...Understanding the Research Process PSY/300 Understanding the Research Process 1. What hypothesis did Medvec & Colleagues set out to test in their first study of the “near miss” phenomenon? Describe the theory associated with this hypothesis. • In the summer of 1992, Medvec &Colleagues set out to test satisfaction after the Olympics competition. Based on “if only thinking”, they wanted to know if the person who won third place would be less upset than the person who won the second place. The Olympic competition was recorded, giving the opportunity to watch on slow motion. With the slow motion strategy, they were able to observe facial reaction of the gold, silver and bronze medalists. • The Phenomenon “near miss” or theory that Medvec and Colleagues were associated, tested how a person could react, or feel after a situation is altered or any other situation occurs. 2. Identify the variables in the study and describe how they were measured. How did the researchers operationalize affective response upon winning a bronze or silver medal? • The measure used on this study was recorded on a tape from the moment the participants were on the stand to receive the mdeal. It seems there were two kind of settings, such as unplanned emotions and counterfactual thinking. Measuring the two variables provided an insight on how the competitors felt and reacted. How different the silver medalist felt and reacted from the bronze competitor...
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...University of Phoenix Material Understanding the Research Process Resources: Ch. 1, 2, and & 7 of Psychology This required Portfolio assignment will provide you with the opportunity to practice and hone your research skills. It has been designed to help you think scientifically about real world problems and issues and to apply your knowledge of the research process to various topics in Psychology. This assignment accomplishes that goal by challenging you to: • Differentiate between the common use of the word research and the use of the word research in the social and behavioral sciences • Identify the major steps in the research process using a classic study in Psychology as an example. Part I: Defining Research The word research is used in many different ways. Consider the following examples: • Your friend tells you that he intends to research different hair products before deciding on one to buy. • A real estate agent advises you to research home values in your neighborhood before putting your house on the market. • A police officer reports that she is doing ‘some research’ on possible motives for a crime that was committed. • A writer states that he does ‘extensive research’ before beginning his fictional works. Answer the questions below: 1. How is research defined in the social and behavioral sciences? Behavior science is area of the science which concerns with the studying of human and animal behaviors...
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...1. How is research defined in the social and behavioral sciences? Behaviorists (or behavioral) perspective also called behaviorism, focuses on the way objects or events in the environment (stimuli) come to control behavior through learning. Thus, the behaviorist perspective focuses on the relation between external (environmental) events and observable behaviors (Kowalski & Westen) 2011 while social science researchers require an acknowledgement of how individuals relate with society; studies the human society and individual relationships in the interior and to society. 2. What makes scientific research different from the examples provided above? In your response, be sure to address the characteristics of ‘good’ psychological research. Scientific research involves the use of the scientific method, wherein data is collected by empirical methods, and then statistically tested to prove or disprove the hypotheses. “The traditional concept of scientific method involves five steps, generally in the following order. 1. Theory construction 2. Derivation of theoretical hypotheses 3. Operationalization of concepts 4. Collection of empirical data 5. Empirical testing of hypotheses Part II: Understanding the research process Researchers in Psychology follow a systematic process of investigation. Carefully read Chapter 2 of your textbook, paying special attention to the section on Experimental Research. Then go to Chapter 7 in your textbook and read the...
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...Understanding the Doctoral Research Process Julia Coy-Ybarra Northcentral University November 24, 2013 Understanding the Doctoral Research Process An obvious factor in understanding the doctoral research process is having chosen the right academy to pursue the doctorate. Other deciding factor are the reference resources that are easily accessible to the student—a Writing Center and a Library database. The ultimate decision is choosing the right specialization program. Once these are done, what follows are organization, commitment, and dedication to the doctoral process. Introduction Following university standards is the threshold to acquiring a doctorate. Hence, these standards are the Academic Integrity Guidelines, APA writing standards, understanding the function of the School of Education, and the online function of your Academic Advisor. An online commitment to pursue a Doctorate is a very solitary commitment. The process will fail to provide any personal face-to-face interaction between student and mentor, between student and advisor, bantering with colleagues, or befriending the Dean of the School in any way but grades. Consequently, the student must make a commitment and prepare for this singular or introverted activity. The Research Process Nevertheless, in order to fully understanding the research process of the doctoral process, one needs to select a topic that...
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...In order to understand what the business research process is, it must be defined. The business research is a process in which information can gathered and used to help determine how successful an organization will be in a given industry or field. The business research process helps aid with market research and helps the organization to completely and efficiently formulate and define its objectives. The business research process has several key objectives that are defined in Chapter 4 of our course textbook. The objectives for the business research process include: Understanding that research is decision and dilemma-centered; Understanding how the clarified research question is the result of careful exploration and analysis and sets the direction for the research project; Understanding how value assessments and budgeting influence the process for proposing research, and ultimately, research design; Understanding what is included in research design, data collection, and data analysis Understanding which research process problems organizations should aim to avoid. Dependent upon an individuals line of work, they should want to use the business research process as the first and foremost reason to do their research and help to cut down the degree of danger of various business decisions made by the organization or manager(s) within the organization. I work for one of the largest retail organization's...
