...Accounting The Codification — Do You Have All the New Topics, Subtopics, Sections, Subsections, and Paragraphs Memorized?In July 2009, the Codification became the single source of authoritative nongovernmental U.S. GAAP. The Codification’s hierarchy is topic, subtopic, section, and paragraph, in that order, each with a numerical designation (e.g., ASC 810-10-25-37, which was formerly paragraph 6 of Interpretation 46(R)). ASU 2009-17 incorporated Statement 167’s amendments to the VIE model into the Codification. The beginning of each section of this Roadmap contains quotes from the appropriate Codification paragraphs. In addition, for those of you still trying to find your way through the Codification, we thought it would be helpful for each Codification paragraph to be followed by a reference to the corresponding pre-Codification paragraph from Interpretation 46(R), as amended by Statement 167. Although ASC 810-10-55-37 (paragraph B22 of Interpretation 46(R)1) might not roll off your tongue like “B22 of FIN 46(R)” used to, the Codification is here to stay. However, we suspect that just as there are probably a few accountants who are clinging to their last version of the FASB’s Original Pronouncements (we know you are out there!), there are some that might need a little help finding the new VIE guidance in the Codification. Accordingly, Appendix D of this Roadmap includes a guide that cross-references the paragraphs from ASC 810-10 to the guidance in Interpretation 46(R), as...
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...There have only been 27 constitutional amendments since it was created. This shows how difficult it is to amend the constitution and rarely it is amended; only 17 of the amendments have happened in the last 210 years. There are four key reasons why it is hard to amend the constitution but there are other reasons, not to do with the amendment process, that have meant the constitution hasn’t been, or needed to be, amended. The first reason is that the Founding Fathers created a deliberately difficult process. To amend the constitution both Congress and that States have to agree using super-majorities. The use of super-majorities makes the process even more difficult. This is shown by the hundreds of amendments that have been proposed but not successfully carried through and legitimised. The need to get support from a super-majority in all the States is also very time consuming and costly and so it is even more difficult for politicians to get and amendment passed. Furthermore there is a huge percentage of the American population which are at opposing sides of the American political compass. This means that it is often very hard to get everyone to agree to the same policies and amendments and therefore very difficult to get a super-majority at state-level. The process created by the Founding Fathers means that it is incredibly difficult to amend the constitution but it wasn’t just amendment process they created which limits the number of amendments. The Founding Fathers also...
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...Constitution Constitutional Amendments: • Founding Fathers initially desired TO MAKE AMENDMENT DIFFICULT although they had recognized the need for eventually doing so. • TWO-STAGE PROCESS – The processes required super-majorities of more than 50% such as two-thirds or a three-quarters majority. • Once the amendment has been proposed it is sent to the states for ratification. An amendment can be ratified by three-quarters of the state legislatures or by state constitutional conventions in three-quarters of the states. Of the 27 amendments to the constitution only one has been ratified by state constitutional conventions – The 21st amendment which repealed the 18th amendment and ended prohibition. • Only six amendments have failed at the ratification stage in over 220 years. The most recent was the amendment designed to guarantee equal rights for women. Proposed in 1972, only 35 state legislatures ratified it – three short of the required ¾. Amendments proposed by: Amendments ratified by: Congress: 2/3 majority in both houses required State legislature: ¾ of the state legislature must vote to ratify National constitutional convention: called by at least 2/3s of the states State constitutional convention: ¾ of the states must hold conventions and vote to ratify The Bill of Rights were a group of ten amendments proposed together by Congress in September 1789 and ratified together by ¾ of the states in December 1791. The Bill of Rights was created to sugar the impact of...
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...AMENDMENT PROCESS OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION The procedure of amendment makes the Constitution of India neither totally rigid nor totally flexible, rather a curious mixture of both. Some provisions can be easily changed and for some others, special procedures are to be followed. Despite the fact that India is a federal state, the proposal for amending the constitution can be initiated only in the House of the Union Legislature and the State Legislatures have no such power. In case of ordinary legislation, if both houses of the Parliament disagree, a joint session is convened. But in case of amendment of bills, unless both the houses agree, it cannot materialize, as in such cases there is no provision for convening the joint session of both the Houses of the Parliament. In fact, there are three methods of amending the Constitution. But Article 368 of the constitution which lays down the procedure for amendment mentions two methods. 1) An amendment of the constitution may be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill for the purpose in either house of Parliament and when a bill is passed in each house. i) By a majority of total membership of that house. ii) By a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that house present and voting, it shall be presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill and there upon the Constitution shall stand amended in accordance with the term of the Bill. Most of the provisions of the constitution...
