...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Languages NT1420 In the late 1960’s Simula was invented by Nygaard and Dahl as a superset of Algol 60, this was the first language designed to support object-oriented programming. Then between 1969 and 1973 C was developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs. Smalltalk was created in the mid 1970’s that provided a complete ground-up design of an object-oriented language, and about the same time Prolog was designed in 1972 by Colmerauer, Roussel, and Kowalski, this was the first logic programming language. In 1973 Robin Milner built two polymorphic type systems (ML and Lisp) which were used in pioneering statically typed functional programming languages. Now going to the 80’s, Ada was created in 1983 by a team ran by Jean Ichbiah which was designed for built-in language support for explicit concurrency, offering tasks, synchronous message passing, protected objects, and non-determinism. Erlang was developed by Joe Armstrong in 1986 that supports hot swapping, so that code can be changed without stopping a system. In 1985 Eiffel was created as an ISO-standardized, object-oriented programming language designed by Bertrand Meyer. The program emphasizes declarative statements over procedural code and attempts to eliminate the need for bookkeeping instructions. TCL is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout in 1988 which is used for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, GUIs and testing. Perl was developed...
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...John Medina PT2520T Database Concepts Mr. Collier Unit 1 Research Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Languages History of the SQL – SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlain, Donald C. Messerly, and Raymond F. Boyce in the early 1970s. This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language) was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM’s original quasi-relational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San Jose Research Laboratory had developed during the 1970s. The acronym SEQUEL was later changed to SQL because “SEQUEL” was a trademark of the UK-based Hawker Siddely aircraft company. In the late 1970s, Relational Software Inc. (now Oracle Corporation) saw the potential of the concepts described by Codd, Chamberlain, and Boyce and developed their own SQL-based RDBMS with aspirations of selling it to the U.S. Navy, Central Intelligence Agency, and other U.S. government agencies. In June 1979, Relational Software Inc. introduced the first commercially available implementation of SQL, Oracle V2(Version 2) for VAX computers. After testing SQL at customer test sites to determine the usefulness and practicality of the system. IBM began developing commercial products based on their System R prototype including System/38, SQL/DS, and DB2, which were commercially available in 1979, 1981, and 1983 respectively. According to the paragraph above, there had to have been 4 revisions to the SQL. The most recent version...
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...Structured Query Language (SQL) is a specialized language for updating, deleting, and requesting information from databases. SQL is an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and International Standards Institute (ISO) standard. A variety of established database products support SQL, including products from Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server. It is widely used in both industry and academia, often for enormous, complex databases. (Base, 2013). SQL was developed in the 1970’s by IBM to initially manipulate and retrieve data in IBM system R. The SQL language was standardized in 1986 by the ANSI; it later had releases that were released as ISO standards. IBM authored SQL and the first SQL implementation was provided by Oracle Corporation. Early commercial implementations were concentrated on midsized UNIX-based DBMSs, such as Oracle, Ingres, and Informix. IBM followed in 1981 with SQL/DS, the forerunner to DB2, which debuted in 1983. ANSI published the first SQL standard (SQL-86) in 1986. An international version of the standard issued by ISO appeared in 1987. A significant update to SQL-86 was released in 1989 (SQL-89). Virtually, all relational DBMSs that you encounter today support most of the 1986 standard. In 1992, the standard was revised again (SQL-92), adding more capabilities to the language. Because SQL-92 was s superset of SQL-89, older database application programs ran under the new standard with minimal modifications. Until October 1996, DBMS vendors could submit...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1 Exploring Programming Languages Chris Wade Introduction to Programming Dr. Bass Programming Languages have become very much improved in the last few decades. When computers were first created, languages were very focused on getting the most effective response from the computers while being limited by the hardware designs. As hardware has gotten better and faster, programming languages have developed right alongside of them. In 1972 a programming language called C was developed by Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs. The reason for developing this was to improve upon other languages such as B and Pascal. C uses a lot of the same forms and functions as Pascal and was developed to be faster and more powerful. The only issue was that it was hard to read. C was also developed to work well with Unix. (Ferguson, 2000). In 1983 Bjarne Stroustroup developed C++ which was also known as “C with classes”. This improved C and moved toward object oriented programming. C++ has been considered the most popular programming language ever and is currently used in programs such as Adobe PDF Reader, Mozilla Firefox (web browser), and MS Office. (Anthony, 2001). The 1990’s saw the development of several languages such as Python, PHP, and Java. Developer Guido Van Rossum developed Python (named for Monty Python) to fix problems in the ABC language and it is used by YouTube, Google Search, and NASA (Anthony, 2001). PHP (which stands for Personal Home Page) was...
