...Garrett Jones Unit 1 Assignment 1 Date: 3/20/14 Unit 1 Assignment 1: Integrated Circuit Technology Intel Transistor Table Year | Processor | Transistor Count | 1971 | Intel 4004 | 2,300 | 1972 | Intel 8008 | 3,500 | 1974 | Intel 8080 | 4,500 | 1976 | Intel 8085 | 6,500 | 1978 | Intel 8086 | 29,000 | 1979 | Intel 8088 | 29,000 | 1982 | Intel 80186 | 55,000 | 1982 | Intel 80286 | 134,000 | 1985 | Intel 80386 | 275,000 | 1988 | Intel i960 | 250,000 | 1989 | Intel 80486 | 1,180,235 | 1993 | Pentium | 3,100,000 | 1995 | Pentium Pro | 5,500,000 | 1997 | Pentium II Klamath | 7,500,000 | 1998 | Pentium II Deschutes | 7,500,000 | 1999 | Pentium III Katmai | 9,500,000 | 2000 | Pentium III Coppermine | 21,000,000 | 2000 | Pentium 4 Willamette | 42,000,000 | 2001 | Pentium III Tualatin | 45,000,000 | 2002 | Pentium 4 Northwood | 55,000,000 | 2002 | Itanium 2 McKinley | 220,000,000 | 2003 | Itanium 2 Madison 6M | 410,000,000 | 2004 | Pentium 4 Prescott | 112,000,000 | 2004 | Itanium 2 9MB Cache | 592,000,000 | 2005 | Pentium 4 Prescott-2M | 169,000,000 | 2006 | Dual-Core Itanium 2 | 1,700,000,000 | 2006 | Pentium 4 Cedar Mill | 184,000,000 | 2006 | Core 2 Duo Conroe | 291,000,000 | 2007 | Core 2 Duo Allendale | 169,000,000 | 2007 | Core 2 Duo Wolfdale | 411,000,000 | 2008 | Atom | 47,000,000 | 2008 | Core 2 Duo Wolfdale 3M | 230,000,000 | 2008 | Core i7 Quad Core | 731,000,000 | 2008 | Xeon 7400 Six Core |...
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...Unit 1 Assignment 1 Year Processor Model Transistor Count 1971 4004 2300 1972 8008 2500 1974 8080 4500 1978 8086 29000 1982 Intel286 134000 1985 Intel386 Processor 275000 1989 Intel486 Processor 1200000 1993 Intel Pentium Processor 3100000 1997 Intel Pentium II Processor 7500000 1999 Intel Pentium III Processor 9500000 2000 Intel Pentium 4 Processor 42000000 2001 Intel Itanium Processor 25000000 2003 Intel Itanium 2 Processor 220000000 2004 Intel Itanium 2 Processor (9MB cache) 592000000 The first processor with more than 2 billion transistors on it was the Intel Itanium 9300 series, codenamed Tukwila, in 2010 (Takahasi, 2010). The growth of transistors in integrated circuits over the years is right on track with what was predicted in Moore’s Law. Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors on integrated circuits would double every two years. Sometimes the number of transistors has doubled in less than two years. I think the growth is reasonable based on what Gordon Moore predicted. If Moore’s Law continues to be the truth then I estimate that around 2022 is when 100 billion transistors will fit on a single chip and around 2028 is when one trillion transistors will fit on a single chip. References: Moore’s Law 40th Anniversary. Intel. Retrieved from http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/events/moores_law_40th/ Takahasi, D. (2010, February 8). Intel’s monster of a chip: an Itanium microprocessor with 2 billion transistors. Venture Beat...
