...Nancy Roebuck College Writing December 8, 2015 Life as a Union Civil War Soldier On June 2010 at Bedford Village, in Bedford Pennsylvania, our company, “The 105th Pennsylvania Company E” was called upon to battle as the confederates were preparing to gather. The men grabbed their rifles and equipment and fell into line. I was thirteen years old and was ordered to carry the flag of our country. As we joined our battalion, we were told that our company would be head of the battalion. Our company was at the center of the line with my flag being the head of the entire battalion. I was about fifteen yards in front of about 400 men and I was the center point for leading our battalion. I was thirteen years old leading an army into battle. More people should go through the experience of the men and women that kept their town together during times of war and today, in times of peace. Hundreds of fires dotted the battlefield that night. It was in the evening of July 1st 1863 in some small town in Pennsylvania called Gettysburg. The first days fighting had the Confederates pushing us through the town into the hills beyond. The confederates held the town of Gettysburg. The Union soldiers were setting up breastworks, and making rock walls to prepare to defend the high ground on the next day. The bugle call sounded at five o’clock A.M, no sleep this night, heart racing, and thinking of family. I grabbed my gear and prepared for battle. It was a humid, sticky morning and I was already...
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...How far did peaceful coexistence ease cold war tensions between the Soviet Union and the USA in the years 1953-61? In the years 1953-61 some might say that the cold war tensions were eased by peaceful coexistence, with super power negotiations and key agreements paving the way for better relations. Despite this, the stronger argument suggests that ultimately, cold war tensions were not eased, the cold war continued for another 30 years. This was due to failure to negotiate anything of substance at conferences such as Geneva 1955 and the lack of change in superpower attitude with Eisenhower’s new look policy and the USSR’s approach to Hungary. One argument suggests that peaceful coexistence did ease cold war tensions due to the superpower negotiations. Between 1953-61 there was improved relations between the USSR and USA, they were more willing to meet, and despite it not being the leaders, representatives from both countries met at the Geneva conference in 1954. It was then in 1955 at Geneva again that both superpower leaders met for the first time in 10 years. Despite not agreeing anything of substance, it is worth noting that this was the first step in the right direction which lead to many key agreements and reforms over the following years. Camp David in 1959 was the largest step towards permanent peaceful coexistence, the leader of the USSR was invited over to the USA where both superpower leaders met. Despite the superpower negotiations there was nothing of substance...
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...The development of the cold war between the USA and the Soviet Union between 1945-53 was primarily due to traditional great power rivalry The USA and the Soviet Union worked together to defeat Hitler in WW2. Towards the end of the war relationships between them began to break down, although in 1945 there remained possibility of continued cooperation. By 1947, this prospect had disappeared and tensions between the two powers continued to increase for the rest of this period. Some historians, including those belonging to the economic revisionist school of thought, argue that traditional great power rivalry was primarily responsible for this development. This is defined as developing power through trade in order to achieve financial dominance. Undoubtedly, this factor was a major contributor to cold war tensions, however other factors such as ideology, individuals and WW2- many of which are invariably linked to economic influence- also played a large part. Great power rivalry can be seen as the main cause of increased cold war tensions between 1945 and 1953 as both powers sought to increase their relationships with other countries to obtain economic dominance. America, although benefitting economically from the war, feared the possibility of a recession, both as demand for arms fell and poverty in Europe threatened an insufficient international demand for US goods. They believed free trade would prevent this from happening, as well as increasing interdependence between countries...
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...the development of the Cold War between the USA and the Soviet Union in the years 1945-53 was primarily due to traditional great power rivalry? The development of the Cold War can be viewed as being caused for several different reasons. The great power rivalry, ideological differences and personality traits cited as the main causes for the war, but ideology and personality also contain flaws that prove the great power rivalry was the primary cause. The main argument for the development of the Cold War is that it was created by the traditional great power rivalry. Source 7 argues Russia was the “most ruthless of world-conquering ideologies.” Added to by another point in Source 7 that contests Russia suffered from insecurity “who saw ‘security’ only in the total destruction of rival power.” Both of these points proving Russia were determined to destroy their rivals and can be viewed as a dangerous force when faced with opposition. This is supported by Source 7 where it claims “the USA would have to ‘contain’ its pressure by uncompromising resistance, even if Russia had not been communist” This point arguing ideology was irrelevant to the start of the Cold War, also shown by Source 8 where it claims “Leaders and citizens saw their countries acting for much broader purposes than the mere advancement of national interests.” However, the great power rivalry was even more apparent in conferences towards the end of the Second World War. For example, the Yalta conference...
