...How the UK economy has evolved and changed since 1970 Over recent decades, the structure of the UK economy has undergone significant transformation and experienced changes that go hand in hand with the process of economic growth and development. In the primary sector which Includes activities directly related to natural resources, e.g. farming or oil extraction, changes in resource availability initiated structural change, as happened so dramatically with oil in 1973 and again in 1979. Oil has had further indirect effects on the structure of the UK economy by means of the exchange rate. The development of North Sea oil production enabled the UK to be self-sufficient in oil by 1980, but also bestowed ‘petro-currency’ status on the pound. This meant that the sterling exchange rate was now responsive to changes in oil prices, which between 1979 and 1983 tended to keep the pound higher than would otherwise have been the case. The oil crises of the 1970s heralded the onset of long-term (youth and adult) unemployment and the decline of the domestic manufacturing sector. The overall downsizing and restructuring trend that followed was particularly noticeable in the manufacturing sector of the economy: a large proportion of operations that were traditionally carried out “in-house” were either contracted out or exported to areas of the world that offered substantially lower labour and/or running costs (Matlay, 2001). Throughout the 1979-1997 period, general and specific support aimed...
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...UK economy trend and retail market situation Distinctive feature of economic life in the UK at present time is a financial and economic crisis and its consequences, which took a severe stroke to banking system. Problems in the financial sector were followed by difficulties in other sectors of the economy, and as a result, production was reduced, unemployment was increased, consumer demand sharply was reduced, the real estate market was deteriorated, the British currency felt to its lowest level in 25 years. In the second half of 2008 UK economy entered a recession, and in the first half of 2009 UK GDP declined by 4.4% compared to the same period in 2008. However after the very strong downturn, UK's economy began to show signs of recovery since the second half of 2009. Macroeconomic statistics for 4th quarter of 2009 gave cause for optimism: the first time since the beginning of crisis weak growth of 0,3% had been recorded (Table 1.) Table 1. GPD Growth (www.statistics.gov.uk) |[pic] | Household Consumption first time after the crisis has become positive in Q3 of 2009 growing by 0.1% (Table 2.) Table 2. GDP by spending (Economic & Labor Market Review, Jan’10) [pic] The rate of inflation in UK has been slowed down in 2009 due to the decrease of demand caused by economic weakness. However there was sharp increase since...
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...seventh-largest economy in the world, has the second-largest economy in the European Union, and is a major international trading power. A highly developed, diversified, market-based economy with extensive social welfare services provides most residents with a high standard of living. The UK joined the European Economic Community (now known as the EU) in January 1973 and it is a founder member of the World Trade Organization. The United Kingdom is one of the world’s leading advanced economies. And it is the second biggest exporter of services in the global economy and ranked eighth in global exports of goods. The United Kingdom is the world's fifth-largest trading nation, highly dependent on foreign trade. It must import almost all its copper, ferrous metals, lead, zinc, rubber, and raw cotton and about one-third of its food. The United Kingdom's exports manufactured items like telecommunications equipment, automobiles, automatic data processing equipment, medicinal and pharmaceutical products and aircraft. Its main trading partners are European Union countries, The United States, China and Japan. United Kingdom is also the European Union's only significant energy exporter. It is also one of the world's largest energy consumers, and most analysts predict a shift in U.K. status from net exporter to net importer of energy by 2020, possibly sooner. Oil production in the U.K. is leveling off. Therefore, UK should export the oil energy from foreign countries. The economy of the United...