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...assignment on 15th amendment of the Bangladesh constitution. The 15th amendment of the Bangladesh constitution is perhaps the most debatable one in the post democratic era that follows the 1990 public upsurge against autocracy. The often pronounced justifications offered for this amendment is the ‘needs’ for returning to the spirit and contents of the founding constitution of 1972 of Bangladesh. Yet the 15th amendment rather accommodates some of the changes brought out by the 5th and 7th amendments, both made by the Martial Law regime and recently declared illegal and unconstitutional by the apex court of the country. 15th amendment, like most of the previous amendments, also largely failed to reflect comparative constitutional studies. Such study is considered essential for learning the experiences of constitutionalism in relevant jurisprudences and borrowing or adapting them in amending a nation’s own constitution. Although the 1972 constitution of Bangladesh was indigenous in part, the 1972 Constituent Assembly (led by Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman) enriched our constitution by the same process of borrowing and/or adapting from models and concepts of foreign constitutions. For example: collective responsibility of ministers to Parliament and functions of parliamentary committees were taken from UK system, the concept of fundamental principle of state policy from India and Ireland, the provisions of human rights and Judicial review from US constitutional jurisprudence. ...
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...Bill of Rights and Amendments HIS/301 September 12, 2011 Professor James Newman Bill of Rights and Amendments The Constitution became ratified and the supreme law of the land September 17, 1787. Our forefathers understood that the possibility of changes may need to occur to this document to continue to grow with the expanding nation. The act of amending is the way the founders have set up to create any possible changes Americans feel need to be made. Without these changes the nation inhibits itself, and remains in the context of a black and white document. In a nation of unique individuals change is constant and what keeps this country thriving. This paper will continue to discuss how and why amendments become part of the Constitution, what problems with the original document motivates the adoption of the Bill of Rights, the effects of the Bill of Rights, what problems or changes in society led to Amendments XIII through XV, and the effects of these later Amendments. Amendments: The Why and How The United States of America is a country constantly growing and filled with different ideas of change. For the United States to keep up with the constant change, they must be able to add amendments. For example slavery and women’s right to vote, both added in later generations because the normal perception of these individuals had changed. If the amending process had not been created people of such high power would not exist today. For example, President Obama,...
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...McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (1) Constitutional Question: Was the Maryland law unconstitutional towards the Bank of the United States, under Article I, Section 8, of the constitution, to tax the Bank? (2) Background information: The Bank of the United States was not chartered within the Maryland state which caused Maryland to impose a burdensome tax on the Bank. The Bank’s Baltimore branch would not pay the tax, and Maryland sued James McCulloch. James McCulloch soon appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme court examined the case in 1819. Once they examined the case the court ruled that the Maryland tax was unconstitutional, while the Bank of the United States was constitutional. There was questioning in Article I, Section 8, which was if the congress had the power, and it was proper and...
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...States’ Constitution has only been formally amended 27 times. However, the Supreme Court is constantly make informal amendments to the Constitution. The Supreme Court hears only 100-150 of the thousands of cases they are requested to review each year ("About the Supreme Court"). Although an informal amendment doesn’t change the wording of the actual Constitution, it can make a huge impact on how America views a law or action as constitutional or unconstitutional. These informal amendments have allowed the Constitution to remain the supreme law of the land for over two centuries. Through considerable research, one can prove the Constitution is a living...
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...their independence from Great Britain, they spent their early years governed by the Articles of Confederation( weatherman) . The Constitutional Convention was A meeting with delegates from every state except Rhode island to discuss problems of the weak government and also the Articles of Confederation. In 1787 the Constitutional convention held a meeting to discuss...
