...have. This Article provides that “Members, when requiring, as a condition of approving the marketing of pharmaceutical or of agricultural chemical products which utilize new chemical entities, the submission of undisclosed test or other data, the origination of which involves a considerable effort, shall protect such data against unfair commercial use. In addition, Members shall protect such data against disclosure, except where necessary to protect the public, or unless steps are taken to ensure that the data are protected against unfair commercial use.” While Article 39.3 is clearly intended to ensure that “undisclosed test data” was not misappropriated, the pharmaceutical industry associations in the United States and the European Union, representing the larger companies, have argued that Article 39.3 should be interpreted in a manner that provides statutory protection spanning a period of time to data submitted for obtaining marketing approval, among others. In a submission made in 1999, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) had argued for the implementation of effective data protection standards that provide the intended level and form of protection as provided for in Article 39.3. An effective implementation of data protection standards in view of PhRMA would require that the following steps should be taken: (i) ensure at least ten years of exclusive marketing rights for the pioneer applicant measured from the date of...
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...and Levine 2008). According to Katalin (2005), ethical conduct involves a person observing established and accepted principles of morality of his /her own profession. Ethics provides the rationale for deciding what is right or wrong in given circumstances. Ethical standards in a society form the basis on which the ethical standards of a profession are built. Sales profession of organisations is no exception to this rule. But growing competition among business organizations and industrial houses prompt them to resort to marketing and selling strategies, which many times appear unethical. It appears that organizations resort to any practice that props up their sales (Dobson, 1997). Even established organizations are falling prey to such temptations. Misleading advertisement about non-existing features in product, wrong assurances on quality and alluring and tempting promises on characteristics like durability have become commonly accepted norms of marketing strategies. Not surprisingly the consumers have reached a stage where they are forced to believe, rather decisively that sales ethics is an oxymoron (Hair et al.2009). An ‘oxymoron’ is a combination of oppositely meaning words in literature. For example ‘honest thief’ is an oxymoron. When ‘sales ethics’ are dubbed as oxymoron, it is quite evident that sales are perceived to be devoid of any ethics (Duska 2007). This article attempts...
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...Chapter 07 The International Legal Environment: Playing by the Rules True / False Questions 1. | The form of law found in the United States and England is classified as civil or code law. True False | 2. | The form of law found in Germany, France, and Japan is called civil or code law. True False | 3. | Common law is based on an all-inclusive system of written rules of law. True False | 4. | Under code law, the legal system is generally divided into three separate codes: commercial, civil, and criminal. True False | 5. | Islamic law prescribes specific patterns of social and economic behavior for all individuals. True False | 6. | Code law prohibits the receipt and payment of interest on loans. True False | 7. | In Marxist–socialist societies, law is subordinate to prevailing economic conditions. True False | 8. | The World Court can settle disputes between a company and a government. True False | 9. | When dealing with foreign countries, a marketer should refer to “international commercial law” for guidance. True False | 10. | Disputes relating to commercial transactions must be settled in courts and cannot be settled informally. True False | 11. | The statements made by the parties during conciliation may be used as evidence in the subsequent litigation. True False | 12. | If conciliation is not used to settle a difference...
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...1- Define Common law, derived from English law and found in England, the United States, Canada, and other countries once under English influence; Civil or code law, derived from Roman law and found in Germany, Japan, France, and in non-Islamic and non-Marxist countries; Islamic law, derived from the interpretation of the Koran and found in Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and other Islamic states; A commercial legal system in the Marxist-socialist economies of Russia & the republics of the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and other Marxist-socialist states whose legal system centered on the economic, political, and social policies of the state. Arbitration A procedure used as an alternative to “litigation” in which parties in a dispute may select a disinterested party as referee to determine the merits of the case & make a judgment that both judges agree to honor. Litigation The process in which a dispute between parties is contested in a formal judicial setting,. Commonly instigated by a law suit asserting one party’s version of the facts. Marxist – socialist tnets Cyber squatters Person or businesses that buy, usually for a nominal fee, & register as web site names descriptive nouns, celebrity names, variations on company trade marks, geographic & ethic group names & pharmaceutical \& other descriptors & then hold them until they can be sold as an inflated price. Sometimes called CSQ CONCILATION - A non binding agreement between parties to resolve...