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...The UK is the 6th largest economy in the world according to GDP (current prices, US dollars) and the 8th largest in the world according to GDP (PPP). In 2012, the UK’s GDP (current prices) was $2.44 trillion and its GDP (PPP) was $2.336 trillion. For January to March 2014, the UK employment rate for those aged from 16 to 64 was 72.7%. The equivalent figures for the countries were 73.5% for Scotland, 72.9% for England, 70.0% for Wales and 67.8% for Northern Ireland. For January to March 2014, the UK unemployment rate for those aged 16 and over was 6.8%. The equivalent figures for the countries were 7.2% for Northern Ireland, 6.8% for both England and Wales, and 6.4% for Scotland. In 2009/10 to 2011/12, the annual average direct tax (such as income tax and National Insurance) paid by all UK households was £7,360 per household. By country, Scotland paid £7,056 per household, Northern Ireland paid £5,647 and Wales paid £5,564. In 2012/13, UK public sector net borrowing was £115.1 billion (7.4% of UK GDP), this excludes transfers related to the Bank of England Asset Purchase Facility and Royal Mail Pension Scheme. When these two transfers are included net borrowing was £80.7 billion (5.1% of UK GDP). These figures are for the same time period as the latest available figures for Scotland. At the start of 2013, Business Population Estimates showed that Scotland had the fewest registered private businesses per 10,000 adults in the UK at 740, followed by 753 in Wales, 785 in Northern...
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...Credible Keynesianism?: New Labour Macroeconomic Policy and the Political Economy of Coarse Tuning Ben Clift & Jim Tomlinson The article has been accepted for publication in the British Journal of Political Science © Cambridge University Press, 2006. Forthcoming, Volume 36 (2006). Material on these pages is copyright Cambridge University Press or reproduced with permission from other copyright owners. It may be downloaded and printed for personal reference, but not otherwise copied, altered in any way or transmitted to others (unless explicitly stated otherwise) without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Hypertext links to other Web locations are for the convenience of users and do not constitute any endorsement or authorisation by Cambridge University Press. Ben Clift, University of Warwick b.m.clift@warwick.ac.uk http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/staff/clift Jim Tomlinson, University of Dundee j.d.Tomlinson@dundee.ac.uk Abstract This article questions prevailing interpretations of New Labour’s political economy. New Labour’s doctrinal statements are analysed to establish to what extent these doctrinal positions involve a repudiation of Keynesianism. Although New Labour has explicitly renounced the ‘fine tuning’ often (somewhat problematically) associated with post-war Keynesian political economy, we argue that they have carved out policy space in which to engage in macroeconomic ‘coarse tuning’ inspired by Keynesian thinking. This capacity...
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... | | |UNIT NO | | |DM4X 10 | | | | | |UNIT TITLE | | |OUTCOME 2 | | |THE UK ECONOMY | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |...
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...goods prices. Primco also predict a medium-term government deficit reduction - the need for fiscal reform being agreed by all three political parties. One of the main focuses in the 2010 budget was support for small businesses. Clearly the need to help small businesses survive is essential for the future success of the economy. For example business rates are to be cut for one year, consequently 345,000 small firms will pay no business rate. This is likely to yield many positive externalities, investment will increase, actual output will increase closer to potential output and importantly employment should increase as the smaller firms have a greater profit margin from reduced overheads. Supply side policies are also predicted to be important in the immediate and long term future as the economy stabilises and recovers. One way of improving the long term stability of the economy is to increase education and training, to enhance Britain's flexible labour market. The only main policy in the budget 2010 was a one off payment to universities to provide more places for maths, science and engineering students. This is perhaps an indicator of what expertise the economy requires, a return to a more productive manufacturing...
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...UK manufacturing has been in relative decline since the 1960s. Manufacturing as a share of real GDP has fallen from 30% in 1970 to 12% in 2010. This essay answer looks at the reasons why, and how significant government policies are as a cause. Manufacturing plays a crucial role in the competitiveness of the UK economy. Despite this, for far too long government policy has neglected manufacturing. During this period of neglect British manufacturing firms have repositioned themselves away from price-based competition more towards forms of non-price based competitiveness. The recent re-shoring of manufacturing to the UK is the start of a much needed trend. The University of Birmingham is funding a two year research project entitled ‘Regeneration Economies: Transforming People, Places and Production’. This project is exploring new policy solutions that will support British manufacturing. There is a need to develop a much better understanding of regional and national economies. High value manufacturing firms no longer sell products, but many solutions combine manufactured products with embedded services. Thus, a manufacturing policy must be simultaneously a service policy. There is a need to encourage universities and colleges to provide courses that blend technical training with an understanding of services, this is where the government comes in, by making these changes to education The Regeneration Economies project is also exploring major developments in engineering that have the...
