...Internationalization of SMEs Overview: 1. Introduction 2. Motivation for Internationalization of SMEs 3. Strategies for Internationalization of SMEs 4. Risks and Opportunities 5. Internationalization of SMEs – Best approach 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction In Europe companies with less than 10 employees are considered to be micro-firms, those with less than 50 employees are small-firms and those with less than 250 employees are considered as medium-firms. In the US however the size of small firms sums up to 100 employees and medium sized firms may have less than 500 employees. SMEs are key actors in the world economy because they are an important part of GDP and play a big role for employment. Since today’s world becomes more and more globalized it is important that firms can compete on an international level. Big enterprises often choose to internationalize their business but for them this process mostly isn’t as risky as for SMEs, because while big firms may lose parts of their firm budget if something goes wrong, SMEs have to fight for their existence and may disappear at all if they choose a wrong approach of internationalizing. Usually small start-up companies do not survive longer than the first 5 years therefore it is very important for SMEs to take the right steps in order to become successful. Motivations for Internationalization of SMEs There are different types of motivations for going international. These are...
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...Internationalisation of SMEs: Options, Incentives, Problems, And Business Strategy Mohd Khairuddin Hashim & Romle Hassan Faculty of Business Management University Utara Malaysia ABSTRACT Internationalisation presents firms with various opportunities to expand their business activities. The review of the small business literature however, indicates that as a field of study, internationalisation has not attracted much research attention, particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Malaysian context. This study initiated an attempt to address this issue. More specifically, the study strived to explore the internationalisation options, incentives, problems, and business strategy among manufacturing SMEs. INTRODUCTION Globalisation offers various internationalisation opportunities to not only large enterprises, but also to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Internationalisation provides firms with opportunities to expand their sales, lower their costs, and improve their profits. Although internationalisation presents firms with tremendous opportunities, the complexities and challenges of international marketplace appear to restrict their interest and frustrate their efforts at internationalising (De Noble et.al, 1989; and Burpitt and Rondinelli, 2000). 1 In the case of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), they seemed to be slacking in the area of internationalisation. In spite of the fact that international markets can provide them...
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... A) importing B) countertrading C) exporting D) freight forwarding Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Concept Objective: 1 2) Small and medium-size enterprises, such as SpinCent as seen in the opening case for chapter 13, account for ________ of all U.S. exporters. A) 38% B) 54% C) 79% D) 97% Answer: D Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Discuss the roles of exporting, importing, and countertrade in international business Skill: Concept Objective: 1 3) Which of the following best explains why SpinCent decided to export? A) growth opportunities in Asia B) labor demands in the U.S. C) declining tariffs in the EU D) promising market locations in South America Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Concept Objective: 1 4) Iverson Products is a U.S. firm that is considering expanding internationally by exporting. Which of the following is the LEAST likely benefit for Iverson? A) boosting marketplace flexibility B) improving economies of scale C) facing lower business risk compared to other foreign market entry options D) requiring fairly few resources Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Discuss the roles of exporting, importing, and countertrade in international business Skill: Application Objective: 1 5) Which of the following transactions refers to the purchase of goods or services produced by a company based in one country from sellers that reside in a different country? A) importing B) countertrading C) exporting D) freight forwarding Answer: A Diff:...
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...Innovation and internationalization through exports Author(s): Bruno Cassiman and Elena Golovko Source: Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 42, No. 1 (January 2011), pp. 56-75 Published by: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25790105 Accessed: 03-11-2015 10:14 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Palgrave Macmillan Journals is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of International Business Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 163.22.18.33 on Tue, 03 Nov 2015 10:14:08 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions of International Business Studies (2011) 42, 56-75 Sj? Journal HT* ? 2011 Academyof International reserved Business All rights 0047-2506 www.jibs.net Innovation through and exports Bruno Cassiman1,2,3 Elena Golovko4 and UESE Business School, Barcelona, Spain; Economics, Strategy 2Department of Managerial and Innovation, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; 3CEPR...