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...Report on Behavior Pattern of Executives in Pharmaceutical Industry Submitted By Mahfuza Haque Papri ID #3-10-18-061 EMBA Program Department of Management Studies Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka Submitted To Professor Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman Department of Management Studies Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL December 08, 2010 To Professor Dr. Ataur Rahman Department of Management Studies University of Dhaka Subject: Submission of term paper on Behavior pattern of executives in Pharmaceutical Industry Dear Sir, This term paper is submitted as a requirement for the partial fulfillment of the course “EM-513”. My topic is ‘Behavior pattern of executives in a pharmaceutical industry’. As a sample organization I have chosen a private company ‘Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd.’ which manufactures high-class pharmaceutical dosage forms I hope that the following pages will live up to your expectation. Your feedback will help us further to enrich our experience in this academic area. Sincerely yours Mahfuza Haque Papri ID: 3-10-18-061 18th batch, Evening MBA Programme Department of Management Studies Dhaka University ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At this opportune moment, I am delighted to offer my heartiest thanks and deep gratitude to my respected Teacher, Dr. Atatur Rahman for his expert guidance and close supervision in getting the term paper prepared...
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...WHO/IVB/05.24 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH V A WHO guide to good manufacturing pratice (GMP) requirements Part 3: Training Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals WHO/IVB/05.24 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH V A WHO guide to good manufacturing pratice (GMP) requirements Part 3: Training Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals The Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals thanks the donors whose unspecified financial support has made the production of this document possible. This document was produced by the Access to Technologies Team of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Ordering code: WHO/IVB/05.24 Printed: April 2006 This publication is available on the Internet at: www.who.int/vaccines-documents/ Copies may be requested from: World Health Organization Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland • Fax: + 41 22 791 4227 • Email: vaccines@who.int • © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: permissions@who.int). The designations employed...
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...MBA 591 – Summer 2011 Faculty of Business Administration Bilkent University July 5, 2011 Resources and Capabilities of Wal-Mart Wal-Mart had enough financial resources to make capital investments to improve its operations and labor productivity. Most important investments were technological investments such as the UPC (Uniform Product Code) infrastructure, the computerized system within stores and the satellite network that enabled almost real-time communication among the stores, the distribution centers and vendors. These technological resources can also be classified as equipment related resources. As a result of these resources, Wal-Mart had strengthened capabilities in financial management, purchasing, administration, inventory management, labor productivity and store management. The computerized system within the stores enabled Wal-Mart to wire the merchandise requests of the stores directly to the central computer at the related headquarter, which functioned as a distribution center. In case the stock levels were lower than the critical levels, the merchandise could be reordered directly from the related vendors thanks to this computerized system. This system not only enabled to track inventory, sales and accounting functions but also strengthened the bargaining power in purchasing of Wal-Mart. Each vendor could supply...
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...Entry Plan into International Market Revlon’s Entry into Sweden Chari M. Calhoun Dr. James J. Ruether International Marketing June 13, 2015 Introduction: Company history In 1932, Charles and Joseph Reveson along with a chemist named Charles Lachman, founded Revlon (Revlon 2014). The company began by making a single product which was a unique type of nail enamel. Revlon is now an international corporation with a multi-million dollar net income. Cosmetics, hair care, skin care fragrances, deodorant/anti-perspirant, and other beauty care products are Revlon’s key products. Its products are sold in approximately 150 countries and six continents (Revlon 2014). The company operates in North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East and Africa (AMEA), and Latin America. It is headquarted in New York City, New York and employed approximately 6,900 people as of December 31, 2013 (Revlon,Inc. 2014). Market penetration strategies, developing new products, utilizing market development strategies, building its strong brands, expansion by introducing new consumer preferred products, and existing franchise extensions, are all part of the alternative corporate growth strategies used by Revlon. These strategies are the key element of the organization’s success. Sweden is a country in which Revlon could capitalize from strategically entering into the market and continuing its present consistent growth. Company profile and analysis The current president and chief executive officer...