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...of the last 100 years, the UK remains a relevant western power in today’s world. The reason for this are varied between their political and legal history, social environment and economic status in today’s world. Political and Legal History Prior to 1707, the nations that currently make up the UK were each separate states. On May 1, 1707, the UK was formed by the unification of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Wales by the Act of Unions (Duncan 2010). This act formally joined all three kingdoms located on the British Isle under the same crown and government, with England remaining the most powerful entity within the UK. Also formed under the Act of Unions was the Parliament at Westminster, the UK’s main political body and rough equivalent to the United States’ Congress (Duncan 2010). Nearly 100 years later, the kingdom of Ireland joined the UK under the Union with Ireland Act of 1800 (Office of Public Sector Information). While Ireland would remain a part of the UK for over 120 years, they would leave the UK on December 6, 1921 as part of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (Factindex.com 1). During Ireland’s exit from the UK, the subdivisions of Ireland had to each approve the move to leave the UK. Because of this, some of the territory of Northern Ireland refused to approve this measure, and returned to the UK two days later (Factindex.com 1). Today, the territories of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland make up the UK. Prior to 1945, the UK was one of the most active...
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...its impact on the UK economy is one that has been widely discussed over the years, given the significant economic effects it imposes on both parties involved. The UK taking up its membership into the EU in 1973 following its establishment in 1967 enabled vast benefits of free trade to be shared amongst members of this trading bloc. However, over a quarterly time series from 1999 to 2014 the UK has been noted to have run a relatively large balance of trade deficit in terms of its trade in goods with the EU (see figure 2), and as such lays emphasis on the UK’s lack of competitiveness, specifically in its manufacturing industry. The importance of the EU has increasingly become more significant in terms of the UK’s total economic activity, generated through trade transactions. Figure 1: ONS As seen in figure 1, there has been a downward trend in the transaction with the EU expressed as a percentage of UK GDP, falling by 231.25% from Q1 of 1991 to Q4 of 2014. In relations to the total trade in goods with the EU, there has generally been a deficit, which increased by 874.9% from 1999 to 2014. From figure 2 it can be observed that the largest deficit of -£21500m occurred in Q4 of 2014 and the lowest in Q4 of 1999. Figure 2: ONS The persistent balance of trade deficit seemed to be a result of imports from the EU to the UK exceeding exports. This could be the case as the percentage increase in exports from transactions made by the UK to the EU was only...
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...Evaluate the view that an increasing deficit in UK trade in goods is a major problem for the UK economy. A trade deficit is a situation in which the amount of imports being purchased by the country is greater than the exports being produced A fall in exports for the UK could have many effects on the UK. One of which is a negative impact on aggregate demand. Judging by the equation AD=C+I+G+X-M so if X decreases so will AD. There would be a fall in national output; this would create a multiplier effect on incomes and spending. Inturn this could cause a slow down in the economy or a recession. Also the actual GDP could fall below the potential GDP. This would happen because the AD would fall so companies start to lay people off so unemployment would rise. It would have a massive effect on businesses because it would hit their profits and therefore their business confidence. Government finances would also be affected because if there is slower growth they would receive less money in tax revenues, they would also have to spend more on welfare benefits so national debt would be ever increasing. Finally some areas are more dependant on exports than others. For example the north is more dependant than the south so it could worsen the north south divide. If there is less demand the incentives to investment in order to get ahead of competition isn’t as good so company wont invest in more capital or research and development. The lack of AD can lead to plant closures and job...
