...PHOTOCATALYSIS AN OVERVIEW1 Radwan A. Al-Rasheed Saline Water Desalination Research Institute Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) P.O.Box 8328, Al-Jubail 31951, Saudi Arabia e-mail: rdc@swcc.gov.sa ABSTRACT Photocatalysis process, as an environmental application is a relatively novel subject with tremendous potential in the near future. This paper describes the basics of heterogeneous photocatalysis, mainly on TiO2 and the application of photocatalytic processes to water purification and treatment. The paper also reviews more than 50 references covering the wide scale of heterogeneous water phase applications. Finally, a short review of more interesting practical application of photocatalysis for the removal of natural organic matter from seawater is presented. 1. INTRODUCTION Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a rapidly expanding technology for water and air treatment. It can be defined as the acceleration of photoreaction in the presence of a catalyst. The initial interest in the heterogeneous photocatalysis was started when Fujishima and Honda discovered in 1972 the photochemical splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen with TiO2 [18]. From this date extensive work has been carried out to produce hydrogen from water by this novel oxidation reduction reaction using a variety of semiconductors. In recent years interest has been focused on the use of semiconductor materials as photocatalysts for the removal of organic and inorganic species from aqueous or gas phase. This...
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...Nike Inc. Nike’s Unethical Business Practices Nike’s Unethical Business Practices Love those Nike shoes your wearing? Have you ever thought how they were made, who made them, and at what price they were made at? I bet you probably don’t. I bet that you see those Nike shoes at the store, and think to yourself, “oh I like those shoes, I have to have them,” and then buy them. What you don’t know is that those pair of shoes you just bought were probably made in a third world factory by employees who are probably working in harsh working conditions. These factories are not owned and operated by Nike, but contracted by Nike. Nike chooses to locate the majority of their production in such countries because of the abundance of cheap labor. Nike contracts factories around the world in effort to get the best product for the cheapest price made, without concern for contracted factory employee. Nike has not been concerned about what goes on in these factories only that the product is made, because Nike is not in the business for Human Rights, they’re in the business of athletic shoes sales. The Ethical Dilemma Nike has been accused with human rights violations. The charges that were made against Nike include the following: the use of child labor in factories, unsafe working conditions including exposure to toxic chemicals and the use of machinery without the proper safety precautions, pay below minimum wage and forced overtime hours. The contracted factories Nike uses to produce...
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...pay for advertising aimed at persuading young people not to smoke. • Cigarette selling should be prohibited in public places rather smoking should allowed in some restricted places only. • Not only should admit or defence the marketing code rather they should go for a accommodation or proaction. • They should maintain their marketing code in such a way so that their competitors become influenced to follow their own marketing codes too. • By no means, discrimination can exist. Meaning, company should promote its business or maintaining its marketing codes in possible fairways across the world. • They should arrange employee seminars to create consciousness among them so that their basic instinct will hold them from wrong doing or unethical issues. • In order to create more consciousness among the human being, they should have mandatory seminars to let their consumers know about the consequences of being tobacco addictions • Arrange a TV program and telecast it on national TV channels focusing on the consequences of smoking habits and other effects of tobacco addiction. • Stop direct or indirect advertising at a public place and their current advertising policy should be more effective. • Global pressure groups can play a major role and therefore BAT’s activities can be accountable to these pressure groups. • In order to promote their business activities they should arrange social welfare programs as a tool rather sponsoring in music events or sports. • Tobacco company...
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...Introduction All of companies should be use the ethical decision to development their business on the right way because it’s a behavior of company showing to the publics and also responsible to social or public. The decision of company might be influence the company and public if they are taking the unethical idea to run for business. Therefore, the decision makers have to consider the benefits of company and to avoid the bad influence for public before make any decision. Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is a well known fast food brand in the world; it was founded by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1952. (KFC.com) KFC is a chain restaurant in the world to selling fried chicken to customers; it has more than 11,000 branches in more than 80 nations over the world. The products of KFC selling are fried chicken, nudges, sandwiches, desserts, salads and so on. In addition, KFC not only selling the food also selling the service to customer to attract them comes to having meal at there. Kentucky Fried Chicken is one of the well-known fast food restaurants in the world. It operates in 74 countries and territories throughout the world. KFC began with Colonel Harland Sanders. He discovered his penchant for cooking when he was only 9 years old. Through the years he grew up to become a personage the world knows as Colonel Sanders, founder of KFC. KFC has more than 11,000 branches in more than 80 nations and territories all over the world. KFC now regarded as the most chicken restaurant chain...