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...Unit 1 Assignment 1: Integrated Circuit Technology Processor Model | Year | Transistor Count | Intel 4004 | 1971 | 2,300 | Intel 8008 | 1972 | 3,500 | Intel 8080 | 1974 | 4,500 | Intel 8085 | 1976 | 6,500 | Intel 8086 | 1978 | 29,000 | Intel 8088 | 1979 | 29,000 | Intel 80186 | 1982 | 55,000 | Intel 80286 | 1982 | 134,000 | Intel 80386 | 1985 | 275,000 | Intel 80486 | 1989 | 1,180,000 | Pentium | 1993 | 3,100,000 | Pentium II | 1997 | 7,500,000 | Pentium III | 1999 | 9,500,000 | Pentium 4 | 2000 | 42,000,000 | Itanium 2 | 2003 | 220,000,000 | Itanium 2 with 9MB cache | 2004 | 592,000,000 | Core 2 Duo | 2006 | 291,000,000 | Dual-Core Itanium 2 | 2006 | 1,700,000,000 | Atom | 2008 | 47,000,000 | Core i7 (Quad) | 2008 | 731,000,000 | Six-Core Xeon 7400 | 2008 | 1,900,000,000 | Six- Core i7 (Gulftown) | 2010 | 1,170,000,000 | 8-Core Xeon Nehalem-EX | 2010 | 2,300,000,000 | Quad-Core Itanium Tukwila | 2010 | 2,000,000,000 | Six- Core Core i7 (Sandy-Bridge-E) | 2011 | 2,270,000,000 | 10-Core Xeon Westmere-EX | 2011 | 2,600,000,000 | 8-Core Itanium Poulson 2012 3,100,000,000 62-Core Xeon Phi 2012 5,000,000,000 Haswell 2013 1,400,000,000 Moore’s Law- Overall processing power will double every two years. Following Moore’s Law we should see a transistor count of over a hundred billion by the year 2022 and a trillion by...
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...Model | | Year | | | Transistor Count | | | | 4004 | | 1971 | | | 2,300 | | | | 8086 | | 1978 | | | 29,000 | | | | Intel 486 Processor | | 1989 | | | 1,200,000 | | | | Intel Itanium 2 Processor | | 2004 | | | 592,000,000 | | | | Intel 9300 Tukwila Processor | | 2010 | | | 2,000,000,000 | | | | * The transistor count reached a 2,000,000,000 count in the year of 2010 * The name of this processor was Quad-Core Itanium Tukwila * I believe the growth is reasonable. From the advances we’ve made from the 70’s to now such as the cell phone, laptops, hand held devices. It’s no surprise that it increased so much each year. We are able to grow rapidly, and we are in a generation of technology. It wouldn’t be crazy to think that this was possible from seeing other devices progress as well, even now you can hold a computer in the palm of your hand. * The growth from 1971-2014 is outstanding. The first couple years they were released the processors had very few transistors and didn’t increase that much yearly. However, after 1974 with each year the amount of chips almost doubled itself each year. Afterwards with the years to come, the growth rapidly increased. By the year 2010 the transistor count reached 2 billion with the release of the Quad-Core Itanium Tukwila processor. * With this information it’s hard to predict when it could reach 100 billion transistors on a single chip, however seeing the growth from...
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...Itanium | 2012 | 3,100,000,000 | 62-Core Xeon Phi | 2012 | 5,000,000,000 | The processor chip to hold 2 billion transistors model is Quad-Core Itanium Tukwila and it was launched in 2010. http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/events/moores_law_40th/?iid=tech_mooreslaw+body_presskit http://www.wagnercg.com/Portals/0/FunStuff/AHistoryofMicroprocessorTransistorCount.pdf Is the growth reasonable? I say that it is reasonable why, because computing power rose and if the trend continues like it has done and it is still as accurate it will rise even more. Does the growth look surprisingly fast or surprisingly slow? I think it’s going surprisingly fast, every 2 years they are doing double of the previous amount of transistors used in integrated circuits. Can you predict when 100 billion, or even one trillion, transistors may fit on a single chip? If the Moore’s law is still in play and continues to double transistors in a chip every 2 years in approximately 2022 for it to hold around 100...
