...Kat Biddle Mr. Martinous Composition II 28 November 2012 Life’s a Twitch: The Misconceptions and Personal Impact of Tourette Syndrome Georges Albert Edouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette was a French physician who today would be known as a neurologist and the physician whose name is the eponym for Tourette syndrome. Tourette syndrome was discovered more than a hundred years ago, in 1885, by Gilles de la Tourette while he was a physician at the Salpetriere Hospital in Paris, France. Tourette syndrome (also called, Tourette's disorder, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, GTS or, simply Tourette's or TS) is an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by multiple physical (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. These tics characteristically wax and wane, can be suppressed temporarily, and are preceded by a premonitory urge. Tourette's is defined as part of a spectrum of tic disorders, which includes transient and chronic tics. (Mashpedia.com) Tourette syndrome (TS) is easily misunderstood and as a society we scrutinize these people for having bad behaviors or parents for not being able to control their children. Tourette’s can impact a person/family’s life socially and emotionally because of the misconceptions of Tourette’s. With the first symptoms of TS appearing in early childhood, they become more apparent closer to adolescences and TS can be a chronic lifelong condition with no cure, with progressing symptoms appearing...
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...Activity 1: Muscle Twitch and the Latent Period Muscles have different functions in our body. They maintain body temperature by contracting, and they use the energy stored in the body, which later is transformed into heat. For muscles to contract, they must be stimulated by motor neurons; these motor neurons meats at the neuromuscular junction. When the nerve impulses reach the neuromuscular junctions voltage –regulated calcium channels open and allow calcium to enter the axon; the ca2+ inside cause’s vesicles to fuse with an axonal membrane causing it to release ACH via exocytosis. The ACH then binds to its receptors in the sarcolemma and causes an action potential in the muscle. Binding of ACH to its receptor opens chemically gated channels;...
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...react upon receiving a neurological signal to do so. Why? Slow-twitch fiber has a lower amount of stored calcium. In contrast, fast-twitch muscle fibers have a much quicker contraction response time, due to higher levels of calcium and the pres- ence of creatine phosphate, a nitrogenous compound that is the immediate source of energy used by the muscle in the first few seconds of movement. Common activities that depend on fast-twitch fibers include sprinting, volleyball, basketball, and hockey, which require this fiber for explosive and powerful movements. THE BODY’S ENERGY SYSTEMS Before we talk further about muscle physiology, it is time to discuss the body’s en- ergy systems. These energy systems or pathways break down food into a...
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...Everything Is Temporary, It’ll All Switch Up On You In The End War was like a preschooler and you were the Play-doh, war molded and molded you until in the end you lost some of yourself and gained a new experience. Former Vietnam veteran O’brien knew war was a bitch, and he tried conveying that by using a selection of detail so the reader may infer inherent importance of any details that he shares, undertone which implies a meaning that usually points towards the underlying theme of a work, metaphors to enhance his writing in “The Things They Carried.” The way he formatted his book consequently so the structure stood out and which made it not so eloquent. His tone was easy to detect because it was either to inform or persuade us to believe his anecdotes or analogies about the war. The mind and imagination or a powerful tool, but it's not the best when you live in fear. “How crazy it was that people who were so incredibly alive could get so incredibly dead.” (pg 212) O’brien uses a selection of detail to concretize a feeling the soldiers had. In the dark nights the soldiers lost their sanity. An example would be Rat Kiley, who started visualizing himself dead and to get away from it all, he shot himself in the foot. Speaking or writing about hard times makes it easier to get past them, but what if you have no one to listen to you? Bowker had this problem. “There was nothing to say. He could not talk about it and never would...He was folded in the war; he was part of the waste...
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...Hypertrophy Hypertrophy is the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells. For example, muscle is made out of fibers and those fibers are made up of a ton of thicker fibers. So when they bond together they make tight bundles of tissue. Also there are two types of fibers there are fast twitch and slow twitch. The fast twitch fibers are for endurance and the slow twitch are for strength.For example a sprinter has more fast twitch fibers.So a distance runner has more slow twitch fibers.For the sprinter it helps him more to have a higher level of fast twitch fiber because they need powerful steps to move in short distance. For the distance runner it would help him more to have a higher level of slow twitch of fibers because of the long distance...
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...Tommy and Jimmy Thimble are two athletic brothers, who happen to also be twins. Tommy is a track and field athlete who participates in the shot put event. Jimmy is a long distance runner, who enjoys running marathons. Although Tommy and Jimmy are twins and are both extremely athletic, their bodies have adapted to specific training allowing them posses different athletic qualities. The shot put is an extremely athletic event that requires a great amount of power, and explosiveness. If Tommy wants to be a successful shot putter, he must be able to generate a great amount power with his entire body. Their are many different things that must take place in order for Tommy to be able to generate power with his body. The first thing Tommy would...
