...Abstract This paper investigates the unethical practices of mortgage brokers, spurred on by an overzealous government, that have resulted in the collapse of the housing market and the subsequent decline of the American economy. It also reviews the proper role of subprime mortgages in the market as well as an analysis of the systemic effects of the subprime mortgage market on the global economy. Introduction The problem to be investigated is how the subprime loan market influenced the market collapse of 2008. The unethical practices of mortgage brokers, spurred on by an overzealous government, resulted in the collapse of the housing market and the subsequent decline of the American economy. This in turn affected worldwide markets and has led to instability throughout the world as countries scramble to shore up their economies with loans and bailouts. Ethics of Subprime Mortgage Brokers While the ethics of subprime mortgage brokers can certainly be questioned, they cannot take the brunt of the blame for the crisis that befell the economy beginning in 2007-2008. Economist Lawrence White attributes the financial collapse of 2008 with the political effort to expand home ownership to those people who were not qualified under traditional market constraints (Yandle, 2010, p.346). Nevertheless, the attractiveness of the subprime loan market to brokers cannot be denied as the significant growth of that market between the years of 1994 and 2008 was accompanied by an increase...
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...How Business Ethics Relates to Subprime Mortgage Market By Wanda Thibodeaux, eHow Contributor Many people have lost their homes as a result of unethical suprime mortgage practices. The ability to have a home of your own in the United States typically depends on your ability to repay a mortgage, since most Americans don't purchase their homes outright. Because not everyone has perfect credit, a section of the mortgage industry involves subprime loans. In the wake of the mortgage and foreclosure crisis that began in 2007, the ethics of those in the industry is under scrutiny. Other People Are Reading How Do Subprime Loans Affect Business Growth? Code of Ethics for Business in the Philippines Print this article Subprime Mortgage Definition A definition of subprime mortgage is necessary to understand the relationship between the industry and ethics. Subprime mortgages are mortgage loans lenders provide only to those whose credit disqualifies them from receiving the best (prime) interest rates a lender can offer. A subprime mortgage by definition means that lenders work with those with a lesser ability to pay. Roughly 25 percent of all mortgages are subprime, according to Thomas Kostigen of the Wall Street Journal's MarketWatch website. Fiduciary Duties and Ethical Problems Businesses typically operate under fiduciary duties, or obligations. These fall into two broad categories of loyalty and care. These duties essentially stipulate that a businessperson should...
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...Angelo Mozilo, founder and Chairman of Countrywide Financial Corporation, the driving force behind the company’s zeal to become the largest real estate mortgage originator in the United States. The same zeal leads to the company’s collapse and led to an extraordinary collapse of the US housing market. Mozilo and partner, David Loeb, founded Countrywide in 1969 in New York with the strategic intent of creating a nationwide mortgage-lending firm. The company opened a retail branch in California in 1974 and, by 1980, had 40 offices in eight states. In 1981, the pair launched a securities subsidiary, which would, specialized in the sale of mortgage-backed securities (MBSs). By 1985, Countrywide’s annual loan productions topped d $1 billion. This all took place on the backs of a booming U.S. housing market bubble which began in 1994 and ended in 2006. By the time of David Loeb’s death in 2003, the company’s annual mortgage originations reached to more than 2.5 million. The company’s financial services division originated more than 2.2 million loans totaling $408 billion by 2006. By 2007, the company had 661 branches in 48 states. Bank of America purchased the company in July of 2008 in a $4 billion all-stock transaction. How It All Started Because we live in a capitalist society, money is the driving force behind all of our daily living activities. Without money, it would be difficult to purchase much needed necessities such as food and clothes. One of the main necessities...
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...Subprime Loans - The Under-The-Radar Loans That Felled a Market The problem to be investigated is the ethical challenges for both lenders and borrowers that were the result of the exponential growth in the subprime loan market. The subprime mortgage market grew from $34 billion to $401 billion between 1994 and 2004 (Jennings, 2012, p. 434). The U.S. subprime mortgage crisis, fueled by record mortgage delinquencies and home foreclosures, and the subsequent collapse of mortgage-based securities followed by collateralized debt obligations (CDO’s), led to the financial crisis in the late 2000s. This paper will explore the impact of the subprime mortgage crisis on society and will discuss the roles government, corporations and individuals played. This paper will also offer suggestions on responsible behavior to prevent a recurrence. – Good introduction The History of Subprime Mortgages-- Good -- use one section heading for each question asked in assignments like this that have questions. The deregulation by the Federal Government of the banking industry starting in the 1980s is identified by many experts as responsible for setting in motion the events that resulted in the subprime mortgage crisis. A collision of unintended and intended consequences – regulation, greed, uninformed consumers. Subprime loans have been around for a long time. However, they were never meant for borrowers with less than stellar credit nor as primary loans – good point. ARM, balloon payment...