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...COPY STUDENT COPY The following sections contain student copies of the assignments that must be distributed to students at least two weeks prior to the due dates for those assignments. Online students will have access to those documents in PDF format available for downloading at any time during the course. © ITT Educational Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -87- Change Date: 08/25/2011 NT1110 Computer Structure and Logic STUDENT COPY: Graded Assignments Graded Assignment Requirements Assignment Requirements documents provided below must be printed and distributed to students as the guidance for completing the assignments and submitting them for grading. Instructors must remind students to retain all handouts and assignment documents issued in every U U unit, as well as student-prepared documentation and graded deliverables. Some or all these documents will be used repeatedly across different units. Unit 1 Assignment 1: Integrated Circuit Technology Learning Objectives and Outcomes This assignment addresses the course objective “Describe the components of a personal computer.” The expected learning outcomes that will result from completing the assignment are: You will be able to perform specific Internet searches for information. You will be able to illustrate the growth of the number of transistors available in integrated circuits used in computers. You will be able to determine the processor model...
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...Unit 1 Writing Assignment: Integrated Circuits Integrated circuits are a set of transistors one small plate or chip of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits were used in computers to vacuum tubes in computers. The invention of integrated circuits is credited to both Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild in 1958 and 1959Kilby created the first prototype in 19 58 and it contained only one transistor. Noyce would later create a four transistor and 5 resistor circuit in 1959. In 1965 Gordon Moore spoke about growth trends in computer memory. He made an interesting observation that would later become known today as Moore’s Law. Moore’s Law states that each processor chip would contain twice as much capacity as its predecessor. He also noted that every 18-24 months a new chip containing twice the capacity was released and if this trend continued computing power would grow exponentially in a short time. Even today Moore’s Law continues to hold true today. In 1971 Intel put out a processor that would contain 2,300 transistors in the Intel 4004. In 1972 Intel would follow the 4004 with a 2,500 transistor processor in the 8008. The Intel 8080 would have 4,500 transistors is known as the first microprocessor and would be contained in the first home computer. In 1982 we saw a huge jump from 29,000 in 1979 to 153,000. This was in the Intel 286.The Intel 486 would be the first processor to reach the 1,000,000 transistor range as it has 1,200,000. The 1990’s...
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...History and Transistor Count In: Computers and Technology History and Transistor Count 1. Search the Internet using keywords such as “Intel Processor Transistor Count.” 2. Create a table that presents the processor model, year and transistor count for Intel processors from 1971 to the present. 1982 Intel 286 Processor 134K Transistors 1982 Intel 286 Processor 134K Transistors 1978 Intel 8086 Processor 29K Transistors 1978 Intel 8086 Processor 29K Transistors 1974 Intel 8080 Processor 4500 Transistors 1974 Intel 8080 Processor 4500 Transistors 1972 Intel 8008 Processor 3500 Transistors 1972 Intel 8008 Processor 3500 Transistors 1971 Intel 4004 Processor 2300 Transistors 1971 Intel 4004 Processor 2300 Transistors 2003 Intel Pentium M Processor 55 Million Transistors 2003 Intel Pentium M Processor 55 Million Transistors 2001 Intel Xeon Processor 42 Million Transistors 2001 Intel Xeon Processor 42 Million Transistors 2000 Intel Pentium 4 Processor 42 Million Transistors 2000 Intel Pentium 4 Processor 42 Million Transistors 1999 Intel Pentium III Processor 9.5 Million Transistors 1999 Intel Pentium III Processor 9.5 Million Transistors 1998 Intel Celeron Processor 7.5 Million Transistors 1998 Intel Celeron Processor 7.5 Million Transistors 1995 Intel Pentium Pro Processor 5.5 Million Transistors 1995 Intel Pentium Pro Processor 5.5 Million Transistors 1997 Intel Pentium II Processor 7.5 Million...