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...communication competencies has not been explored in depth particularly in the direct selling context in Malaysia. To understand the direct sellers’ communication competencies, a conceptual framework will be built based on related literature studies. Literature reviews have shown a variety of studies on communication competencies from the behavioral and cognitive perspectives. Although numerous studies have provide understanding of communication competence in various context, there is a gap in viewing communication competencies in a more dynamic context, particularly in the process of communication of direct sellers with their potential customers. This paper attempts to discuss the importance of a dynamic research related with communication competencies by developing a conceptual framework for a direct selling as a communication process. INTRODUCTION The key purpose of this paper work is to discuss the need of developing a conceptual framework for studying communication competencies of direct sellers in Malaysia. Research on...
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...Research Process and Terminology CJA 334 University of Phoenix HOPE TYEHIMBA Different research methods used today play a very important role in the criminal justice system. Using effective methods gives people the ability to open and close cases. People interested in the criminal justice field have the ability to use wide ranges of research methods at their disposal. Research Process and Terminology I. The research process consists of multiple steps and sub-steps for an effective outcome. For an accurate result, one must try to avoid biases and pursue accuracy in his or her research to produce an accurate result. The research process begins with a theory. According to Hagan (2010), theories “are usually general or broad statements regarding the relationship between variables. A theory does not necessarily have to have proof to back it up, following steps in the research process can give credence to a theory and may be able to prove the theory to be fact. A theory can transition into a hypothesis, which according to Hagan (2010), “are specific statements regarding the relationship between variables and are derived from more general theories”. The next steps in the research process are research design and data gathering (Hagan, 2010). A researcher can choose between an experimental and a non-experimental approach, whether to examine individuals or...
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...Research Process and Terminology Paper 334 CJA June 13, 2011 Research Process and Terminology Terminology in any profession is key to understanding what is being done and why. Many professions have their own way or methods of research. Not knowing the proper terminology can affect one’s job. One’s that know the terminology and methods have a wide range throughout their job when evaluating and analyzing research. Research is the process of collecting and analyzing information, and includes any gathering of data, information, and facts for the advancement of knowledge. Once the professional has become familiar with the terminology used in the research process, the professional will be able to provide technical reports, academic concepts, and provide the discoveries of his or her research. When does research process begin? It begins with problem formulation. Problem formulation is to review, selection, and specification of the area to be investigated. Researchers organize research by formulating and defining a research problem, which is the main issue of the research in most cases. Before attempting to solve a problem, researchers must first define the problem as in any problem. The more difficult it is to define the problem, the harder he or she has to try. Once the problem formulation is complete, researchers can stay focused on the research process. Second is research design. Research designs are the type of experimental or non-experimental...
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...in week five. Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., Ryan, F. (2007), Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 1: Quantitative research. British Journal of Nursing, 16(11), 658-663. This article provides a step-by-step approach to understanding research terminology and provides the nurses with a basis for understanding quantitative research. The article points out that being able to read nursing research is the first step in incorporating evidence based best practices into nursing care. As referred to in the article, each stage of the process must be thoroughly examined and this article walks the inexperienced nurse through the process. Duffy, J. R. (2005). Critically appraising quantitative research. Nursing & Health Sciences, 7(4), 281-283. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2005.00248.x Critical appraisal of quantitative research is important to evidence-based practice. It allows a clinician to determine whether a study is scientifically rigorous. This article describes critical appraisal as a careful process of judging the worth of a quantitative study that guide clinical decisions, as well as a structured approach for understanding the strengths and weaknesses of a study. The author describes the process of implementing research appraisal. The author also provides multiple links to critical appraisal tools. Flemming, K. (2010). Synthesis of quantitative and qualitative research: an example using Critical Interpretive Synthesis. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 66(1), 201-217...
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...Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts: Part 1 RES/351 January 12, 2015 Amy Ginsburg Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts: Part 1 The research designs of quantitative or qualitative are methodologies used to measure information that is collected through various means of questioning. In the peer reviewed research articles summarized below, each methodology is utilized to collect the required data in similar business problems. Quantitative is used to help understand the attitudes of the employees at a company in India, while the qualitative methodology is used to obtain an in-depth understanding of employee business awareness. In the research article entitled, “What makes employees stay?: Exploring the dimensions in context of urban-centric business process outsourcing industry in India”, the author attempts to show why the current employees of the company choose to stay, helping overall retention. The author explains that the approach being used to collect the data will consist of a questionnaire or survey, by a large group of employees. This questionnaire measured the employees’ attitudes towards the “importance of the factors responsible for their sustenance in the organization” (Santoshi, 2013). While a questionnaire would be utilized to aid in the main data analysis, a telephonic interview would also be incorporated to help substantiate the data gathered. During this questionnaire process, simple random sampling would be used to gather...
