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...Institute University of Oxford 1 St Giles Oxford OX1 3JS United Kingdom 19 August 2010 A report prepared for UNESCO’s Division for Freedom of Expression, Democracy and Peace. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNESCO or its Division for Freedom of Expression, Democracy and Peace. Preface As stated in its Constitution, UNESCO is dedicated to “Promoting the free flow of ideas by word and image”. Part of this mission, therefore, is to promote freedom of expression and freedom of the press through sensitization and monitoring activities, as a central element in building strong democracies, contributing to good governance, promoting civic participation and the rule of law, and encouraging human development and security. Media independence and pluralism are fostered by the Organization, providing advisory services on media legislation and sensitizing governments and parliamentarians, as well as civil society and relevant professional associations. However, UNESCO recognizes that the principle of freedom of expression must apply not only to traditional media, but also to the Internet. Providing an unprecedented volume of resources for information and knowledge, the Internet opens up new opportunities for expression and participation and holds enormous potential for development. This comprehensive research publication...
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...Malaria is the leading death, illness, and poor growth in developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is a parasitic disease spreading through mosquito bites that involve high fevers, flu-like symptoms, and death. The World Health Organization (2012) reported over a million deaths are attributable to Malaria and 90% of all deaths caused by the disease occur in sub-Sahara Africa. According to the 2012 report from the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimation of 600,000 deaths occurs every year in Sub Sahara Africa, in which a child dies each minute. These young victims are mostly children under five years of age. Many techniques have been put into place to help eradicate the disease, but a lack of well-targeted education systems, which is one of the most effective tools, remains a serious challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa Despite the availability of such many strategies, there is a need to propose a new study that will outline how we can make significant difference in the education systems by the way we use Mobile Technology. Summary To ensure the management, and control of the disease, the data collection will help determine if the disease has a direct correlation to the level of social education, to the lack of adequate resources, good governance in the political arena, lack of Health care services or the financial burden from the affected families? In combination with other research, the recommendation provided by this study will help sustain economic and social...
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...The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article XXVI: Right to Education The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted in 1948 and one of the articles, article XXVI deals with protection of the fundamental rights, right to education: (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. The right to education is a universal right and is recognized as a human right. It includes the right to free, non biased and non political primary education for everyone, to make secondary education at least accessible to everyone and make access to higher education. The right to education also provides the obligation to avoid discrimination at all educational levels and to improve quality of education. Furthermore, the European Court of Human Rights defined „education...
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...follow as scheduled. From the 7th week, the assigned students are expected to present their findings on the selected topic. The class discussion will be followed after the students' presentation. 2. References Kim, Young Hoon. 2013. Understanding World Heritage in Korea: From Dolmen Tombs to Heaven’s Gate. Seoul: Jimoondang. Kim, Young Hoon. 2014. Understanding Korean Everyday Llife. Seoul: Jimoondang. Kim, Choong Soon. 2007. Kimchi and IT: Tradition and Transformation in Korea. Ilchogak Publishing co., Ltd. The Center for Information on Korean Culture. 2006. Exploring Korean History through World Heritage. Hollym Corp., Publishers. Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea, http://english.cha.go.kr/ UNESCO World Heritage, http://whc.unesco.org/ UNESCO Memory of the World...
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...An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.[1] When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application. Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject. The terms précis or synopsis are used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an "abstract". In management reports, an executive summary usually contains more information (and often more sensitive information) than the abstract does. SEMIABSTRACT. : having subject matter that is easily recognizable although the form is stylized pertaining to or designating a style of painting or sculpture in which the subject remains recognizable although the forms are highly stylized in a manner derived from abstract art. International Painter David S. Painter (born 1948) is an associate professor of international history at Georgetown University. He is a leading scholar[1] of the Cold War and United States foreign policy during the 20th century, with particular emphasis on their relation to oil. Educational and career Painter studied history at King College (BA 1970), Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar (BA 1973), and the University...
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...------------------------------------------------- Guillermo Orozco Gómez (Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, 1954) Es licenciado en Ciencias de la Comunicación por la Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara Doctor en Educación por la Universidad de Harvard. Es miembro de la Academia Mexicana de Ciencias y del Sistema Nacional de Investigadoresnivel III. ha desempeñado como coordinador del grupo de trabajo sobre estudios de la recepción de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Investigadores en Comunicación fue catedrático de la UNESCO en las ciudades de Bogotá y Barcelona. Actualmente es jefe del Departamento de Estudios de la Comunicación Social de la Universidad de Guadalajara. es un académico mexicano enfocado en los estudios sobre recepción de los medios y alfabetización audiovisual. Audiencias Orozco introdujo la idea de audiencias segmentadas en lugar de un televidente imaginario único. Para las empresas de medios, la audiencia se define como un conjunto de cifras que representan a la sociedad de acuerdo con su exposición y sus preferencias. Para los anunciantes, son los consumidores potenciales de los productos a quienes se debe persuadir para la compra. * Orozco apunta que, desde una perspectiva de la comunicación, la audiencia son sujetos comunicantes capaces de escuchar, leer y ver de forma inteligente, crítica y productiva; aunque también son capaces de desconectarse del mundo. * Para él, la audiencia también es un grupo de sujetos culturales...