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...A revised standard for forensic accountants APES 215 Forensic Accounting Services (Revised December 2013) January 2014 Publication No. 14-01 1 2 2 Introduction APES 215 Forensic Accounting Services (Revised December 2013) Lawyers and barristers working with forensic accountants, and in particular those acting as Expert Witnesses, should be aware that the existing standard, APES 215 Forensic Accounting Services (‘APES 215’ or ‘the Standard’) has been revised. The revisions are designed to ensure the provision of quality and ethical Forensic Accounting Services. In this issue of Forensic Matters, Fionna Oliver-Taylor, a director in our Melbourne office, discusses the key revisions to APES 215, which include: • Guidance on the types of services that constitute Forensic Accounting Services. • Extending the definition of Expert Witness to include Members ‘otherwise obligated’. • Expert Witnesses may provide opinion or Other Evidence. The revised Standard The Australian Professional and Ethical Standards Board (‘the APESB’) revised APES 215 last month (December 2013) to replace the existing standard which was originally issued in December 2008. The revised Standard is effective for Engagements1 or Assignments2 commencing on or after 1 April 2014, with earlier adoption permitted. The revised Standard: • provides assistance to determine whether a particular service is a Forensic Accounting Service and if so, what type • requires the explicit identification of...
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...“Problems to solve by lucy kellaway & the Financial Times” Do I have to invite co-workers to my wedding? This is a very interesting question. When you see it if no one asks you to think about it one is likely to think “what a stupid question, that has an obvious answer”, but you would be wrong. A person that works in a company will most likely spend more time there then at home. It shouldn't be to much of a predicament if the person holding the wedding gets is friends with everyone at work, which might happen if you work for a small company, and the work space consists of a small work force. What if you don’t like some one in your work place? or even if one feels that the time they spend with their colleagues is more then enough? It really depends on the person who is about to take the ultimate step in a relationship. One can invite everyone and just have to deal with those who are not to their liking, which will prevent any future resentments. One can invite just the ones they get along with, this with the notion that others will find out about the happening, and might result in future quarrels in the future. A politically correct approach can be taken by not inviting their co-workers to the wedding using the expenses as an excuse. As a person that has never worked in an office environment, and hasn’t even pondered on the idea of getting engaged, it is hard to considered the approach that I would take. Based on school environment birthdays, I believe if I was eccomicly...
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...The issues that our company has to address is setting up a for profit business in a place where there are the many disasters and calamities that are affecting the area. Another issue is that there are environmental elements that cause damage to the island which can in turn jeopardize the economy due to the fact that the majority of the resources that are used to support the country come from agricultural means. Along with the many instances of environmental threats, there are also external and internal disasters that have affected the island. Upon arrival I am greeted with the aftermath of a set of disasters that has recently ailed Kava. The objective of the company is to set up business here and in doing so give some of what has been taken away back to the country. This is easily said than done. There are a lot of things to consider in solving the problem. The main concentration at this point will be organizational processes, human resources, and ethics. The organizational processes of the company are to flow together to do the best thing for the people involved in the company while also making profit. In order for us to be successful, our organizational processes need to aim for the most beneficial way to introduce and do business here in Kava. Having the company here will help to bring in a new additive to the economy. There will be new area of work opened to the people here The decision-maker weights the previously identified criteria in order The various key...