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... The Great Recession | The Repeal of Glass-Steagall | | Kevin P. Dugan | 12/19/2012 | | Dear Mr. Speaker, Right up until October 29, 1929, most investors and speculators, many of whom worked for private financial institutions, were riding a Bull Market, believing that Wall Street would continue to rise and see gains indefinitely. This lead many of these speculators and banks to engage in high risk investments that exposed not only their private holdings to increased risk but also those savings of individual citizens who had deposited their money with these institutions because they believed their money to be safe. On September 18, that all changed as the stock market crashed, causing a large percentage of Americans to lose much if not all of their savings and investments. During the years prior to the onset of the Great Depression, the market was on what seemed to be a constant uptick, with gains being realized daily in most cases. During these years, many private banks began investing in the securities market. The Free Dictionary (2012) states that, “Beginning in the 1900s, commercial banks established security affiliates that floated bond issues and underwrote corporate stock issues. (In underwriting, a bank guarantees to furnish a definite sum of money by a definite date to a business or government entity in return for an issue of bonds or stock” (para. 3). While loaning money to business for the issuance of stocks and bonds in the company...
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...Introduction Within the subprime mortgage loan system which involved a relationship with brokers, lenders, and potential homeowners, many seemingly unethical practices were forged in the name of American families and individuals attaining part of the “American Dream” of owning a home. While this may neither have been the direct fault of neither party, each engaged in less than moral actions that played a part in the subprime mortgage crisis. Thus, the problem to be investigated is whether or not these ethical violations ultimately led to the fall of the subprime market by causing a catastrophic domino effect on all stakeholders involved. The article Subprime Loans- The Under-the-Radar Loans That Felled a Market by Marianne M. Jennings will be used to investigate this problem. Ethics of brokers and the isolation of individual ethical choices According to Jennings (2010), the subprime market offered a vast source of wealth to lenders because of the hassle-free and lenient criteria for qualifications for potential home owners (p. 434). As a result, lenders attracted mortgage brokers that engaged in questionable ethical practices such as using the same applicant for more than one application, processing numerous applications out of greed, and even committing fraud (Jennings, 2010, pp. 434-435). The first unethical decision brokers made was to offer loans to applicants they knew would not qualify for loans under normal circumstances. Potential homeowners expected brokers...
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...24 September 2010-WEEK SIX Case Study Six Coping with Financial and Ethical Risks at American International Group (AIG) I. Introduction American International Group (AIG) a leading American insurance organization operating in 130 countries. Established in Shanghai, China by Cornelius Starr; Starr was the first to sell insurance to the Chinese. In the 1960s Starr handed control of AIG to Maurice Greenberg who remained the company's chief executive officer until 2005. II. Response to Question #1 If the corporate culture of AIG was a contributing factor in the downfall of the company, Maurice R. "Hank" Greenberg would have to be placed under the microscope and thoroughly examined as he would be held liable for creating such a culture. Maurice R. Greenberg was the chairman of the American International Group from 1968 to 2005, during which time he built the small insurance company into what became the world's largest insurance and financial services corporation (Times, 2010). From its beginning, AIG was at the front of the line in regards to the Global Market. Global business practices were embedded into the framework of the corporation and allowed AIG to conduct business successfully overseas. The company found its new home in New York in the 1940s and continued to operate fairly in the insurance market. When Greenberg took over as CEO, the company was not performing well. This forced Greenberg to adapt a win at all cost approach to business. Although his concepts...
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...when analyzing business ethics. Difference between “lawful” and “ethical” Many business professionals who are confronted with problems regarding their business activities will justify their decisions based on the legality of the ensuing actions. The fact that a particular action is legal might be enough for an individual to remove herself of any responsibility for negative consequences that might result. This leads to an incorrect thinking that because the legal systems allows it, unethical behavior cannot occur. “Lawful” does not always mean “ethical.” In 2006, Nike Inc. contracted with a supplier to make its soccer balls. The soccer balls were manufactured in Pakistan before they were sold to Nike, who would then market and sell the product worldwide. Many criticized Nike for its soccer balls being manufactured in Pakistan because child labor was being used for the production line in Pakistan. Of course employing child labor in the United States, where Nike is incorporated, is illegal but American child labor laws differ from Pakistani child labor laws. The child labor used for such production fell within Pakistani laws, so Nike purchasing these soccer balls from its supplier was not illegal under the Pakistani legal system. Later on, this...