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...CHAPTER 2 2.1 International guidelines USA Heritage Documentation Program Secretary of the Interior’s Guidelines for Architectural and Engineering Documentation (USA) state the following guidelines on how to produce architectural and engineering documentation. The Guidelines are organized as follows: Definitions. The following definitions are used in conjunction with these guidelines: Documentation—measured drawings, photographs, histories, or other media that depict historic buildings, sites, structures, objects or landscapes. Field Photography—photography other than large-format photography (usually 35mm), intended for the purposes of producing documentation. Field Records—notes of measurements taken, field photographs and other recorded information intended for the purpose of producing documentation. Large-Format Photographs—photographs taken of historic buildings, sites, structures, objects, or landscapes where the dimensions of the negatives are either 4″ × 5″, 5″ × 7″ or 8″ × 10″ and where the photographs are taken with appropriate means to correct perspective distortion. Measured Drawings—drawings produced according to HABS/HAER/HALS guidelines depicting existing conditions or other relevant features of historic buildings, sites, structures, objects or landscapes. Written Data—inventory forms, data sheets, historical reports, or other original, written works of varying...
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...volcanic crater are thought to be the reason for such a high number of land animals having been fossilized. It wasn’t until 1875 that the first fossil, a crocodile, had been discovered. Since then, numerous fish and sea creatures, thirty one plant species, 45 mammals, and 43 species of bird have been discovered. Some even had stomach contents and tissue still intact. There is no doubt that the area is extremely important to the world of science. In 1971, the Messel Shale Pit almost became a waste dump, but thankfully the plans for the dump fell through. It wasn’t until 1991 that the site was purchased by the Hessen State for over 35 million marks. The site had contributed so much to science and education due to the fossil findings, that the UNESCO, or United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, declared it a world heritage site in 1995. It was the first and only site to have ever been declared such strictly due to its fossils. The site is still being excavated today, and is also considered a tourist attraction in the area. There is also a museum that can be visited...
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...Challenges and opportunities in recovering looted relics ----Starting from the auction in Paris of two Chinese bronze animal heads Introduction On February 25th, 2009, Christie’s, as the world’s largest auction house, proceeded the sale of two bronze animal heads, which were initially owned by China but lost in time of war, in Paris from the collection of the deceased fashion designer Yves St Laurent, fuelling great wrath of Chinese people. A NGO called APACE, together with a newly-established group of Chinese lawyers, applied to the “Tribunal de Grande Instance” (a court in Paris) for the “property preservation” of the two relics in order to sabotage the auction, yet the litigation was rejected since the judge held that the complainant doesn’t have the direct claim right. [1] Besides, Chinese government and individual collectors like Cai Mingchao also made their move against this auction, but China still scarcely makes any material progress in the restitution of the looted legacies throughout. [2] Such case reveals great challenges for countries like China to get back missing or stolen artefacts due to multi-faceted legal problems, and their harvests are often not in proportion with efforts paid. On the other hand, propelled by a huge profit, illegal antique trade has been showing a rampant trend in recent years. Its annual turnover is the second highest in all illegal dealings, merely lower than drug trade. [3] Given the lax law system on the protection of cultural relics...
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...UNESCO The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is an agency within the United Nations that is responsible for promoting peace, social justice, human rights and international security through international cooperation on educational, science and cultural programs. It is based in Paris, France and has over 50 field offices located around the world. Today, UNESCO has five major themes to its programs which include 1) education, 2) natural sciences, 3) social and human sciences, 4) culture, and 5) communication and information. UNESCO is also actively working to achieve the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals but it is focused on achieving the goals of significantly reducing extreme poverty in developing countries by 2015, developing a program for universal primary education in all countries by 2015, eliminating gender inequalities in primary and secondary education, promoting sustainable development and reducing the loss of environmental resources. History of UNESCO The development of UNESCO began in 1942, during World War II, when the governments of several European countries met in the United Kingdom for the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME). During that conference, leaders from the participating countries worked to develop ways to reconstruct education around the world once WWII was over. As a result, the proposal of CAME was established that focused on holding a future conference in London for the establishment...