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...ENTRY STRATEGIES OF POLISH SMES TO FOREIGN MARKETS To: Prof. Ewa Baranowska-Prokop Ph.D. Performed by: Alexander Omelyashko 50803 Warsaw 2013 Entry strategies of Polish SMEs to foreign markets Introduction The number of SMEs operating on the international markets is constantly skyrocketing since friendly policy of the EU authorities towards small firms and diminishing barriers of the international trade. Nowadays the percentage of SMEs to the whole number of all enterprises is constantly rising, playing a decisive role in EU economic development and competitiveness: in the EU they constitute about 98% of businesses (more that 20 million SME’s), providing two thirds of the total employment and 80% of new created jobs. This number in Poland is high as well. According to surveys Enterprises give out more than 70 percent of all GDP, and 72 percent of them were SMEs, which are 99.9% of all enterprises. STRUCTURE OF GDP IN POLAND IN 2012 CUSTOMS 11% MICRO 32% ENTERPRISES 70% OTHERS 19% MIDDLE 11% SMALL 8% BIG 19% OTHERS CUSTOMS MICRO SMALL MIDDLE BIG The competition is harsh, and enormous number of new enterprises is coming up every year. Thus, no doubt that that is crucially important for an SME to choose the right entry strategy in order to operate the internalization process successfully. The appropriate entry strategy will have great consequences on the development of the firm, its revenues and the way it will hold on the stark market. It’s essential...
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...Enterprise (SME) Development in Bangladesh 1Business Feroz Ahmed1, *Md. Mizanur Rahman1, Monimul Haque2 Administration Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh 2Department of Finance and Banking, University of Rajshahi *mizanurku03@yahoo.com Abstract: Small and medium enterprises (henceforth, SMEs) play a key role in economic growth and industrial development of a country. They make vital contributions in improving economic and social sectors of a country through stimulating large scale employment, investment, development of indigenous skill and technology, promotion of entrepreneurship and innovativeness, enhancing exports, and also building an industrial base at different scales. SMEs worldwide have been benefited from the combined interactions of forces of product mix, location factors, and market advantages. However, evidences also suggest that there are cases of SME failures. Growth of SMEs is constrained by many factors. Many SMEs occasionally go on growing into large firms. This paper looks for identifying such constraints of manufacture based SME Development in Bangladesh. From the study, it has been identified that, lack of utility facilities, for example, electricity, gas and water, frequent changes of the prices of raw materials as well as shortage of raw materials, political unrest, high interest rate on borrowings, high transportation cost, lack of financing for ongoing concern, and inadequate infrastructure are the major constraints of manufacture based SMEs Development...
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...INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. 1.2. BACKGROUND ENVIRONMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF SMEs 3. ROLE OF ENTREPRENEUR 4. ENTREPRENEURSHIP. International 5. INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESSES. Theories. 5.1. 5.2. UPSALA MODEL. HECKSCHER-OHLIN MODEL 6. THE PROCESS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION 7. ENTREPRENEURIAL MARKETING 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. SWOT ANALYSIS MARKET ENTRY STRATEGY COOPERATION STRATEGY 8. TARGET COUNTRY 9. GEM 10. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 11. CONCLUSION 12. RECOMMENDATIONS 13. REFERENCES 1. INTRODUCTION: For this work I decided to open in France Cocoon clothing company, located in Granada, retailing, I have chosen these two countries because they are within the top 5 countries of the European Union in the textiles sector and are two major countries with major fashion catwalks. I chose this company because it is a small company, and is a women's clothing store that has clothes very hard to find in other stores. I chose the fashion industry especially because according to my previous studies I think it's an everchanging industry in terms of fashion and is an area in which the image is very important in Spain. Cocoon is a shop that sold clothing especially at night but you can also find jeans, skirts, blouses, accessories, handbags and more clothing at prices that will chord with our product quality. Cocoon is a very experienced workers and always try to help the customer find what you want, is a company with more than 16 years of experience in this sector. 1.1...
