...Running head: PCOS, AN UNDER DIAGNOSED DISORDER PCOS, An Under Diagnosed Disorder Abstract A very common, but often under diagnosed hormone disorder is called Polycystic Ovary Syndrome also known as, PCOS. A positive diagnosis along with treatment can become the answer to many other health problems, including infertility, which may have plagued the patient. Purpose Statement Shows how PCOS, when diagnosed and treated properly can become the answer to many other health problems, including infertility, which may have plagued the patient. Statement of Qualification I bring knowledge to this study because I was diagnosed with PCOS 3 years ago at the age of 28. Having missed the proper diagnosis for the majority of my child-bearing years, I suffered from many of the symptoms that will be later discussed. I have since been under treatment and have found the answer too many of the health problems I had earlier in life. PCOS, An Under diagnosed Disorder In the medical field, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, also known as (PCOS) is a disorder of hormones that is rarely diagnosed. Many women carry out their lives with this disorder and are never treated for it. The disorder is common, affecting as many as one out of ten; however, this number may be higher due to under diagnosis. PCOS carries a wide range of symptoms and they vary from person to person. A few of these symptoms are obesity...
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...Infertility is a disease or a condition of reproductive system that interferes with the ability to conceive. In a society like Pakistan with conventional and extensive families, there is a lot of anxiety on the couple to have a baby. The main role of a woman is still seen to be one of perpetuating the family name. Hence, the analysis of infertility can be a mug on relationship, self-image, and sexuality. The occurrence of infertility has been noted to be greatly variable worldwide. In contrast, constantly an average rate of 10-15% has been quoted in developed countries [4, 6, and 7]. The incidence of infertility in Pakistan is quarterly noticed; in which majority suffer from secondary infertility as compared to primary infertility. [2, 3] Infertility can be classified as primary when...
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...NUR 641E Complete Class Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/nur-641e-complete-class/ Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Nurse Educators Discussion Questions week 1-8 Week 1: Question 1= Find an article on a genetic disorder and summarize in two or three paragraphs the genetic component causing the disorder and any multifactorial inheritance components that may contribute to the disorder. Discuss the usual age of disease onset and if the sex-specific threshold model fits the disorder. What education could you present to high-risk patients to reduce the risk of disease onset if a multifactorial component exists? Question 2= Genetic screening has become widely available to the public including prenatal screening of the fetus in utero to screening adults for genetic disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and breast cancer. Share your thoughts on the legal, ethical, and social implications that may be related to genetic screening. How would you educate your patient that is considering having genetic screening? Week 2: Question 1= Choose an FDA-approved prescription medication and discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the medication, including any differences that would be expected based on the patient's age, a condition of pregnancy, or lactation. Address any adverse effects the medication may have based on age, pregnancy, or lactation. Question 2= Active acquired immunity can be achieved through the...
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...factors that may be out of your control. Infertility refers to the inability to conceive a child naturally. About 10% of women (6.1 million) that range in the ages of 15-44 have fertility issues. But infertility isn’t just a woman’s problem. One-third of all infertility issues are due to issues with the man. One of those is called Azoospermia. In a normal male, the testicles in the scrotum produce sperm that flows through the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal ducts. Sperm mixes with fluid in the seminal ducts to form semen. Azoospermia is a condition where there are no sperm in the semen. Non-obstructive Azoospermia refers to abnormal sperm production and obstructive Azoospermia refers to normal sperm production with some sort of obstruction. Many years ago there wasn’t much hope for those with non-obstructive Azoospermia as it was thought they would never be able to conceive a child. Luckily with advancements in testing and diagnostic procedures it is now known that there is an equal chance of the capability of both non-obstructive and obstructive Azoospermia men to conceive child through IVF treatments. What is the treatment for Azoospermia? Is there hope for those men with Azoospermia? Does the diagnosis of Azoospermia rule out the chances of ever conceiving a child? Although diagnostic testing, treatment, surgery, and ultimately IVF may be emotionally and financially draining, the outlook for men with infertility problems is increasingly looking better. ...
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...Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic disorder where a male possesses an extra X chromosome on a XY background. This is caused by nondisjunction during meiosis which means that the chromosomes do not split properly. This syndrome clinically presents with tall stature, low testosterone, hypogonadism, delayed puberty and gynecomastia. It occurs in 1 out of every 1000 male births which is .1-.2% of the population. Diagnosis which is done by karyotyping is not usually done until puberty because most symptoms are mild until sexual maturity. The prognosis is good but the male may have an increased incidence of many disorders. In 1942 Dr. Harry Klinefelter and Dr. Fuller Albright were working at Massachusetts General Hospital when a patient named George Bland came into the hospital with symptoms including Gynecomastia, hypogonadism, tall stature, low testosterone, high FSH, and high LH. They had 9 other patients with the same or similar symptoms. Due to the abnormalities in hormone levels it was thought to be caused by an endocrine disorder. (Harry, K 1986) However in 1959 the XXY chromosomal abnormality was found to be the cause. The doctors then realized that the disease wasn’t endocrine but chromosomal even though it...