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...going to be put under the microscope, divulging into the many aspects and rules of an expert witness and the opinion they give. A In the Criminal Procedure Rule, it terms an expert witness a person who is required to give expert evidence for the purpose of criminal proceedings, including evidence that is to determine the fitness to plead or for the purpose of sentencing. For example one may call on a police officer that is experience in collision investigations may offer his expert opinion on how the accident transpired. There are also times when an expert witness is not required, where a judge or jury can form his or her own views and inferences without the help of an expert. Expert witnesses can be called to testify on a variety of issues, such as DNA analyses, engineering, architecture, handwriting, fingerprints, psychologists, pathologist, etc. “When knowledge of a technical subject matter might be helpful to a trier of fact, a person having special training or experience in that technical field, is permitted to state his or her opinion concerning those technical matters even though he or she was not present at the event.” Expert witness will give an opinion of the facts that are presented in the relevant court case. It is known as...
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...CREATING SHARED VALUE BUSINESS POLICY ASSIGNMENT - 2 Executive Summary Creating Shared Value - Reinventing Capitalism By Michael Porter & Mark Kramer According to Michael Porter and Mark Kramer, "Creating Shared Value" can be defined as Policies and operating practices that enhance the competitiveness of a company while simultaneously advancing the economic and social conditions in the communities in which it operates. The concept of shared value which focuses on the connections between societal and economic progress has the power to unleash the next wave of global growth. Shared value involves creating economic value in a way that also creates value for society by addressing its needs and challenges. The purpose of the corporation must be redefined as creating shared value, not just profit per se. This will drive the next wave of innovation and productivity growth in the global economy. Moving Beyond Trade‐Offs Solving social problems has been ceded to governments and to NGOs. Corporate responsibilities programs a reaction to external pressure have emerged largely to improve firms’ reputations and are treated as a necessary expense. Fair trade aims to increase the proportion of revenue that goes to poor farmers by paying them higher prices for the same crops. Though this may be a noble sentiment, fair trade is mostly about redistribution rather than expanding the overall amount of value created. The Roots of Shared Value A business needs a successful community...
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...Social Problems in Societies Caroline Muthoni Kagane Kenyatta University Social Problems in Societies. A social problem is an issue that has an impact on members of society. It either affects members directly or indirectly. These are problems that a community agrees to be acceptable or unacceptable. Things like abortion, poverty, drug abuse and domestic violence can be listed as examples of social problems (Linda, David , & Caroline , 2012). Drug abuse is excessive, irrational and self-damaging use of a substance resulting to continuous craving, psychological damage, illusion or death. Drug abuse is a societal problem mainly affecting the youth both in school and out. Most youths engage in drug abuse out of peer pressure from friends who recruit each other into cults. The use of drugs in societies is high where the level of literacy is low. Nana (2006) notes that learned youths who are struggling to find good job after they are through with their education, get frustrated and engage themselves in use of drugs. This is one of the major problems in many societies where people cannot find job that match their level of education hence find comfort in use of drugs. Easy availability of drugs in today’s society makes it effortless for many people to get access to drug resulting to even small children using drugs. There are so many outlets where people can get drugs at a cheaper price hence so many people engaging themselves in drug abuse (Bosco & Moses...
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...A social issue (also called a social problem or a social ill) is an issue that relates to society's perception of people's personal lives. Different societies have different perceptions and what may be "normal" behaviour in one society may be a significant social issue in another society. Social issues are distinguished from economic issues. Some issues have both social and economic aspects, such asimmigration. There are also issues that don't fall into either category, such as wars. Thomas Paine, in Rights of Man and Common Sense, addresses man's duty to "allow the same rights to others as we allow ourselves". The failure to do so causes the birth of a social issue. Personal issues versus social issues[edit] Personal issues are those that individuals deal with themselves and within a small range of their peers and relationships.[1] On the other hand, social issues threaten values cherished by widespread society.[1] For example, the unemployment rate of 7.8 percent[2] in the U.S. as of October 2012 is a social issue. The line between a personal issue and a public issue may be subjective, however, when a large enough sector of society is affected by an issue, it becomes a social issue. Although one person fired is not a social issue, the repercussions of 13 million people being fired is likely to generate social issues. Caste system[edit] Caste system in India resulted in most oppressed Untouchables on earth for the past 3000 years . UK recently banned caste system[1] and US is...