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...sector in Malaysia will be focused on. The scope of this report only covers the situation in Malaysia manufacturing environment and at the same time, it will explain some benefits that our nation can get from the cooperation with developed countries such as Australia and Japan. Manufacturing Sector in Malaysia and its Importance To start with, manufacturing sector in Malaysia contributes almost 80% of overall country’s export and besides, Malaysia also known as the 17th largest exporting nation in the world [1]. For that reason, Malaysia’s government has to work hard in order to maintain, preserve and enhance our manufacturing sector. From [1], it is stated that products manufactured in Malaysia are accepted in developed countries such as US, EU and Japan. This shows that our manufacturing sector already achieved a level that can be proud of. Due to exporting her product to other countries, Malaysia has to obey some regulations in a particular country. For example, Malaysia also exporting some of its product to Australia and according to [1], Australia is a very strict country especially in food handling and management. In order to export food products to Australia, Malaysia have to obey and fulfill all the Australian’s rules and requirements respectively. Fortunately, Malaysia’s government and her...
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...this market is dominated by a small number of large provincial monopoly retailers. The supply side comprises five substantial firms that account for ninety percent of total wine production and a large number of very small wineries. The Canadian competitive environment is characterized by strong historical reputations of (and consumer preferences for) Old World wines, economies of scale and technology associated with New World wines, (at best) stable per capita wine consumption patterns, rapid increases in both the number of domestic wineries and land under viticulture, and an inexorable shift within production to higher quality product. Accordingly, this paper advocates that the Canadian industry will need to accord a higher priority to exporting so as to find a destination for its increasing capacity, to reduce its vulnerability to domestic monopolistic clients, and to obtain yet greater credibility domestically. Currently, the value of imports of wine to...
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...Chapter THIRTEEN Export and Import Strategies Objectives • To introduce the ideas of export and import • To identify the elements of export and exporting strategies • To compare direct and indirect selling of exporting • To identify the elements of import and import strategies • To discuss the types and roles of third-party intermediaries in exporting • To discuss the role of countertrade in international business Chapter Overview The first part of Chapter Thirteen is devoted to an examination of export and import strategies. Table 13.1 identifies the steps to consider when developing an export (or import) business plan. Next, the roles of a wide variety of third-party intermediaries are discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the major issues related to export financing, including the use of countertrade as a form of payment mechanism. Chapter Outline OPENING CASE: Grieve Corporation—A Small Business Export Strategy A small firm located near Chicago, Grieve Corporation manufactures laboratory and industrial ovens, furnaces, and heat processing systems for the U.S. market. Grieve began losing business as (i) foreign competitors began to penetrate the U.S. market and (ii) its customers began to move overseas and started sourcing locally. With the help of the International Trade Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce, Grieve was able to identify potential Asian distributors. During a business trip to Asia, the...
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...Role of SMEs Export Growth in Bangladesh Md Shafiqur Rahman Senior Research Officer, Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry Abstract: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) occupy unique position in most of the countries especially in a developing country. They are a primary target for many countries desiring to stimulate economic growth and development. The SMEs sub-sector plays an increasingly dominant role in the technology assimilation and dissemination and in economic development in Bangladesh as well. The emphasis being put on the SMEs has increased greatly now that the time is coming nearer that Bangladesh will have to document its status of implementing actions to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) such as eradication of extreme poverty, sustainable industrial development and developing a global partnership for business competitiveness etc.. This paper attempts to render the fundamental concepts of right choice of export development strategy, and the level and process of problems in SMEs sub-sector. It explores the mode, mechanism and management of export growth for SMEs. 1.0 Introduction In Bangladesh, SMEs playing a significant role for the development of our economy by creating employment opportunity and producing important alternative machines and machinery parts for saving huge foreign currency for our country. So as a part of our development strategy, we should intensify our efforts to develop this sector to grow industrial base...