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...AKRAB BERSAMA SANDI MATEMATIKA Oleh : Fithri Angelia Permana, S.Si (WI LPMP NAD) Apakah matematika ilmu yang 'sulit'? Secara umum, semakin kompleks suatu fenomena, semakin kompleks pula alat (dalam hal ini jenis matematika) yang melalui berbagai perumusan (model matematikanya) diharapkan mampu untuk mendapatkan atau sekedar mendekati solusi eksak seakurat-akuratnya.Jadi tingkat kesulitan suatu jenis atau cabang matematika bukan disebabkan oleh jenis atau cabang matematika itu sendiri, tetapi disebabkan oleh sulit dan kompleksnya fenomena yang solusinya diusahakan dicari atau didekati oleh perumusan (model matematikanya) dengan menggunakan jenis atau cabang matematika tersebut. Sebaliknya berbagai fenomena fisik yg mudah di amati, misalnya jumlah penduduk di seluruh Indonesia, tak memerlukan jenis atau cabang matematika yang canggih. Kemampuan aritmatika sudah cukup untuk mencari solusi (jumlah penduduk) dengan keakuratan yang cukup tinggi.Dalam matematika sering digunakan simbol-simbol yang umum dikenal oleh matematikawan. Sering kali pengertian simbol ini tidak dijelaskan, karena dianggap maknanya telah diketahui. Hal ini kadang menyulitkan bagi mereka yang awam. Daftar berikut ini berisi banyak simbol beserta artinya. Matematika sebagai bahasa Di manakah letak semua konsep-konsep matematika, misalnya letak bilangan 1? Banyak para pakar matematika, misalnya para pakar Teori Model (lihat model matematika) yg juga mendalami filosofi di balik konsep-konsep matematika bersepakat...
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...The Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovetskij Soyuz; IPA: [sɐ'vʲetskʲɪj sɐˈjʉs]), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] ( listen)) abbreviated to USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR) was a socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed between 1922 and 1991. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, headed by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the provisional government that had replaced the Tsar. They established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (renamed Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1936), beginning a civil war between the revolutionary "Reds" and the counter-revolutionary "Whites." The Red Army entered several territories of the former Russian Empire and helped local Communists take power through soviets, which nominally acted on behalf of workers and peasants. In 1922, the Communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power...
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...European Identity The European Community, now known as the European Union, was created in the 1950’s after the world wars. After World War II europe wrose us and decided to come together to prevent anything like that from ever happening again. Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands came together and established the European Coal and Steel Community to control these resources in order to control the countries’ production of weapons. This made sure that no country produced weapons to start another World War. The European Community was formed to keep Germany under control and make sure another Nazi Party never formed ever again. The European Union was supposed to make peace between these countries and slowly grow over time. The goal was to make the these countries codependent of each other economically, so that it would prevent them from going to war with each other. If the countries depend on each other to keep their individual economies alive they would not be tempted to start a war. However, an identity for all these joined countries is the most idea idea to keep them united and at peace. “The European Commision introduced the concept of European identity already at the Copenhagen summit in 1973” (Pawel Karolewski). The goal was the from a European vision of the United States by making requirements that need to be met to join the Union, like like democracy and human rights laws, and also bringing the people together with programmes that have government...
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...What had the greater impact on the rights of the trade unions 1865-1950; the federal government or the actions of workers? In 1865 there were little labour rights and even less trade union power, firstly looking at the four key aims of trade unions; the right to exist, the right to bargain collectively, the right to be recognised by both the government and the employers and finally the right to strike without losing their jobs. In 1865 there was no legal right to exist at all instead the government actively opposes the development of the rights of trade unions. This can be witnessed throughout the period up until the New Deal era as evidenced by the Supreme Court injunctions and troops used to break strikes. The right to collective bargaining was again a no as there was no legal recognition meaning that there are no examples of willingness to negotiate with them. This is evidenced due to the fact 1920s employers use ‘yellow dog’ contracts to stop workers joining unions. There was no protection from losing your job if you chose to strike, due to resource stock piling and scab labour the employers had no real need to listen to the demands of those striking. Whereas at the end of the period the right to exist has been gained via the Wagner Act, the right to collectively bargain was very close to being nationally complete, the right to strike has been taken away due to the president limiting the power to strike during world war two and finally the right to be recognized has been achieved...
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...Civil Wars in U.S. Labor Author: Steve Early Book Review Presented by: Daisy Shelton March 5, 2012 Civil Wars in U.S. Labor “This book reports on recent conflicts within the progressive wing of U.S. labor that negatively affected far more workers that the union dues payers directly involved.”(Early) This book revolves around the inner workings of the Service Employees International Union, (SEIU) considered to be the nation’s most politically influential labor organization. This union allegedly did the most to get Obama into the White House. While this book really delves into the years 2008-2010 it does also give some earlier history back stories. As a person that has never been in a union and really have never considered myself for or against a union, I found that this book offered an insight to some of the bureaucracy and politics involved in unionism. It at times seemed to me that the unions weren’t really there for the working class people, as I had always thought was their reason for being, but more for the power and money for the individuals at the top. Inside the pages of this book I read of many wars and struggles among different branches of sometimes the same union to gain the right to represent workers that were already represented. The one constant character in this book is Andy Stern. Andy Stern became president of the SEIU in 1996. As detailed throughout the book, during Stern’s reign in office...