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...the ordinary lay person enabling him/her to give testimony regarding an issue that requires expertise to understand. Experts are allowed to give opinion testimony which a non-expert witness may be prohibited from testifying to. 2. Both sides had to bring in experts in regards to the chemicals that the wells were contaminated with. Then they had to bring in experts in ground water movement, they had to prove chemicals were dumped, and had to prove the chemicals made the people sick. Proving of causation was the reason why so many experts were called on. Every aspect of the evidence had to be proven to be as solid as possible to be allowed in court. 3. Hydrogeologist, Geologist, Engineering Geologist, Soil scientists, Geochemist 4. The first issue is money. Experts are paid for their time and even though it creates a substantial incentive for the expert to advocate a party's position that is not supported by available research and data. This problem is particularly acute with the professional witness, who makes her living testifying as an expert. A professional witness is highly motivated out of self interest to develop relationships with lawyers because those relationships are the expert's lifeblood. The more effective the expert is in advancing the lawyer's case, the greater the likelihood the expert will be retained again. The Safeguards of the Adversary System is the second issue. The jury is not competent to resolve inconsistencies in expert testimony...
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...Social Problems Holly Regan HSM/240 January 17, 2014 Terra Harris Social Problems Some words may have alternate meanings, become more defined or even more complex within the context of human services. The definition of problem within the context of human services has a few specific meanings such as any specific thing, matter, person, or situation that is difficult to deal with, solve or overcome and a source of perplexity, distress or vexation. According to our text it states an example of the defined word and its proper use, which can and will vary according to the circumstances of the problem. An example could be by identifying drug abuse by noting the use, intentional exposure to, or ingestion of any illegal chemical substances used in a nonmedical way, (Chambers and Wedel, 2005). This also can be defined in another way people are more prone to hearing and can identify better with, addiction; the problem would be better known as addiction instead of using. The definition of policy within the context of human services is a program of actions adopted by the individual, government agency or organization or is based on the specific set of principles, a specific course of action or a selected method chosen from alternatives as a guide to determine present and future decisions along with a plan which embraces the general goals of acceptable policies and procedures. The example of proper use of policy involving a drug addict leads most often to a situation needing...
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...Forensic Psychology Abstract: U.S. Supreme Court Rules in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael Case (No. 97—1709. Argued December 7, 1998–Decided March 23, 1999) On March 23, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, No. 97-1709, that all types of expert evidence are subject to the relevance and reliability ‘gatekeeping’ function that the Supreme Court had articulated with respect to scientific evidence in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). The Court further held that trial judges have substantial discretion or ‘considerable leeway’ to determine how to evaluate relevance and reliability and to make a determination on whether to admit the expert evidence. While this decision will make it more difficult when judges are hostile to the type of expert testimony being offered by plaintiffs, there were some helpful aspects to the Court’s opinion that lawyers for plaintiffs should know and emphasize: • The Court rejected arguments that all, or even one, of the four Daubert factors (testing, peer review, error rates, and scientific acceptability) must be satisfied for the testimony to be admissible, noting that even in scientific evidence cases the Daubert factors ‘do not all necessarily apply’; • The Court endorsed the idea that expert testimony from reliable fields of study that conforms with the standards used in that discipline should be admissible (In doing so, the Court was allowing...
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...by Mr Hawchar and procedures that Dasreef could take in reducing the risk of injury. The case originated in the Dust Diseases Tribunal where the judge relied on the estimate of the expert evidence in calculating the levels of silica Mr Hawchar was exposed to. This led to a finding that the level of exposure exceeded the applicable standard and was appealed by Dasreef before the Court of Appeal as to the admissibility of the expert’s report. The Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal on the basis that the estimate provided in the report was drawn from the expert’s experience, and thus admissible. The admissibility issue of the expert evidence was then brought to the High Court before the judges, French CJ, Gummow, Hayne, Crennan, Kiefel and Bell JJ with Justice Heydon dissented from the majority. It should be noted that the majority analysed the admissibility issue under the Evidence Act while Justice Heydon took a different approach by taking into account the common law requirements. The following sections discuss the admissibility requirements identified by the High Court. Relevance According to paragraph 31 of the case, the majority stated that the relevance of the expert evidence...
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