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...| Exploring Programming Language | Unit 1 Research Assignment 1 | | | 5/3/2014 | PT1420 | The five most popular programming languages in the 1970’s were: 1970: Pascal 1972: C 1972: Smalltalk 1972: Prolog 1973: SQL Pascal The Pascal programming language was developed by Niklaus Wirth. It was created in 1968 but it wasn’t published until 1970. It was developed to provide the features other programming languages didn’t offer at that time. His main reason for developing Pascal was efficiently implement and run, to allow for the development of structured and well organized programs, and to serve as a tool to teach the important concepts of computer programming. The program was named after a mathematician named Blaise Pascal. It was used as the primary language in the Apple Lisa and for the Mac in the early years of the computer. SQL SQL, which is short for, Structured Query Language, was designed by an IBM research center in 1974-1975. The Oracle Corporation introduced it as a commercial database system in 1979, the first time it was introduced. It has been a favorite query language for the use of database management systems for the microcomputer and mainframes, but is being supported by the PC database. C C was created at the Bell Laboratory in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie. It was created for the purpose in designing UNIX. Prolog Was created from 1971-1973 and was distributed in 1974-1975. It was created not as a programming language on purpose but...
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...Sarratt June 24, 2014 PT1420 Unit 1, Research Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Languages 1970’s: 1. C- created by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler, to provide low-level access to memory, to provide language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, and to require minimal run-time support 2. SQL- Designed by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in 1974. It was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasi-relational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San Jose Research Laboratory had developed during the 1970s. 3. Scheme- Developed by Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman in 1975. Scheme started as an attempt to understand Carl Hewitt's Actor model, for which purpose Steele and Sussman wrote a "tiny Lisp interpreter" using Maclisp and then "added mechanisms for creating actors and sending messages. 4. Smalltalk- Designed by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, and Adelle Goldberg in 1972. The first version, known as Smalltalk-71, was created by Ingalls in a few mornings on a bet that a programming language based on the idea of message passing inspired by Simula could be implemented in "a page of code." 5. Prolog- Designed by Alain Colmerauer in 1972. Its intended field of use was natural language processing. 1980’s: 1. C++- Designed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983. The motivation for creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's...
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...Database Concepts Unit 1 Research Assignment 1 Exploring Programming Languages SQL, in a simplest form, is a data sublanguage purposely invented to provide an interface to a relational database such as Oracle Database, and all SQL statements are instructions to the database. SQL provide benefits for all types of users, including application programmers, database administrators, managers, and end users. Some of its features include processing sets of data as groups rather than as individual units, as well as provide automatic navigation to the data. Since SQL was first created there have been three major changes to the program and eleven minor changes. The latest major change addressed the requirement for objects and "object identifiers" in SQL and also specifies supporting features such as encapsulation, subtypes, inheritance, and polymorphism. Microsoft SQL Express is a free edition of SQL Server that is ideal for learning, developing, powering desktop, web & small server applications, and for redistribution by ISVs. It includes the full version of SQL Server 2014 Management Studio and provides LocalDB; a lightweight version of Express that has all its programmability features, yet runs in user mode and has a fast, zero-configuration installation and short list of pre-requisites. Use this if you need a simple way to create and work with databases from code. Microsoft SQL Express even has the options of adding tools or advanced services to the express package. Like...