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...INTERNSHIP REPORT ON HR PRACTICES IN RENATA LIMITED HR PRACTICES IN RENATA LIMITED 23/05/2012 BRAC University PREPARED FOR, Ms. KOHINUR AKTER SENIOR LECTURER, BRAC BUSINESS SCHOOL COURSE ID: BUS-400 PREPARED BY, NAZMUS SAKIB STUDENT ID: 07304004 BRAC BUSINESS SCHOOL BRAC UNIVERSITY Letter of Transmittal May 23, 2012 Kohinur Akter Senior Lecturer BRAC Business School BRAC University Subject: Submission of Internship Report Dear Ms. Kohinur Akter, With due respect and immense pleasure I am submitting my internship report on “HR Practices in Renata Limited” that you have assigned me as an essential requirement of Internship program. It is really an enormous prospect for me to gather together vast information and grasp the subject matter in an appropriate way. I have found the study is quite attention-grabbing, beneficial & insightful. I tried my level best to prepare an effective & creditable report. The report will provide clear concept about the overall functions of “HR Practices in Renata Limited”, I welcome your entire query & criticism on the report is beneficial for me as it will give me the opportunity to learn more and enrich my knowledge. I hope you will consider the mistakes that may take place in the report in the spite of my best effort Yours Sincerely ______________________ Nazmus Sakib I Acknowledgement Preparation of this Report, I would like to acknowledge the encouragement, guidance and assistance given from a number of responsible...
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...Strategy Formulation & Implementation Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd 1. Summary: Indian pharmaceutical industry is estimated at $8 billion in 2013 and had been growing at an average rate of 8–9 %. The industry was highly fragmented with more than 1000 players out of which 30% of market was controlled by top ten companies and the rest of 70% by small companies. The Global pharmaceutical industry was estimated at $ 600 billion in 2013. Indian pharmaceutical industry has become more innovative and enterprising with more investment in R&D especially since the WTO agreement was signed. Indian drug makers command 10 per cent share in the USD 30 billion US generic drug market and also has the highest (over 150) US Foods & Drug Administration (FDA) approved facilities. US accounts for one-fourth of the Indian drug exports. The share of Indian pharma companies in the total approvals for generic drugs called Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) has risen steadily. From 32 per cent in 2009, it went up to 38.5 per cent in 2013. Increasing share of Indian companies in total ANDAs approved by the USFDA can be attributed to increase spending by them for research and development (R&D) activities. As per CMIE’s database, the industry’s R&D expenses to sales ratio jumped to around five per cent in 2012-13 from around three per cent in 2003-04. The export of drugs from India is expected to grow by 4.2 per cent to USD 15.2 billion in 2013-14. Around USD 16.3 billion of drugs are likely to be...
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...Journal of Macromarketing http://jmk.sagepub.com/ Market Responsiveness to Societal Interests Tracy L. Gonzalez-Padron and Robert W. Nason Journal of Macromarketing 2009 29: 392 DOI: 10.1177/0276146709344954 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jmk.sagepub.com/content/29/4/392 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: Macromarketing Society Additional services and information for Journal of Macromarketing can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jmk.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jmk.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://jmk.sagepub.com/content/29/4/392.refs.html Downloaded from jmk.sagepub.com by Celia McKoy on September 15, 2010 Market Responsiveness to Societal Interests Tracy L. Gonzalez-Padron1 and Robert W. Nason2 Journal of Macromarketing 29(4) 392-405 ª The Author(s) 2009 Reprints and permission: http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0276146709344954 http://jmmk.sagepub.com Abstract The authors provide evidence that firms can enhance their own objectives by internalizing the objectives of most stakeholder groups. This suggests that society’s objectives, as defined by stakeholders to the firm, can be augmented by the self-interest motivation at the heart of a market system. Specifically examined was the impact of stakeholder responsiveness on innovativeness...