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... What was the role of labor unions upon their inception in the early 20th century? 1. To properly understand the modern role of labor unions, we must be willing to delve into at least a brief study of their past! While the advent of the industrial revolution brought with it great opportunity for workers, it also brought with it many new challenges and risks for those workers! Perils for these men, women, and children included dangerous equipment, demanding work schedules, abusive managers, and unsafe environments. Obviously, the individual worker lacked any significant influence over their working conditions. Banded together, though, many workers could establish a strong negotiating position with which to demand and obtain healthier working...
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...over the years, labor management and, more pointedly, unions continue to be the subject of great debate in today’s business and government environments. As workers and union representatives remain in the forefront of corporate debates over workers rights and wages, one must question how effective labor management relations are today. Unions present the opportunity for workers to have a representative voice; however, as history proves, unions also present the opportunity for union heads to fulfill self-serving agendas that offer little, if any, respite to workers. As such, this paper examines the history of labor management relations to set the stage for included discussion on current labor and union issues to determine how beneficial unions are and whether they do more harm than good in protecting workers’ rights. History Von Otter defines labor management relations as being related to “the rules and policies which govern and organize employment, how these are established and implemented, and how they affect the needs and interests of employees and employers” (np). Labor management relations involves both industry and economics and often encompasses strategic human resources. However, not all sectors of business, economic and social environments “work” well together as history has proven. The world economy experienced massive growth in the twentieth century with a significant portion of growth recognized after World War II. The economic growth in the United States impacted...
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...European Union Is an economic and political entity and confederation of 27member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and theEuropean Economic Community (EEC), formed by six countries in 1951 and 1958 respectively. In the intervening years the EU has grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993. The latest amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009. The EU operates through a system of supranational independent institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states. Important institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Central Bank. The European Parliament is elected every five years by EU citizens. The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws which apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area(which includes 22 EU and 4 non-EU states) passport controls have been abolished. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital,] enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheriesand regional development. A monetary union, the eurozone...
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...of the World War II. It relies on tragic experiences connected with the largest and also most tragic armed conflict in human history, caused by Nazi Germany. After the war, in Europe, and more specifically in its western part, there arose conditions favourable for the start of a new, planned integration of the countries of the Old Continent. Western European countries, though very weakened after the war (destroyed economy, infrastructure, human resources), were, however, as never before agreeable to the necessity of defending basic human rights and democratic values. Western European leaders decided to undertake coordinated actions aiming at the reconstruction of European countries and their economies and introduction of a new political order, which could guarantee the security of nations and give a chance for their successful development in the future. The genesis of the integration process in Europe after the World War II: In the process of planning the introduction of a new political order in post-war Europe, it was acknowledged that the key task was the reconstruction of European economies. Western European leaders realised that only efficient and effective European economy would be a foundation on which new safety and development structures could be built. The American aid plan for Europe - the European Recovery Plan, called the Marshall Plan, was a great support for those plans. At that time the actions of the Soviet Union, a former ally, which after the war began violently...
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...ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL IDENTITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Is economic, social or political E.U. citizen identity most achievable, or a mixture of all three? The European Union was established after World War II in the late 1940s in an effort to unite the countries of Europe and end the period of wars between neighboring countries. These nations began to officially unite in 1949 with the Council of Europe. In 1950 the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) expanded the cooperation. The six nations involved in this initial treaty were Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Today these countries are referred to as the "founding members. During the 1950s, the Cold War, protests, and divisions between Eastern and Western Europe showed the need for further European unification. In order to do this, the Treaty of Rome was signed on March 25, 1957, for creating the European Economic Community and allowing people and products to move throughout Europe. Then, during the decades additional countries joined the community. Also during this period, many processes and symbols were contributing to produce an EU identity as a common flag; anthem, laws and regulations… In addition, the 1992 Maastricht Treaty introduced the concept of European Union citizenship. All citizens of the 28 EU member states are also EU citizens through the fact that their countries are members of the EU. Acquired EU citizenship gives them the right to free movement...
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...effectiveness in the AFL. 2. While the CIO and KOL shared somewhat the “one big union” concept, the CIO’s goals were more similar to the AFL than to the KOL. 3. One change since 1950 is organized labor’s current emphasis on short-range reform instead of long-range material goals. 4. The leadership of the Knights of Labor was more interested in seeking higher wage increases for employees than in seeking moral betterment . 5. The new Change to Win federation believes that the AFL-CIO should be supportive of the Democratic Party, even when party leaders did not stand with organized labor on key issues, such as opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement and subsequent proposed trade pacts. 6. Many new members joined the Knights of Labor because of the organization’s “get tough” militant stance during the Haymarket Riot. 7. Organized labor repeated its success in three previous presidential elections by delivering a very large majority of union members for Obama. 8. The sit-down strike helped the CIO to obtain union membership in the 1930s, and it was soon approved by the Supreme Court. 9. Member unions of the Change to Win federation are encouraged to devote 50 percent of their annual operating budget toward union organizing activities, compared to a goal of 30 percent for AFL-CIO affiliated unions. 10. The Homestead Incident unlike the Ludlow Massacre showed the public that union and management officials could resolve their differences in a non-violent...
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