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...Unit 1 Assignment 1 Exploring Programming Languages PT1420 Introduction to Programming Pong Sintaisong ITT-Tech Tempe Campus Instructor: Ms. Kate Eskesen 9/23/2015 5 Programming Languages 1970s-2000 1970s Pascal: Niklaus Wirth was is the invertor and was invented in 1971 Motivation: To provide features that were lacking in other languages at the time. Forth: Forth was created in 1970 by Charles H. Moore Motivation: He wanted to create a language that would allow direct user and machine interactions. C: In 1971-73 Dennis M. Ritchie turned the B language into the C language. Motivation: Lack of features from B language so made C language. Prolog: Alain Colmerauer in 1973. Motivation: Unknown ML: In 1973 ML was invented as part of the University of Edinburgh's LCF project Motivation: Research in constructing automated theorem provers. Eventually saw that the "Meta Language" they used for proving theorems was more generally useful as a programming language. 1980s C++: Bjarne Stroustrup was the inventor. 1979 Motivation: He needed the use of a programming language that was concise and that produced compact and speedy programs. MATLAB: First Fortran MATLAB was portable and could be compiled to run on many of the computers that were available in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Cleve Moler is the inventor. Motivation: This document for engineers developing models and generating code for embedded systems using Model-Based Design with MathWorks products. ADA:...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1: Exploring Programming Language Structured Query Language (SQL) is a specialized language for updating, deleting, and requesting information from databases. SQL is an ANSI and ISO standard, and is the de facto database query language. A variety of established database products support SQL, including products from Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server. It is widely used in both industry and academia, often for enormous, complex datbases. (Base, 2013). SQL was developed in the 1970’s by IBM to initially manipulate and retrieve data in IBM system R. The SQL language was standardized in 1986 by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI); however, later releases were released as International Organization Standardization (ISO) standards. (Inc., 2013) Although IBM authored SQL, the first SQL implementation was provided by Oracle Corporation (then called Relational Software Inc.). Early commercial implementations were concentrated on midsized UNIX-based DBMSs, such as Oracle, Ingres, and Informix. IBM followed in 1981 with SQL/DS, the forerunner to DB2, which debuted in 1983. (Unknown, 2010) ANSI published the first SQL standard (SQL-86) in 1986. An international version of the standard issued by ISO appeared in 1987. A significant update to SQL-86 was released in 1989 (SQL-89). Virtually, all relational DBMSs that you encounter today support most of the 1986 standard. (Unknown, 2010) In 1992, the standard was revised again (SQL-92), adding more...
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...Unit 9 Research Assignment 1: Exploring How to Call External Programs or Functions from a Program. When trying to call another external function in another programming language you typically want to try to link the two. With linking different files together generally comes down to subroutine calling conventions. When you make a call to a routine located in another object file, your compiler will have to know what that other object file will name its routine internally, how to pass all its parameters, and what setup and cleanup code the routine will require. All this stuff is generally grouped together under the heading of calling conventions. For each compiler, it has its own calling conventions, which it likes to use for subroutines. Be aware that I said, "Compiler", not language. The C calling convention in Windows is different than the C calling convention on something such as Linux. So, when you mix languages, you need some way to tell the compiler for either the calling or the called subroutine to use the other language's calling convention for each function. However some platforms, like Windows, have multiple popular calling conventions. Although, if you have a pair of languages whose compiler writers never thought of each other, then you have no choice but to tell both to use some third convention that they both know about (usually C's). Like for example, to get standard C++, you'd have the server code export its routine functions using the C convention, and tell the...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1: Exploring Programing Language 1970s Pascal-designed by Nikalus Wirth in late 60s early 70s and intention was to create an efficient language based on so called structured programing. Forth-designed by Charles Moore in 1970s that was originally designed for embedded and real time applications. Smalltalk-designed by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Ted Kaehler, Scott Wallace, and others during the 1970s and was originally designed based off of a bet that message passing could be implemented in a page of code. Prolog designed by Alan Colmerauer during the 70s and is a general purpose programing language that is associated with A.I. and computational linguistics. ML-designed by Robin Milner & others at the University of Edinburgh in 1973 and was conceived to provide proof tactics in the LCF theorem prover. 