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...3 types of skeletal muscle fibres are: Red / Slow (Type I fibres, 'slow twitch fibres') Red / Fast (Type IIa fibres, 'fast oxidative fibres') White / Fast (Type IIb fibres, 'fast glycolytic fibres') 4. Skeletal muscles consist of three main fibre types, these include slow twitch fibres which contract slowly than others (type II). The myelin sheath of the motor neurone stimulates muscle fibres and is not as thick as the fast twitch until slowing the nerve impulse and reducing the amount of insulation. Slow twitch fibres do not produce as much force as fast twitch fibres but can however manage over long periods of exercise. These fibres are more suited to aerobic exercise and contain more mitochondria and myoglobin including the higher amount of blood capillaries than fast twitch fibres. Slow twitch fibres only contain the enzymes necessary for aerobic respiration enabling the break- down of fat and carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and water. This process is much slower than releasing energy anaerobically (open college, 2010) Type 2a fibres are known as fast oxidative glycolytic (F.O.G.) and take on certain type 1 characteristics through long periods of endurance training. Therefore have a greater resistance to tiredness and fatigue and are used in sports where intensity levels are fairly high. The motor neurone stimulating the type IIa fibre has a much deeper and thicker myelin sheath than the slow twitch fibres and therefore reacts more quickly and produces more force. Fibres...
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...muscles is an organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Muscle tissue is also found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels. Humans have three types of muscle skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. Muscle types Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles because they work our internal organs. They are outside our control. Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue due to the presence of a large number of mitochondria, Voluntary muscles make the body move. They are attached to the skeleton and can be controlled. Voluntary muscles have fast twitch and slow twitch fibres. Fast twitch fibres contract quickly, but do not use oxygen well and tire quickly. Slow twitch fibres contract slowly, but use oxygen well and keep going for a long time. Top sprinters have more 'fast twitch' fibres. Endurance athletes tend to have more 'slow twitch' fibres. Each voluntary muscle is made up of muscle cells. These cells are fused together into fibres that run the entire length of the muscle. Two types of fibres, a thick fibre, known as myosin and a thin fibre, known as actin, work within a voluntary muscle. Smooth muscle is also sometimes known as involuntary muscle due to our inability to control its movement as it does not have the stripy appearance of skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the Stomach, Oesophagus, and Bronchi and in the walls of blood vessels. Locations of major muscles The Biceps...
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...muscles is an organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Muscle tissue is also found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels. Humans have three types of muscle skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. Muscle types Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles because they work our internal organs. They are outside our control. Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue due to the presence of a large number of mitochondria, Voluntary muscles make the body move. They are attached to the skeleton and can be controlled. Voluntary muscles have fast twitch and slow twitch fibres. Fast twitch fibres contract quickly, but do not use oxygen well and tire quickly. Slow twitch fibres contract slowly, but use oxygen well and keep going for a long time. Top sprinters have more 'fast twitch' fibres. Endurance athletes tend to have more 'slow twitch' fibres. Each voluntary muscle is made up of muscle cells. These cells are fused together into fibres that run the entire length of the muscle. Two types of fibres, a thick fibre, known as myosin and a thin fibre, known as actin, work within a voluntary muscle. Smooth muscle is also sometimes known as involuntary muscle due to our inability to control its movement as it does not have the stripy appearance of skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the Stomach, Oesophagus, and Bronchi and in the walls of blood vessels. Locations of major muscles The Biceps...
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...Objective: To demonstrate and explain muscle fatigue Variable Choices: Temperature (hot,neutral and cold) Background Information: The bones on the skeleton are caused to move by skeletal muscles. When muscles tend to contract it creates the ability of the joints to move and let us engage in physical activities. For muscles to contract, chemical energy is required. The chemical energy is a result of respiration. The skeletal muscle is made of two different kinds of fibers: slow twitch (ST) and fast twitch (FT). Slow twitch fibers are mostly used in prolonged, because they are low and moderate the intensity activities. Slow Twitch fibers are more efficient at using oxygen to extend muscle contractions over a long time. As for the fast twitch fibers they use up more energy and the muscle fibers contract very fast. They are much better at generating short bursts of strengths and that slow. The fast twitch are usually used in short intense activities....