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... 2014 Unit 1 Assignment 1: Integrated Circuit Technology 1. Search the Internet using keywords such as “Intel processor transistor count”. 2. Create a table that presents the processor model, year, and the transistor count for Intel processors from 1971 to present. 3. Identify the processor model and year when two billion transistors were placed on a single processor chip. * In 2008 * The next generation in the Intel Itanium processor family code named Tukwila is described. The 21.5 mm by 32.5 mm die contains 2.05 billion transistors, making it the first two billion transistor microprocessor ever reported. Tukwila combines four ported Itanium cores with a new system interface and high speed serial interconnects to deliver greater than 2X performance relative to the Montecito and Montvale family of processors [1], [2]. 4. Cite the sources where you located the information you placed into the table. * http://download.intel.com/pressroom/kits/intelprocessorhistory.pdf * http://www.ece.ncsu.edu/asic/ece733/2009/docs/Itanium.pdf * [1] S. Naffziger et al., “The implementation of the Itanium 2 microprocessor,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 1448–1460, Nov. 2002. * [2] S. Naffziger et al. , “The implementation of a 2-core, multi-threaded Itanium family microprocessor, ”IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 197–209, Jan. 2006. 5. Comment on the growth of the number of transistors used in integrated circuits...
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...Computer Structure and Logic NT1110 Unit 1 Assignment 1: Integrated Circuit Technology Table 1 Processor Model | Year | Transistor Count | | | | 4004 | 1971 | 2,300 | 8008 | 1972 | 2,500 | 8080 | 1974 | 4,500 | Intel 8085 | 1976 | 6500 | Intel8086 | 1978 | 29,000 | Intel 8088 | 1979 | 29,000 | Intel 286 | 1982 | 134,000 | Intel 386 Processor | 1985 | 275,000 | Intel 486 Processor | 1989 | 1,200,000 | Intel Pentium Processor | 1993 | 3,100,000 | Pentium Pro | 1995 | 5,500,000 | Intel Pentium II Processor | 1997 | 7,500,000 | Pentium III | 1999 | 9,500,000 | Pentium 4 | 2000 | 42,000,000 | Itanium 2 McKinley | 2002 | 220,000,000 | Itanium 2 Madison 6M | 2003 | 410,000,000 | Core 2 Duo | 2006 | 291,000,000 | Atom | 2008 | 47,000,000 | Core i7 (Quad) | 2008 | 731,000,000 | Quad-Core + GPU Core i7 | 2011 | 1,160,000,000 | Intel 9300 Tukwila Processor | 2010 | 2,000,000,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Comment on the growth of the number of transistors used in integrated circuits over the years. The growth of transistors used in integrated circuits has nearly doubled every 18 months give or take a little. This growth falls in line with Moore’s Law. Gordon Moore a founder of Intel noticed the trends in computer memory and made an observation of the trends. Moore stated that the amount of transistors on a chip would double every 18 months to 2 years. This has held true for the most...
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...CMP-511A COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND IMPLEMENTATION ASSIGNMENT-3, PALEPU NIKHILREDDY, ID: 10000126161 Problem 3.1 Design a 1-bit memory circuit and provide a truth table for the circuit. Answer: 1-bit memory circuit is made of flip-flop (or) RS trigger. It may be NAND gate (or) NOR gate. The below figure shows the NOR gate RS trigger. S R State 0 0 Keep state(memory mode) 0 1 Q=0 1 0 Q=1 1 1 Unstable/race condition Problem 3.2 MDR is used to decode address signals from CPU. For a 16-bit address bus, how much memory can be attached to the...