1980s Ada- designed in 1983 by a team led by Jean Ichbiah to replace the hundreds of programing languages then used by DoD. Was named after Ada Lovelace Perl-designed in 1987 by Larry wall as a general purpose UNIX scripting language to make report processing easier. Tcl-designed in 1988 by John Ousterhout and is commonly used for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, GUIs and testing. FL(Backus)-designed by John Backus, John Williams, and Edward Wimmers in 1989 and was designed as a replacement of Backus earlier FP language providing specific support for what he thought was termed level function level programming. Mathematica-designed...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment | Exploring Programming Languages | Cody Tidwell | PT2520 1.) Edgar Frank “Ted” Codd was a mathematician and also a computer scientist who never stopped believing. Going for his doctorate on a scholarship from IBM, his determination was proven to many. Once he finished his Ph.D., he worked for IBM where his work truly began to take off. He was the one proposed a set of “12 Rules”, which there are actually 13 when you include the 0). In SQL Server 2012 Service Pack 1 Cumulative Update 4, it expands the supported features for SQL Server backup and restores with Windows Azure Storage. In this release, new Powershell cmdlets have been added. MICROSOFT EXPRESS FEATURES Stored Procedures-SQL Server Configuration Manager Views-Replication (as a subscriber only) Triggers-Advanced Query Optimizer Cursors-SMO/RMO Sqlcmd and osql utilities-Integration with Visual Studio 2005 Snapshot Isolation Levels-Service Broker (as a client only) Native XML support, including XQuery and XML Schemas-SQL CLR Transact-SQL language support-Multiple Active Result Sets (MARS) Dedicated Admin Connection-Import/Export Wizard ORACLE EXPRESS FEATURES Interactive reports Declarative BLOB support Enhanced report printing Adding to the theme repository Optional runtime-only installation Improved security Application date format Application builder refinements DB2 EXPRESS FEATURES Bi-temporal data management Always on transactions Enhanced security ...
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...UNIT 1. RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT 1 EXPLORING PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES PT 2520 SQL was introduced by IBM in the 1970. The first company to implement SQL commercially was Oracle. These two companies were followed by several other companies. Each of those company introduced different version of SQL with some variation. In short, many versions of SQL were available in global market. Due to this reason and making single one SQL instead of various SQL in market, it was standardized. Newest SQL and standard is SQL99. Later on SQL2003 and SQL2008 were also standardize. This is an extremely complex work, and it is not yet clear how much industry support it will attract. Rather than having a series of conformance levels, each incorporating its predecessors, SQL99 has basic functionality called "Core SQL" and various optional enhancement levels.SQL is basic language for all databases. Full form of SQL is Structure Query Language. But SQL is more popular as Sequel Query Language. Due to this reason SQL called as Sequel. SQL is pronounced by sequel; the letters originally stood for Structure Query Language. SQL used by all DBMS like DB2, Oracle, Microsoft's SQL Server and Access, Sybase, Informix, MySQL, mSQL etc.After standardization of SQL, it becomes more sophisticated and easy. Typically a relational database product includes more than the DBMS called as "back end". SQL is only language to manage all back end databases. Using SQL, we can store data, manipulate and retrieve from database...
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...Introduction to Programming PT-104 | UNIT 1ASSIGNMENT | Research Popular Programming Languages | Associated with the Past Present and Future of Virtualization | | 9/30/2013 | Introduction to Programming 23 September 2013 Unit 1 Assignment 1 Exploring Programming Languages Platform virtualization vs. application virtualization Virtual machines (VMs), in their first incarnation, were created by IBM 60 years ago as a way to share large and expensive mainframe systems. And although the concept is still applied in current IBM systems, the popular concept of a VM has broadened and been applied to a number of areas outside of virtualization. Virtual machine origins The first operating system to support full virtualization for VMs was the Conversational Monitor System (CMS). CMS supported both full virtualization and paravirtualization. In the early 1970s, IBM introduced the VM family of systems, which ran multiple single-user operating systems on top of their VM Control Program—an early type-1 hypervisor. The area of virtualization that IBM popularized in the 1960s is known asplatform (or system) virtualization. In this form of virtualization, the underlying hardware platform is virtualized to share it with a number of different operating systems and users. Another application of the VM is to provide the property of machine independence. This form, called application (or process) virtualization, creates an abstracted environment (for an application), making...
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