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...Implementation Guide for the Use of Bar Code Technology in Healthcare Sponsored by Implementation Guide for the Use of Bar Code Technology in Healthcare © 2003 HIMSS 230 E. Ohio St., Suite 500 Chicago, IL 60611 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, adapted, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. HIBCC ® and HIN® System are trademarks of the Health Industry Business Communications Council. ISBN: 0-9725371-2-0 Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi Chapter 1: The Basics What is a bar code? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 How can you benefit from bar coding? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...Five Reasons to Discharge Contracts | Contracts are a means to an end, not an end in themselves. They represent a promise to do something or to refrain from doing something. When both parties to a contract fulfill their promises, the contract has served its purpose and is terminated or discharged.However, if one or more of the parties to a contract are unable to perform what they promised and there is no legal excuse for this inability to perform, there is a breach of the contract. There are five valid reasons to terminate, or discharge, contracts. These five reasons are discussed below.1. Material breach Material breach occurs when one party to a contract doesn't fulfill the essential terms of the contract. It is so-called because it occurs when the contract is not met in a material way. It goes against the terms of the contract and has a material impact on the other party. This discharges the other party from its contractual obligations. Consequently, the other party may have grounds to sue for damages.2. Minor breach Minor breach occurs when the essential terms of the contract have been fulfilled but the other party is inconvenienced rather than suffering loss or damages. The nonbreaching party still has contractual obligations, but could suspend performance of the contract.3. Anticipatory breach Anticipatory breach occurs if one of the parties to the contract states, before the breach occurs, that it will not be able to fulfill its contractual obligations. Anticipatory...
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...Trips Industrial designs geographical indications INTEGRATED circuits Undisclosed information ADV.MANISHA PANDYA ROLL NO.17 * BUSINESS LAW GROUP* LLM SEM II SUBMITTED TO PROF.TIWARI CONTENTS Chapter I * INTRODUCTION * GATT*WTO* TRIPS* * ------------------------------------------------- Implementation in developing countries Chapter II * What are intellectual property rights? * Geographical indication * Early agreements –History * Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) * ------------------------------------------------- Marketing * International trade * SECTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS Art. 22, 23, 24 Protection of Geographical Indications * Industrial design right * SECTION 4: INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS Article 25 * SEC 7: PROTECTION OF UNDISCLOSED INFORMATION Article 3 Chapter III * CONCULSION BILOGRAPHY & WEBOLOGY Chapter I GATT * WTO * TRIPS* The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis." It was negotiated during the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was signed...
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...soft drink market ("Top 10," 2004). In addition to its leading global market-share, Coca-Cola also retains the title of having the most popular individual beverage in the world in Coca-Cola Classic, with an 18.6% market share ("Top 10," 2004). Additionally, in 2003 it placed four beverages in the top 10 for individual product sales: Coke Classic (#1), Diet Coke (3), Sprite (5), and Caffeine Free Diet Coke (8) ("Top 10," 2004). Through Research & Development (R&D) and acquisitions, Coca-Cola has also expanded its product line to include non-carbonated beverage products, including: Dasani, Fanta, Fruitopia, Hi-C, Minute Maid, and Mr. Pibb. In 2003, Coca-Cola spent approximately $1.9 billion on marketing and advertising. In November 2004, Coca-Cola CEO Neville Isdell stated that "[Marketing expenditures] would rise by $350-$400 million a year ... forever" (Marketplace Roundup, 2004). Pepsi-Cola: The Challenger With the exception of brief bankruptcy stints in 1923 and 1932, Pepsi-Cola assumed its place at the heels of Coca-Cola through its creation of an extensive franchise bottling network and distribution outlets (Yoffie, 2004). Over the years, the Pepsi-Cola company has expanded its product offerings, through R&D and acquisitions, to include: Diet Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Mug Root Beer, Slice, Sierra Mist, Lipton, Aquafina, and Starbucks...
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