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...THE RELEVANCE OF INDIGENOUS CUSTOMARY EDUCATION PRINCIPLES IN THE FORMULATION OF SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION POLICY BOAZ Paper presented at the Fourth International Special Education Congress, Birmingham, 10-13 April 1995 University of Manchester School of Education April 1995 THE RELEVANCE OF INDIGENOUS CUSTOMARY EDUCATION PRINCIPLES IN THE FORMULATION OF SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION POLICY Joseph Kisanji INTRODUCTION The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education adopted at the World Conference on Special Needs Education in June 1994 reaffirmed commitment of the world community to “Education for All” and urged governments to “give the highest policy and budgetary priority to improve their education systems to enable them to include all children regardless of individual differences and difficulties”. The United Nations (1994) in its “Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities” urges Member States in Rule Number 6 to ensure special needs education “is an integral part of the education system”. These statements in support of the “Education for All” campaign which was given the blessing of the international community at the 1990 Jomtien Conference provide broad guidelines for national and local action. However, national governments have to unpack the guidelines to make "Education for All" a...
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...September 8 was proclaimed International Literacy Day by UNESCO on November 17, 1965. It was first celebrated in 1966. Its aim is to highlight the importance of literacy to individuals, communities and societies. On International Literacy Day each year, UNESCO reminds the international community of the status of literacy and adult learning globally. Celebrations take place around the world.[1] Some 775 million adults lack minimum literacy skills; one in five adults is still not literate and two-thirds of them are women;[2] 60.7 million children are out-of-school and many more attend irregularly or drop out.[3] According to UNESCO’s "Global Monitoring Report on Education for All (2006)",[4] South and West Asia has the lowest regional adult literacy rate(58.6%), followed by sub-Saharan Africa (59.7%), and the Arab States (62.7%). Countries with the lowest literacy rates in the world are Burkina Faso(12.8%), Niger (14.4%) and Mali (19%). The report shows a clear connection between illiteracy and countries in severe poverty, and between illiteracy and prejudice against women. Celebrations of International Literacy Day have included specific themes, in line with Education For All goals and other United Nations programs such as the United Nations Literacy Decade. The celebration's theme for 2007 and 2008 was “Literacy and Health”, with prizes awarded to organizations at the forefront of health education.[5] This was also the thematic emphasis of the 2007-2008 biennium of the United...
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...author is given. Referring to it, N. V. Varghese is a professor whose publication covered from scheme of education, financing and quality. He was also in charge of the Educational Planning Unit at NUEPA (New Delhi) and now is Head of Governance and Management in Education at IIEP. Recently, he focuses on the fields of institutional reorganizing of higher education and private higher education. These main areas are closely related to the topic of text. Based on these information, it can be stated that the paper is authoritative. * Reliability / Validity The paper contains five tables to illustrate comparison clearly. These data comes from three different sources: a. UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) which is an office collecting cross-national statistics on education, culture, science and technology of UNESCO (an educational department of UN). b. USDC (United States Department of Commerce) which is the Cabinet department mainly focusing on promoting economic growth of the United States government. c. The Earth Times is a website providing latest environmental news, journals and blogs written by voluntary expert writers on the internet. UIS and USDC are reliable international and national data sources, however it is claimed that visitors also could contribute their own news to the Earth Times as comments. Additionally, although the organization code of the website is ‘.org’ which means it is a non-governmental and non-profit making organization, they are seeking for advertisement...
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...UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION EDUCATING FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE A TRANSDISCIPLINARY VISION FOR CONCERTED ACTION EPD-97/CONF.401/CLD.1. November 1997. Original: English. Also available in French and Spanish. Other language versions are foreseen. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF UNESCO EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION I. WHAT IS ‘SUSTAINABILITY’? * BEHIND THE HEADLINES * Population * Poverty * Environmental degradation * Democracy, human rights and peace * Development * Interdependence * NORTH-SOUTH DIFFERENCES * TOWARDS A DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABILITY * A dynamic balance * An emerging vision * EDUCATION: THE FORCE OF THE FUTURE II. PUBLIC AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING: THE FUEL FOR CHANGE * THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION * CONFRONTING VESTED INTERESTS * COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES * COMPLEX MESSAGES * THE MESSENGERS * REASON FOR OPTIMISM III. REORIENTING EDUCATION TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABILITY * IMPORTANCE OF BASIC EDUCATION * WHAT CHANGES DOES SUSTAINABILITY REQUIRE? * Curriculum reform * Structural reform * EDUCATIONAL REFORM: A CASE STUDY * REFORM AT DIFFERENT SCALES * CONTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION * INTERDISCIPLINARITY IV. SHIFTING TO SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLES: CHANGING CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION PATTERNS * INDIVIDUAL CHOICES AND LIFESTYLES * COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAKING ...
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