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...Anorexia nervosa or more commonly known as “anorexia” is an eating disorder in which individuals obsess about their weight and what they eat. Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of all mental illnesses (ANAD). People suffering from this disorder limit their calorie intake to less than healthy levels and are very particular about the kinds of food they eat. Anorexics struggle to maintain a healthy weight for their respective age, height, and stature. One defining trait of anoxia is intentional vomiting to purge the body of food to maintain a skinny figure. In female adolescents it is estimated that one percent suffer from anorexia. That means one out of one hundred women ages ranging from ten to twenty are anorexic (ANRED). Another...
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...construct. With this new understanding, physicians are forced to grapple with how to treat gender-variant patients both physically and emotionally. As many patients seek to match their bodies with their minds, at times risky surgical and hormonal treatments must be prescribed. The physician is forced to weigh the risks and benefits to the patient and oftentimes it is the physician's decision that will determine if the transgender patient will complete the medical part of his, her, or hirtransition, allowing the individual to continue living his or her life in a body congruent with his or her gender expression. The psychiatrist’s recommendation for SRS and hormonal treatment is imperative in the process and this paper will examine the ethical implications of the essential causal diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) and the recommendation of surgical treatment in order for patients to fit into the Western gender binary. A brief examination of co-morbidity of mental disorders and their affect on consent and provider views on competence and capacity are also warranted. Adolescent transgendered patients under the age of eighteen experience more difficulties with the sex reassignment process due to emerging autonomy and complications with adolescent assent, consent, and parental permission.The physician's consent has more weight in the absence of parental permission and in many cases transgender foster children and homeless teens must rely on recommendations from physician and mental...
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...Prader Willi Syndrome “Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare disorder present at birth that results in a number of physical, mental and behavioral problems. A key feature of Prader-Willi (prah-dur VIL-ee) syndrome is a constant sense of hunger that usually begins after the first year of life. People with Prader-Willi syndrome want to eat constantly and usually have trouble controlling their weight. Many complications of Prader-Willi syndrome are due to obesity. If your child has Prader-Willi syndrome, a team of specialists can work with you to manage your child's symptoms and reduce the risk of developing complications.” (Mayo Clinic Staff, 01 May 2013, page 1). “Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by a gene missing on part of chromosome 15. Normally, your parents each pass down a copy of this chromosome. Most patients with Prader-Willi syndrome are missing the genetic material on part of the father's chromosome. The rest of patients with this condition often have two copies of the mother's chromosome 15. The genetic changes occur randomly. Patients usually do not have a family history of the condition.” (Cooke DW, Divall SA, Radovick S, 07 May 2012, para. 2) “Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. Metabolism can be conveniently divided into two categories: * Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy * Anabolism - the synthesis of all compounds needed by the...
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...The case study is conducted on Brooke Shield an actress who suffers from postpartum depression, brought on after the birth of her child. Many women suffer from this illness causing them to have difficulties with bonding with their child, which in turn affects their everyday activities. Major DSM IV -TR Postpartum depression is defined as an intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression effecting women after the birth of a child, causing hardship on families, effecting jobs, relationships. This condition usually starts during pregnancy and last several months after a child has been born. Postpartum depression affects proximally 10-15 % of women. Women who experience this condition normal treatment would consist of medication such as Paxil, Zoloft to help stabilize the disorder. Women who have a family history of mood disorders are at a higher risk. Postpartum depression is recognized through the DSM if signs of depression start to develop prior to the birth of a child. These signs would include depression throughout one’s day, no interest in activities, inability to sleep, weight change, loss of energy, thoughts of suicide, and death. History of Brook Shield Brooke Shields, model, and actress was born in 1965 in New York, after her parents got divorced she stayed with her mother, but her father remained involved in her life. She started her career as a baby that brought her to the center of public attention. Despite her popularity, her mother tried to provide...
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...ATTITUDE AND INFERTILITY Infertility can have a serious impact on both the psychological well-being and the social status of women in the developing world. As a result of their infertile status, they suffer physical and mental abuse, neglect, abandonment, economic deprivation and social ostracism as well as exclusion from certain social activities and traditional ceremonies. This becomes particularly traumatic with previous pregnancies that end in abortions, stillbirths and neonatal/infant deaths or in live births of daughters only. A survey conducted in Southern Ghana revealed that the majority (64%) of women felt stigmatized, and that higher levels of perceived stigma were associated with increased infertility-related stress as well as lower levels of education, (Donkor and Sandall J., 2007). Insufficient family income, poor quality of life, life stress, and discontentment with daily routines as well as ‘bad’ relationships with family members (husband, mother- and father-in-law) are significant correlates of female infertility. Infertile women are more likely to underestimate the importance of sexual intimacy, and have a negative attitude towards sex, (Schmidt, 2010). Female infertility is associated with various social correlates leading to higher remarriage rates and to further complicating the problem of infertility. Thus, a correction of women’s basic attitudes and their relationships to their surrounding social habitat should be an essential component of any program...