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...muscle contractions, and other actions, to be recorded and analyzed for the first time ever. Muscle cells, or muscle fibers, are defined as the basic unit of a muscle. Therefore, complete muscles are constructed from bundles of muscle fibers, but there are no gap junctions between adjacent cells so each fiber performs independently. Myofibrils establish an ordered structure for single muscle fibers. Every myofibril is comprised of actin and myosin. Actin and myosin are contractile proteins that can slide past each other when Ca2+ and ATP are present. A motor unit is described as a single motor neuron and all of its innervating muscle fibers. Like nerve tissue, muscle fibers produce an all-or-none response to a stimulus, generating a twitch. A single motor neuron supplies numerous muscle fibers to make up a motor unit. Motor units can range from a few muscle fibers innervated by a single neuron to thousands innervated. Although most muscles consist of a variety of different motor unit sizes, smaller motor units have finer control of movement. Since the muscles that control movement in the fingers and eyes have smaller motor units, muscles controlling larger limb movements...
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...The purpose of this study was to estimate the amount of slow and fast twitch fibers in each subject. Once repetitions 1-3 and 48-50 were recorded, the percentage of decline from the average of repetitions 1-3 to the average of repetitions 48-50 was recorded. Furthermore, the percentage of each subject’s fast twitch and slow twitch fibers were also determined. Table 1 shows the mean percent of all subjects’ fast twitch fibers was 37.40%, while the mean percent of slow twitch fibers was 62.60%. Before the subjects began the test, the initial thought was all the subjects will have type 1, or slow twitched fibers because none of the subjects were currently involved in competitive level sports that involve short duration anaerobic activities. According to Wilson, Loenneke, Jo, Wilson, Zourdos, and Kim (2012) “IIA and IIX fibers facilitate short-duration anaerobic activities and are proportionally higher in elite strength and power athletes.” However, there were 3 subjects that had more fast twitched fibers than slow twitched fibers, subjects 1,2 and 11. Even though there were most normative findings, there were three subjects that seem to be outliers compared to the rest of the subjects. For example, in table 1, Subject 5 has 96.42% slow...
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...physiological effect. The goal is to build a session that matches your fitness, goals, and recovery. Pete Magill, from Runner’s World, lists three types of mile repeats and the benefits of each one. 5K Paced Repeats Not many runners train mile repeats at a 5K pace or faster. Reps that this pace rev your aerobic system close to full capacity, so it’s counterproductive to train at that level for longer than 5 or 6 minutes. Actually, runners who are slower shout limit reps at a 5K pace to short distances. Because they use slow-twitch, intermediate- and fast-twitch muscle fibers, you’ll increase capillary and mitochondrial density for all of them. Workouts at this pace should include three to four reps, with recovery intervals that match the time of the rep, or half the duration for fitter runners....
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...flexibility, speed, body composition, aerobic endurance and the components of skill-related fitness; agility, balance, co-ordination, power and reaction time. I will relate the components of fitness to my chosen sport-netball. 6 components of physical fitness Aerobic endurance Aerobic endurance is having the ability to exercise for a long period without getting tired. During aerobic work the body is dependent on oxygen; also athletes who are good at aerobic endurance will have slow twitch fibres. This component is suited for an ectomorph because of their small body surface area, light frame and good thermo regulation, which is suitable for endurance based sports such as a triathlon. Aerobic endurance relates to netball because you have to continually run up and down the court for the duration of the netball game. Muscular endurance Muscular endurance is having the ability to keep contracting your muscles without getting tired. During an activity that uses muscular endurance they will use slow twitch fibres because of the endurance of the activity. This component is suited for an endomorph because of their large lung capacity they are able to do sports like rowing, which needs muscular endurance. They are also able to increase their muscle mass easily. In netball you need to have good muscular endurance because you use your leg muscles – triceps and hamstrings- constantly as you run throughout the game. You also use your biceps when you pass the ball to your team mate. ...
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...1. Each chloroplast has two outer membranes, which encloses a semi-fluid interior called the stroma. I inside the stroma is a third membrane called the thylakoid membrane. It located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. It is the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane absorbs photon energy of different wavelengths of light. Embedded in the thylakoid membranes are photosystems: Clusters of 200 to 300 pigments and other molecules that surround a pair of chlorophyll a molecules. In plants, there are two photosystems, Photosystem I and Photosystem II. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. The begins with Photosystem II, where trapped light energy is used to split water, a process known as photolysis: H2O → 2H+ + 2e−+ O. It located in the thylakoid membrane. The electron is transferred from one to another molecule and creates a chain of redox reactions. It is an electron transport chain (ETC). Along the way, the energy released by the electrons is used to make ATP in a process called photophosphorylation. The molecular details of this ATP-generating system are similar to those used by the mitochondrion in oxidative phosphorylation. Phosphorylation refers to the addition of a phosphate group ADP to form ATP. The reaction sequence is: ADP + Pi → ATP. The electron flow goes...
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