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...Amendment Essay Twenty-seven amendments have been ratified since the original signing of the Constitution, the first ten of which are known as the Bill of Rights. The Amendments to the United States Constitution have had a major effect on American life. A major feature of the Constitution is the capability of changing the document in order for it to become accustomed to the changing times and conditions. There are a few methods in order to change the Constitution. An amendment proposed by 2/3rds vote in each house of congress could be approved by either one of two ways. It must be either ratified by 3/4ths of the State Legislature or by the Constitutional Conventions in 3/4ths of the states. To approve an amendment proposed at a National Constitutional Convention it must also be ratified by 3/4ths of the State Legislatures or by a Constitutional Convention in 3/4ths of the States. The First Amendment, freedoms, is one of the most known and the most important of all. A historical event that led to this amendment was that the new American settlers brought with them a desire for democracy and openness after the American Revolution. They left behind a history of tyranny and official control of information. Using this experience as their guide, the constitutional fathers wrote into their new Constitution a Bill of Rights, which contained the First Amendment. This Amendment was created so that the people would have the freedom to express themselves without worrying. Disagreement to...
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...treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as fundamental rights. An example is the constitution of the United States of America. George Washington at Constitutional Conventionof 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution. The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world,[2] containing 444 articles in 22 parts,[3][4] 12 schedules and 118 amendments, with 117,369 words in its English-language translation,[5] while the United States Constitution is the shortest written constitution, at 7 articles and 27 amendments.[6] Constitution of the Philippines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Constitution of the Philippines Created October 15, 1986 Ratified February 2, 1987 Location Legislative Archives of the House of Representatives,...
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...per state, and give rights to the federal government to dispose of the public lands in the west. The constitution was needed when there appeared to be a problem with the Articles of Confederation. The Constitutional convention was held in Philadelphia. It was from May to September of 1787. Of all the states 12 of the 13 delegates appeared at the convention. The only one not in attendance was Rhode Island. Some important people who attended the convention were George Washington, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton and George Mason. Each one of them had a very important role in the signing of the...
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...“Amendment of Bangladesh Constitution and Basic Structure Doctrine” 25. Nov, 2010 Introduction: The Constitution of Bangladesh is the highest ruling of Bangladesh. It represents Bangladesh as a democratic republic nation where all the power is in the hands of Bangladeshi people[1] and characterizes basic political principles of the state and stands for the fundamental rights of citizens. It was approved by the Assembly of Bangladesh on November 4, 1972; it was exercised from December 16, 1972. The constitution stands as the most powerful evidence to state Bangladesh as a unitary, independent and Republic, founded on a struggle for national liberation, and that is how we achieve the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. It lays a strong foundation of nationalism, secularity, democracy and socialism as the essential ethics that stands for the Republic and declares the quest of a society that gives its citizens- the rule of law, fundamental civil rights and independence as well as fairness and evenhandedness, political, economic and social. The Constitution of Bangladesh was written by international personals and other experienced people. However, amendments during socialist one party and military rule in Bangladesh drastically changed the material and moderate democratic character of the constitution. In August, 2005, the Bangladesh High Court approved a pointer finding that states constitutional amendments in military ruling as unlawful and also unconstitutional, so completely invalid...
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...had ratified the Constitution. The Constitution was a progressive document. A country had never before placed such limits on government and allowed such broad guarantees of freedom for its people. The U.S. Constitution divides the federal government into three branches. These branches are the legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch has two houses, the Senate, and the House of Representatives. The executive branch is the president and his or her cabinet and staff. The executive branch also includes the staff of all of the government departments and agencies....
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...Symbiosis International Deemed University) Accredited by NAAC( UGC) with grade ‘A’ Post graduate department of law Pune Comparative public Law - I First Assignment “DISCUSS THE “EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE WITH RESPECT TO “14 TH AMENDMENT OF THE U.S CONSTITUTION AND ANAYLZE WITH RESPECT TOEVOLUTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS” SUBMITTED BY SHREYA CHAURASIA L.L.M .I ST SEMESTER ROLL NO. 64 PRN-15010143064 [2015-2016] Introduction “No person shall...be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law... Amendment V Article [V] (Amendment 5 - Rights of Persons) No person shall be held to...
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