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...Running head: CAUSE OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE UNETHICAL BUSINESS THAT LED TO IT Final Paper James Smith Hodges University GEB/PAD 6376 Dr. Forrer Week Due: 14 Due: 08/14/2011 Submitted: 08/10/2011 INTRODUCTION (Part 1) Why has the unemployment rate been above 12 percent for the last several years? Why have so many prior successful businesses closed in the last four years? Why have so many major corporations and publicly traded companies filed for bankruptcy? Why did a house that used to cost $200,000.00 just sell for $40,000.00? Why are foreclosures at the highest rate in US history? Maybe the question to ask is what has caused all of this? There are so many questions to be answered when it comes to the economic conditions in the United States. How did it get into the current condition? What were the signs of slipping into the crisis (economic indicators)? Whose actions were responsible? Was the responsible party also guilty of unethical behavior (big issue) or was it accidental. How long will it take for the economy to get back to being productive? In the past, America has been a very productive, successful country. There have been other recessions and a depression that have affected the U.S. but for some reason this current crisis was started by a completely different chain of events. What was the chain of events that triggered this...
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...915-540-1267 Spring 2 2015 INTRODUCTION The Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act or the Dodd-Frank Act was signed into law in 2010 due the financial collapse of the economy. It provided regulatory protection for the consumer and oversight on how banks issued loans. It provided a blueprint for how to approach to resolving the challenges that the financial markets can create. The framework of the law resembles The New Deal in the 1930s because of the Great Depression. The reforms implemented by the Dodd-Frank Act will have far-reaching effects on the financial system and our economy. The Dodd-Frank Act allows company stockholder to determine the type of compensation packages of that management receive. Businesses must create a committee to assess and decide the amount awarded to their leaders. There are myriad of viewpoints towards Dodd-Frank from the detractors and proponent of the law. Individuals who are against the law believe that it is inflexible and will hurt businesses. The supporters of the law understand that this will limit the power of the financial institution. Dodd-Frank Act In 2008, the country was going through one of the worst financial crisis in history that resembled the Great Depression of the 1930’s. It not only affected the U.S. but also threatened the total collapse of large financial institutions around the world. Banks began engaging in dangerous business practices that was encouraged by investors on Wall Street. Many of the...
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...ADMAP REVIEW OF THE MOVIE – INSIDE JOB Rohan Rambhia | PGP-10-155 Inside Job is an exemplary recount of how administrator’s role when exploited to form risky administrative strategies by means of faulty processes lead to a crisis of the stature of the recession of 2008. It is a comprehensive documentary which narrates the history of the collapse, not only going into great, informative depth about the risk-based strategies that put the global economy on the line, but looks back to the rise of the financial industry. The biggest question which the documentary arouses is that knowing what happened, why are the miscreants not being punished? As the director, Charles Ferguson, himself stated while receiving the Oscar, “Forgive me, I must start by pointing out that three years after our horrific financial crisis caused by massive fraud, not a single financial executive has gone to jail, and that's wrong.”1 Lets us first look at the prelude (context) of this financial crisis: ADMAP REVIEW OF THE MOVIE – INSIDE JOB The Clinton era (1990s) worked as a bridge between the Wall Street and the government. More and more Wall Street CEOs gained access to the government, taking up administrative positions like 2 • Robert Rubin On Wall Street: Chairman and COO of Goldman Sachs For the Government: Secretary of Treasury under Bill Clinton Laura Tyson On Wall Street: Board director of Stanley Morgan For the government: Chair of the US President's Council of Economic Advisers during...