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...Sciences Date of submission Abstract Development in infrastructure limits the communication gap, speedy travel and low cost tariff barriers as well other drivers of globalization have made overseas markets easier to get small firms and gave more opportunities to SME´s internationalize. The market entry mode choice or selections have strong effect the success or failure of the company. For instance an insufficient or wrong entry mode selection can decrease opportunities and limit important choice for the firm and could lead to high financial loss as well as lose control on overseas market. The purpose of research study is to provide a deep and better understanding of the factors those effecting SME´s selection of market entry mode. Research question how can the influence of internal and external factors on the selection of market entry mode. A frame of reference led to the building of summary which in turn became the basis for data collection. Two qualitative case studies for Pakistani SME´s namely socks knitter Pakistan and RK International were undertaken. The main findings shows the clear link between the theories claim to be internal and external factors influencing market entry mode choice between SME´s. Key words: Small and medium enterprises, market entry mode, internationalization. Acknowledgement In the name of Allah, the most gracious and the most the most merciful The research study was done at the...
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...Acknowledgement We were given the opportunity to make a report on Export Strategy of Bangladesh. To complete the report we faced some obstacles, but managed to complete the case within the given time constraint. It would not have been possible without the guidance and assistance of certain people. At the very beginning I would like to express my gratitude to Almighty Allah for enabling me to prepare this report. I express my gratitude to Mr. ABM Siddique, for his kind permission to allow me for three months practical example. I am also thankful to all other departmental heads, official, teachers, for their sincere co-operation and support. Last but not the least; it would not be possible without the help of member of our group. This report is very much effective for a student to get the practical knowledge of the situation of export strategy in Bangladesh. Table of Contents |Sl. No. |Chapter |Topic |Page No. | |01 |One |Introduction |03 | | | |Background |03 | | | |Export policy of Bangladesh |04 | | | |Major Export...
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...SMALL and Medium enterprises (SMEs) have been playing a significant role for socio-economic development in all countries, particularly in the developing economies. In Asia, they play even a greater role as the sector constitutes about 98% of all enterprises, accounting for 30% of total employment and 30% of direct exports. However, SMEs face a plethora of challenges in terms of lack of access to information, technological disadvantages, lack of adequate finance and backdated marketing and managerial skills. Bangladesh, being one of the least developing countries and faced with several constraints, has not been able to meet the challenges in SME sector appropriately. This has deprived the country of the substantial benefits that could come from the SMEs through their contribution to overall development of the national economy. According to a study conducted by Canadian Integrated Development Association (CIDA), there are about 6.0 million SMEs in Bangladesh and among them only 27 thousand enterprises are ready to expand and export. SMEs contribute 50 per cent of total industrial output employing 82 per cent of industrial labour force. This statistics show that the productivity of labour is low as 82 per cent of workforce is producing only 50 per cent of output. Therefore, there is a high labour-capital ratio. Although Bangladesh is an overpopulated country with abundance of labour, a large portion of its total workforce still remains unskilled and semi-skilled. One of...
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...is international Business Key Concepts In International Business * International Trade - describes the exchange of products and services across national borders * Exchanges can be made through exporting or can also take the form of: * Importing or Global Sourcing - the procurement of products or services from suppliers located abroad for consumption in the home country or a third country. * International Investment - refers to the transfer of assets to another country or the acquisition of assets in that country. Economists refer to such assets as factors of production and they include capital, technology, managerial talent and manufacturing infrastructure. * Foreign Direct Investment - is an internationalisation strategy in which the firm establishes a physical presence abroad through acquisition of productive assets such as land, plant, equipment, capital and technology. It is a foreign-market entry strategy that gives investors partial or full ownership of a productive enterprise. * International portfolio investment - refers to the passive ownership of foreign securities such as stocks and bonds for the purpose of generating financial returns. International portfolio investment and foreign direct investment are the two essential types of cross-border investment. The Nature of International Investment Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the ultimate stage in internationalisation and encompasses the widest range of international business...
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