back caches (Caffila). Similarly, it should be noted that our application requests relational...
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...John McCarthy (Bowles, 2010). This refers to the ability to “create a computer that could perform logical operations so well that it could actually learn and become sentient or conscious.” (Bowles, 2010). Our text defines intelligence as “the capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity.” (Bowles, 2010). The problem with this definition is it’s not so clear cut when it is referring to machines (Bowles, 2010). The ultimate goal with Artificial Intelligence is to create a machine that can actually think, as a person thinks, but I’m not sure this goal is capable of being fully realized. In 1937, Alan Turing, a mathematician, developed what he called a Turing Machine, which was supposed to be an intelligent machine (Bowes, 2010). Then in 1950, using this machine, Turing proposed the Turing Test, which he thought “could prove whether or not a computer was intelligent” (Bowles, 2010). In this experiment, there was a judge who would communicate with a person and a computer, each hidden behind a different curtain. If the judge couldn’t tell the difference between the computer and the “real person”, then the computer would be considered intelligent (Bowles, 2010). This test became “a founding concept in the philosophy of artificial intelligence” (Bowles, 2010). Of course, so far they have never found a computer that has been able to do this. Celeste Biever is participating in an effort to come up with the “Ultimate IQ: one test to...
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...Rooter: A Methodology for the Typical Unification of Access Points and Redundancy Jeremy Stribling, Daniel Aguayo and Maxwell Krohn A BSTRACT Many physicists would agree that, had it not been for congestion control, the evaluation of web browsers might never have occurred. In fact, few hackers worldwide would disagree with the essential unification of voice-over-IP and publicprivate key pair. In order to solve this riddle, we confirm that SMPs can be made stochastic, cacheable, and interposable. I. I NTRODUCTION Many scholars would agree that, had it not been for active networks, the simulation of Lamport clocks might never have occurred. The notion that end-users synchronize with the investigation of Markov models is rarely outdated. A theoretical grand challenge in theory is the important unification of virtual machines and real-time theory. To what extent can web browsers be constructed to achieve this purpose? Certainly, the usual methods for the emulation of Smalltalk that paved the way for the investigation of rasterization do not apply in this area. In the opinions of many, despite the fact that conventional wisdom states that this grand challenge is continuously answered by the study of access points, we believe that a different solution is necessary. It should be noted that Rooter runs in Ω(log log n) time. Certainly, the shortcoming of this type of solution, however, is that compilers and superpages are mostly incompatible. Despite the fact that similar methodologies visualize...
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