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...Running head: SCOTT MORTGAGE Scott Mortgage James Jones Organizational Behavior 14 June 2010 Abstract This paper discusses the nature of change in a mortgage lending firm. It takes a look at the reaction to change from the employee and organizational view points. The characteristics of Ethical Intensity are reviewed as pertaining to the decision making process. It identifies the Decision Making Model and Approach to Change that Scout Mortgage used in revamping its human capital structure. Nature of Change The 21th Century has ushered in several factors that have been the catalyst for a dynamically transforming environment. Scout Mortgage, a loan mortgage broker since 1999 (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2009) has experienced the bullish and the bearish economic environment. In a work environment, the typical factors of change are driven by technological advancements which enable global-market-reach or globalization. With the increase of information technology and global communications, the world is communitively smaller. Any situation that affects a local market can be transformed into a national or international issue. The domestic housing sector economic downturn along with other Wall Street unethical and irresponsible actions have not only lead to a national but international recession and market collapse. In the case of Scout Mortgage, the technological advances have changed the way the company’s Loan Officers conducts business. Technology has automated a lot of task...
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...Too Big to Fail The financial collapse of 2008 was something all of us felt in one way or another. At the time, this author’s employer kept itself intellectually honest by acknowledging the fact that it may have turbulent waters ahead due to the credit crisis. Much of this author’s employer’s day-to-day operations was funded by credit – or, borrowing money. When credit was frozen, there was serious concern that operations of this author’s firm could halt. Worse, the organization confirmed a resonant fear that its next payroll could be in jeopardy. If that were to happen, a multi-billion dollar company could be brought to its knees in a matter of days. The book Too Big to Fail highlights the seriousness of this epidemic when it speaks of General Electric, the world’s largest company, and its concerns about the credit freeze. This report will highlight numerous points in the financial crisis of 2008. This author will attempt to educate the reader with a firm and academic understanding of business ethics. It will attempt to highlight the turning points in the economic crisis and bifurcate back to the ethicality issue. A brief history of the stock market and Securities and Exchange Commission will be offered. This author will then identify the various ways the crisis could affect a business in the private enterprise. Lessons of the crisis will be presented along with managerial recommendations. Business Ethics Enron, Arthur Andersen, WorldCom, Adelphia, Martha Stewart…these are...
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...Subsidiary of Bank of America), Lehman Brothers and Bear Steams (sold to JPMorgan Chase) were the world top five investment banks in United States. They were the key players in the financial markets and make significant contribution to the economics. But when they failed, the consequences would also be extremely fatal. The 158 years old Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on Sunday 1:45am, September 15, 2008 (“Wikipedia: Lehman Brothers”, July 15, 2013). With a total assets of $639 billion and $619 billion in debts, Lehman Brothers’ bankruptcy filing became the largest in history, It’s assets far surpassed those of previous bankrupt giants such as WorldCom and Enron (“IInvestopedia: Case Study", April 02, 2009). The collapse of the Lehman Brothers is contagious and even triggered the Global Financial Crisis. LEHMAN BROTHERS HISTORY Three brothers – Henry Lehman, Emanuel Lehman and Mayer Lehman in 1850, founded Lehman Brothers. Started as a normal dry-goods store, the brothers grew the business by buying and selling cotton to planters living in and around Montgomery, Alabama ("History of Lehman Brothers", n.d). Eventually the brothers built a cotton storage warehouse together with a cotton merchant John Wesley Durr in a brief partnership form. Thereafter in 1858, an office in New York was opened to fulfill the needs of the growing sales and trades. After Civic War, Lehman Brothers who already have a strong pressure in the cotton commodities trading...
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...AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL GROUP(AIG) COMPANY BACKGROUND AIG was started as a general insurance company by Cornelius Vanderr Starr in 1919 in Shanghai, China and begin a life insurance operation in 1921. AIG expand their business in mainland China by opening branches in Hong Kong, Vietnam and Philippines in 1925 and open the first office in New York in 1926. The organization spread their firm to Latin America in 1930-1939. During the world war 2, the business were suspended. Right after World War 2, they began in new market around the globe including Japan and Germany, soon after World War 2, they open American International Underwriters offices to provide insurance for the US military in 1946. In 1948 they continue to spread even more to France and Singapore. In 1950-1959, they invest in insurer Globe and Rutgers Insurance Group, expand the company’s domestic market presence. They expand to UK, Lebanon, South Korea and Australia. Worldwide personal accident and health division were established in 1961 and began to write Directors and Officers liability insurance coverage and becoming a leading provider in 1966. AIG were chosen to be incorporates in Delaware in 1967 and informed as the best insurance organization and began a new era as a public company in 1969. AIG enters Sweden, Egypt, Hungary, Poland and Romania in 1973-1978 and introduces new energy, transportation and entertainment products to serve the needs of the customer in 1979. In 1980, A pollution liability program...
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