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...Semester Period Unit No 103 Units Covered Unit Name Further Mathematics for Engineering Technicians Electrical and Electronic Principles Data Communications and Networks Analytical Methods for Engineers Engineering Science Telecommunication Principles Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Electrical and Electronic Principles Business Management Techniques for Engineers Computer Programming Techniques Radio Communication Engineering Electronic Principles Principles and Applications of Microcontrollers Digital and Analogue Devices and Circuits Management of Projects Project Design, Implementation and Evaluation Personal and Professional Development Work-based Experience Credit Hours 10 10 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 20 15 15 15 15 20 15 15 Unit Level 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 Semester 1 (10 weeks) September- November 2014 101 119 001 Semester 2 (10 weeks) December- February 2014 002 118 059 Semester 3 (10 weeks) March - May 2014 005 007 112 Semester 4 (10 weeks) June - August 2015 120 039 113 Semester 5 (10 weeks) September-November 2015 117 037 Semester 6 (10 weeks) 003 December 2015 -February 2016 027 029 Industrial Training March 2016 - September 2016 UNIT 1: ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENGINEERS Unit 1: Unit code: QCF level: Credit value: Analytical Methods for Engineers A/601/1401 4 15 • Aim This unit will provide the analytical knowledge and techniques needed to carry out a range of engineering...
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...------------------------------------------------- Lab Final Unit 11 Lab Final: Voltage Regulator with Constant Current Limiting (PORTFOLIO) Scope and Intention of the Project: The Lab Final Project is a self-directed project with specific requirements provided. You will be given a design task which utilizes a standard circuit in the textbook. You will apply knowledge that has been acquired in lecture, assignments, and previous labs. Task: Your task is to design, simulate, build and test a voltage regulator with constant current limiting as shown in Fig. 11-7 on page 559, Chapter 12 in the textbook. In addition to providing a circuit which operates to the specified functionality, you will submit a project report with required format and contents. D1 D1 This circuit is to be built according to the following specifications: * Input Voltage Range: + 9 V DC to +15 V DC * Q1 and Q2: 2N3904 Transistor * D1: 1N4733 Zener Diode * R1 = 1.0 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, R3 = 10 kΩ, R4 = 1.0 Ω * Nominal Output Voltage: + 10 V DC * Max. Output Current: 500 mA Required Test Data: 1. Line regulation for input voltage changes from +9 V to +15 V 2. Load regulation for load changes from open circuit to 1000 Ohm load resistance 3. Graph of output voltages for at least 5 different input voltages, using a 150 Ohm load resistor 4. (Y-axis scaled for output voltage, x-axis scaled for resistive load) 5. Graph of output voltages for at least 5 different...
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...NT-1110 Unit 1 Assignment 1: Research and explain the basic components of a PC. Gilberto Canto Motherboard: Sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board or colloquially, a mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable systems. It holds many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. Motherboard specifically refers to a PCB with expansion capability and as the name suggests, this board is the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drives, or other forms of persistent storage; TV tuner cards, cards providing extra USB or FireWire slots and a variety of other custom components. The motherboard is the core of the system. It really is the PC; everything else is connected to it, and it controls everything in the system. Central Processing Unit (CPU): Is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The term has been used in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s.Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Student absences jeopardize student and school success. Academic achievement scores are correlated with school attendance. Students who are not at school cannot receive instruction. Excessive school absence is a precursor of school dropout and is related to juvenile delinquency. And, because average daily attendance rates are a common determiner of school funding, absences mean that schools have less resources to do the job. Given all this, it is not surprising that reducing school absences is a top priority for many schools. (http://smhp.psych.ucla.edu) Now-a-days intelligent automation has stepped its presence in every field all over the world. This project has a stepping in the attendance and power management of the classrooms in the colleges/schools. The use of low cost technologies for highly reliable applications with the help of newly innovated algorithms makes the automation process to reach the consumers at cheaper and reliable cost. (http://www.muxtronics.com) The widespread of embedded computer networks as part of everyday peoples’ lives is leading the current research towards smart environments and Ambient Intelligence (AmI). AmI is a new information paradigm where people are empowered through a digital environment that is “aware” of their presence and context and is sensitive, adaptive and responsive to their needs. Mark Weiser, described the smart environments as physical worlds that invisibly interact...
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