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...-Firstly it can benefit the uk economy -this in turn benefits the individual within the UK Point 1 -Increased trading oppurtunities for uk companies, potentially leading to a more balanced UK -Due to the UK have a large export market for innovation and ideas as new country’s develop this market may increase as more firms may want to use their ideas, however this may also produce a much fiercer competition and other country’s will begin to develop their own ideas and their export market could decrease. China is becoming much more innovative and can use its own cheap manufacturing base giving them a large competitive advantage which the UK may not be able to exploit as easily if the economy continues to grow -less developed countries which often supply will gain more power over buyer so cheap production may be less available pushing up uk general prices causing inflation, Chinas cheap manufacturing may become more expensive Point 2 -Individual -Increased exports as a result of more trading opportunities may increase employment opportunities for individuals as more production is needed to supply for other countries -philips curve, increased employment may lead to inflation making UK prices more expensive, however inflation does also trigger a devaluation of the pound boosting exports more which can boost the economy and make the UK richer and more competitive in the export market which could increase the individuals standard of living. A richer economy is likely to mean there...
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...OBJECTIVE TO KNOW THE CUSTOMER PREFERENCE TOWARD THE CADBURY’S CHOCOLATES. TO KNOW THAT THE CONSUMERS ARE FULLY AWARE ABOUT THE CADBURY’S CHOCOLATES. Introduction The Cadbury’s Inc has taken the opportunity to offer us a broader view of chocolate category. The Cadbury India’s no.1 Chocolate is able to share with their market insights based upon unparalleled breath of chocolate experience. Cadbury has grown from strength to strength with new technologies being introduced to make the Cadbury confectionary business, one of the most efficient in the world. The merge in 1969 with Schweppes and the subsequent development of the business have led to Cadbury Schweppes taking the led in both, the confectionary and soft drink market in tech UK and becoming a major force in the international market. Cadbury Schweppes today manufactures product in 60 countries and a trade in staggering 120. The Cadbury story is a fascinating story of a family business that grew in one of the biggest, most loved chocolate brand in the world. A story that you will remember as the story of “The taste of life”. Milk chocolate for eating was first made by Cadbury in 1897 by adding milk powder paste to the dark...
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...MAPPING – UNDERSTANDING CREATIVE INDUSTRIES. The case of UK Author: Vusal Baghirov E-mail: vusal_baghirov@yahoo.com Mobile: +37060491037 Supervisor: Jekaterina Kartasova Mykolas Romeris University Faculty: Social Technologies Table of contents I. Introduction 1.1. Introduction to research problem. 1.2. Research question. 1.3. Relevance of study. 1.4. Structure of the research work. II. The economy. The creative sector and its spatiality: the case of UK 2.1. Defining Creative Industries 2.2. Characteristics of Creative Industries 2.3. Nature of Production and Provision of Goods and Services 2.4. Creative Industries Employment 2.5. Urban Environments and Creative Industries 2.6. The culture-economy nexus 2.7. The creative sector as a production system 2.8.1. Local production clusters for global distribution networks 2.8.2. High rate of new business creation 2.9. The spatial dimension of the cultural production 2.10.1. The concept of cluster 2.10.2. Types of cluster 2.11. The creative economy as part of the knowledge economy Conclusion Reference list Introduction Creative industries are now more and more promoted as an important component of the “new economies”, which will drive the future economic growth. The economic development debates have now shifted from discussing countries to most often seeing urban areas as the drivers of countries economies and a blooming creative economy is frequently named among necessities for fostering...
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...purpose of an organisation can differentiate hugely depending on why they were set up. Examples of this would be that Starbucks operate to make a profit, whilst Help for Heroes on the other hand does not as it is a voluntary organisation. There are many different types of organisations serving different purposes to meet a variety of needs. There are three predominant classifications of industry in which organisations operate dependent on its purpose. These are the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. The primary sector involves making direct use of natural resources and obtaining raw materials. In contrast the secondary sector produces manufactures goods. This is the process by which everything is put together. The tertiary sector of the economy is...
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