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...Chapter 9 Understanding the Report Process and Research Methods Chapter 9 Understanding the Report Process and Research Methods Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identify the characteristics of a report and the various classifications of business reports. Apply steps in the problem-solving process and methods for solving a problem. Use appropriate printed, electronic, and primary sources of information. Demonstrate appropriate methods of collecting, organizing, and referencing information. Explain techniques for the logical analysis and interpretation of data. Chapter Overview After having studied informal communications including letters, memos, and electronic communication, students seem to understand the objective and formal nature of reports simply because of the contrast. Chapter 9 follows a sequence that begins with report characteristics and then covers the four steps in problem solving. Methods of research are presented, with considerable attention given to sampling and designing survey instruments used in normative surveys. Information is included for locating both printed and electronic sources of information. Chapter Outline CHARACTERISTICS OF REPORTS 140 Types of Reports 141 Proposals 143 BASIS FOR REPORTS: THE PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS 143 Recognizing and Defining the Problem 143 Selecting a Method of Solution 145 Collecting and Organizing the Data 149 Arriving at an Answer 155 Key Terms Analytical report 142 Experimental research 148 ...
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...Chapter 1 Summary Creswell (2013), in his book Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design begins the first chapter with an introduction to qualitative research and the purpose for writing the text. He states his primary purpose for writing the book is “to examine five different approaches to qualitative inquiry – narrative, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case studies – and put them side-by-side so that we can see their differences” (p. 2). As a result, the text differs from other books on qualitative research, which normally begin with a single approach to qualitative inquiry. Creswell’s (2013) rationale for this is so reader can have a greater understanding of each of the approaches, how they apply to the research process, and the differences and similarities between each approach. This particular edition is the third edition of the text. As a result, Creswell (2013) made a number of changes from previous editions. For instance, the information on philosophical assumptions has been reworked in chapter two, and ethical dilemmas are in various phases of research are addressed in chapter three. Additionally, chapter four has a section added addressing the area of “defining characteristics” while chapter five had some changes in illustrations used (p. 3). Portions of the book were simplified, and the matter of technological advances in research have also been addressed. Lastly, thought provoking exercises where added at the end of each chapter, and references...
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...Stages in Critical Reading of Research Articles |Stage |Purpose |Activities or Critical Questions | |Previewing and |Judging if the study or |Check the authorship credibility. | |determining legitimacy |article is high quality and | | | |legitimate |Is the work peer reviewed? | | | | | | | |Is there a bibliography or reference list? | | | | | | | |Is the research timely or current? | |Preliminary understanding |Skimming or quickly reading |Is the research question significant to your study? | | |to gain familiarity with the |Highlight or underline main steps in the research process. | | |content and layout of the |Make notes (comments, key variables...
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...protection of the rights of clinical research subjects revolves around the concept respect for persons and the provision of informed consent (Belmont Report, 1979). Legal and ethical policies and guidelines enforce that research participants give informed consent prior to voluntary enrollment in a research study (Code of Federal Regulations,1999). However, the informed consent process presents some major challenges for study participants and research staff. Several papers have addressed problems with the current process. Brady (2003) identifies the following issues: subject’s hesitation to ask detailed questions, variable presentation of the content, and difficulty verifying the subject’s comprehension. Also, a survey performed by Center Watch in 2002 found that 14% of subjects did not read the consent before signing it and a high percentage of volunteers admitted to not fully understanding the risks and not knowing what questions to ask. The concept of “therapeutic misconception” (Joffe, Cook, Cleary, Clark, & Weeks, 2001) in research is another problem that has received much attention in both legal and bioethics literature. It is important that potential subjects are aware that participation in clinical research is not the only therapeutic alternative for them (Horng & Grady, 2003). Lack of subject understanding and comprehension is compounded by busy physician schedules and increased patient volumes in private practice and clinical research. This causes a time constraint...
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...Proceedings: International Conference on Transfer of Forest Science Knowledge and Technology Communication Barriers to Applying Federal Research in Support of Land Management in the United States Vita Wright1 Abstract Barriers to effective communication between researchers and managers can ultimately result in barriers to the application of scientific knowledge and technology for land management. Both individual and organizational barriers are important in terms of how they affect the first three stages of the innovation-decision process: (1) knowledge, where an individual is exposed to innovation and develops an understanding of how it works; (2) evaluation, where an individual evaluates advantages and disadvantages and forms a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward innovation; and (3) decision, where an individual engages in activities that lead to a choice to either adopt or reject the innovation. Communication studies provides insight into potential influences to the communication and use of research results by federal land managers. Effective communication refers to the development of a common understanding between the research communicator and the manager or practitioner about both the existence and utility of an innovation. Communication research reveals that people frequently report leaving the same encounter with different perceptions of that encounter. So, it is not surprising that a scientist presents results in what they perceive to be clear terms and then...
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