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...Advanced Pathophysiology Case Study 6 Case Study 6 Scenario: John is a 4 year-old boy who was admitted for chemotherapy following diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). He had a white blood cell count of 250,000. Clinical presentation included loss of appetite, easily bruised, gum bleeding, and fatigue. Physical examination revealed marked splenomegaly, pale skin color, temperature of 102°F, and upper abdomen tenderness along with nonspecific arthralgia. Pathophysiology signs and symptoms The primary pathophysiological etiology for signs, symptoms and laboratory findings in 4 year-old John’s case study are secondary splenomegaly as a result of primary Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Because of its proximity to the diaphragm, splenomegaly results in pain or fullness in the left upper abdomen (subsequent tenderness and loss of appetite) that may spread to the left shoulder (non-specific arthralgia). Splenomegaly may result in anemia (bruising, bleeding gums, decrease in pallor) fatigue and frequent infections (4 year old John’s WBC 250, 000 count and fever 102°F). However, in John’s case, some of the symptoms related to splenomegaly can also overlap with those of his diagnosis of ALL such as fever and abdominal distention. Additionally, anorexia, headache, seizures, lethargy, arthralgia, infection, and bruising are also potential side effects (Ghazi et al., 2010). Pathophysiology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia-AML comparison According to Gedaly...
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...nervosa can be identified as a psychological illness which is capable of distressing physical consequences. Though the disease is a nutritious disorder, the media has contributed a greater part of the transmission and increasing emergence of illness in the society. The influence that the press impacts together with the proliferation of this disease cannot be ignored. This is evident through media house releasing messages and images to the public while emphasizing the concept that healthy people are thin. In the present century, it’s so hard not to be confronted with messages viewing ‘fatness’ as undesirable (Sakata, 1998). The bad news accompanying this belief is that it eventually reaches to the children and is bound to affect them...
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...thyroid hormone and signals the pituitary gland to make thyrotropin (TSH). The thyroid then adjusts its production of hormones based on the amount of TSH it receives. When the thyroid does not make enough hormones, hypothyroidism occurs. (Blanchard and Abrams-Brill) Simply put, hypothyroidism is the result of an underactive thyroid. Because the thyroid controls metabolism, regulates body temperature, affects body weight, muscle strength, energy level, and fertility (Sagmill, 206), an underactive thyroid can have significant effects on individuals who are diagnosed with hypothyroidism. There are an estimated 27 million people living with hypothyroidism, the majority being female. Women are nine times more likely to develop this disease, most cases occurring during the childbearing years. (Blanchard and Abrams-Brill, 1491) While not as common; men and children are still susceptible to the disease. After the age of 65, the number of men and women with hypothyroidism evens out. (Blanchard and Abrams-Brill, 2669) Due to the role iodine plays in conjunction with hypothyroidism, individuals living in iodine deficient areas are 10 to 20 times more likely to develop hypothyroidism. Pregnancy can also bring out gestational hypothyroidism in expecting mothers, roughly 1 in 50. (Everydayhealth.com)...
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...the hCG diet. He admitted that he never knew it was being dispensed for weight loss purposes. He mentioned that he frequently dispensed human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and knew of its use for the treatment of infertility, where it promotes ovulation. But weight loss? He confessed that he couldn’t think of a mechanism for how hCG could promote weight loss. So, he approached me (his biology/nutrition based friend) to see if I were willing to investigate this weight loss method for him. After some digging, I found a long, rich vein of pseudoscience that dates back decades, but was this method safe and effective? The Background: hCG is comprised of 244 amino acids. It is produced in large amounts in a pregnant woman’s placenta, extracted from her urine. Actually, its presence in urine signifies a positive pregnancy test. Historically, hCG is used, in part, for the treatment of infertility in females to help induce ovulation. Its use as a weight loss adjunct has roots that date back to the 1950s, when British physician A.T.W Simeons announced case studies of weight loss in patients given hCG. He combined a reduction diet (500 kcal per day) with daily injections of the pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (125 IU i.m.). According to Simeons the patient should not lose more weight during a 4-to-6 weeks' diet than without hCG, but the injections should facilitate to maintain the diet and to lose body weight at specific parts of the body (e.g. hip, belly, and thigh)...
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...Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging, or consuming a large amount of food in a short amount of time followed by an attempt to rid oneself of the food consumed, typically by vomiting, taking a laxative, diuretic, or stimulant, and/or excessive exercise, because of an extensive concern for body weight. Many individuals with bulimia nervosa also have an additional psychiatric disorder. Some individuals may tend to alternate between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Bulimia is also commonly accompanied with fasting over an extended period of time. These dangerous, habit-forming practices occur while the sufferer is trying to keep their weight under a self-imposed threshold. It can lead to potassium loss and health deterioration, with depressive symptoms that are often severe and lead to a high risk of suicide. Bulimia nervosa is nine times more likely to occur in women than men. The majority of those with bulimia nervosa are at normal weight. The majority, about 80 to almost 90 percent of individuals with bulimia are women. However, males do develop the disorder and some studies suggest that the prevalence among males is higher than previously believed. Among women, adolescents are the most at risk. A survey of 496 adolescent girls reported that more than 12 percent experienced some form of eating disorder by the time they were 20. Over the years the size and weight of the average woman has increased with improved nutrition, but there...
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