...Issue 3, 2011 Economic Feasibility of a Mobile Fast Pyrolysis System for Sustainable Bio-crude Oil Production Marco A. Palmaa, James W. Richardsonb, Brad E. Robersonc, Luis A. Riberad Joe Outlawe and Clyde Munsterf Assistant Professor and Extension Economist Regent’s Professor and Senior Faculty Fellow c Research Associate d Associate Professor and Extension Economist e Professor and Extension Economist Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, 600 John Kimbrough Blvd, 2124 TAMU. College Station, Texas, 77843-2124, U.S.A. b f a Professor, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Room 127, Hobgood Building, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, U.S.A. Abstract This paper analyzed the economic feasibility of a mobile bioenergy pyrolysis system using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Pyrolysis transforms any cellulosic materials into i) a bio-oil similar to crude oil ii) a synthesis gas similar to natural gas, and iii) a bio-charcoal substance. The pyrolyzer machine is currently being manufactured and tested with various types of feedstocks including corn stover and energy sorghum. The economic analysis focused on creating an automated process that integrates a transportation logistics cost optimization model with geographic information system (GIS) data. The geographic data provides possible paths for the mobile bioenergy pyrolysis unit as it moves to and from each harvest area, depending on stochastic availability of feedstock...
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...Course Hero has millions of student submitted documents similar to the one below including study guides, practice problems, reference materials, practice exams, textbook help and tutor support. Why (a) do you suppose Union Planters purchases investments, rather than simply making loans? Why does it purchase investments that vary in nature both in terms of their maturities and in type (debt versus stock)? 1. They may have excess funds that they havent loaned out yet and instead of having the money just sit there the bank manager may decide that it could earn more revenue by choosing to invest. 2. Depending on the situation the bank manager may also feel that they can make more money by investing the excess funds rather than lending the money out. For example right now interest rates are at an all-time low and they may feel like the return on the interest is not enough compared to investing. 3. The bank manager may feel that these investments will mature and be worth more in the future so they may choose to hold long term to create more revenue. (b) How must Union Planters account for its investments in each of the two categories? 1. Trading securities Balance sheet at fair market value a. Gain/Loss reported as part of income 2. Available-for-Sale Balance sheet at fair market value a. Gain/Loss Comprehensive income/ separate from Stockholders equity until realized 3. Held to-Maturity reported at amortized cost Planters had none (c) In what ways does classifying into investments...
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...generated from health care units are generally classified as infectious and non-infectious. The infectious health care wastes are termed as ‘bio-medical wastes’ and are considered to be potentially hazardous in nature. The disposal of untreated bio-medical wastes mixed with non-infectious health care wastes or other general municipal wastes poses an environmental threat and public health risk.Indiscriminate disposal of untreated bio-medical waste is often the cause for the spread of several infectious diseases. It is also responsible for the nosocomial diseases i.e. the hospital acquired diseases to the health care personnel who handle these wastes at the point of generation. Moreover, this is equally harmful to persons involved in the bio-medical waste management i.e. segregation, storage, transport, treatment and disposal. Apart from the above, a good amount of bio-medical wastes such as disposable syringes, saline bottles, I.V. fluid bottles etc. are picked up by rag pickers and are recycled back into the market without any disinfection. It is imperative, therefore, to adopt an appropriate environmentally safe method for the disposal of the hospital wastes. Sources of generation of Bio-medical wastes: Hospitals, Nursing Homes, Veterinary Hospitals, Dental Clinics, Pathological & Diagnostic Laboratories, Blood Bank etc. Type of Health Care Waste: These are of two types (i) Infectious Wastes (ii) Non-infectious Wastes INFECTIOUS HEALTH CARE WASTES (Bio-medical Waste): · Human...
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...connector of motherboard. * CPU Socket * North Bridge * South Bridge * RAM Slots * AGP Slot * PCI Slots * CNR Slot * Floppy Connector * Primary and Secondary IDE Connectors * SATA connectors * Power Connector * BIOS * CMOS battery * Ports CPU Socket: CPU Socket or Processor Socket. Which is used to install or insert the processor. we have two types of sockets. LIF sockets and ZIF socket. LIF stands for Low Insertion Force, this is the old model sockets and ZIF stands for Zero Insertion Force, this is the present model sockets. | | LIF socket or slot type processor socket | | | ZIF socket or PGA sockets | North Bridge: North Bridge is always near the processor socket. which is one of the important component of a motherboard. It is a focal Point of Motherboard and It is also called as Memory Controller Hub. North Bridge interconnects Processor socket, RAM slots and AGP slot. here Gigabyte chip is north bridge it is near Processor socket. South Bridge: North bridge and south bridge are the two main poles of a motherboard. South Bridge interconnects Primary and Secondary IDE interfaces, SATA connectors, Floppy Drive Connector, PCI slots and BIOS. RAM Slots: RAM slots are used to insert RAMs. there are so many types of ram slots. they are SD ram slots, DDR ram slots, DDR2 and DDR3 ram slots. SD stands for synchronize Dynamic and DDR...
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...Government of India Ministry of New & Renewable Energy National Policy on Biofuels Block No. 14, C.G.O. Complex Lodhi Road New Delhi- 110003 Page 1 of 18 National Policy on Biofuels 1.0 1.1 PREAMBLE India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The Development Objectives focus on economic growth, equity and human well being. Energy is a critical input for socio-economic development. The energy strategy of a country aims at efficiency and security and to provide access which being environment friendly and achievement of an optimum mix of primary resources for energy generation. Fossil fuels will continue to play a dominant role in the energy scenario in our country in the next few decades. However, conventional or fossil fuel resources are limited, non-renewable, polluting and, therefore, need to be used prudently. On the other hand, renewable energy resources are indigenous, non-polluting and virtually inexhaustible. India is endowed with abundant renewable energy resources. Therefore, their use should be encouraged in every possible way. 1.2 The crude oil price has been fluctuating in the world market and has increased significantly in the recent past, reaching a level of more than $ 140 per barrel. Such unforeseen escalation of crude oil prices is severely straining of the developing various economies the world over, particularly those countries. Petro-based oil meets about 95% of the requirement for transportation fuels, and the...
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...The BRC has 28 miles of mainline with more than 300 miles of switching tracks, allowing it to interchange with every railroad serving the Chicago rail hub. The Belt's Clearing Yards span a 5.5 mile distance among 786 acres, supporting more than 250 miles of track. The Belt Railway currently dispatches on a service-driven basis more than 8,400 rail cars per day. At Clearing Yard, employees are able to classify between 3,000 – 3,500 rail cars every 24 hours. The Belt Railway has been in operation since 1882 and has been through many rough times. Now the BRC is approaching another hurdle with an aging fleet of locomotives. As shown in Table 1 below, the BRC fleet consists of mother-slug units on the hump (SD38-40), single engines for switching (GP-38 and SW1500’s) and at times multiple units for...
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...BUSINESS PLAN BIO – VERMI COMPOST Submitted by, Karthikeya B (13UTA17) INTRODUCTION Earthworms are the friends of farmers. They not only aerate the soil but also help in producing Vermi compost, a valuable resource for improving soil fertility. Vermi compost is becoming increasingly popular among farmers, as a source of soil fertility and also as a source of income generation. Vermi-biotechnology is an eco-friendly, socially sound and economically viable innovative technology to manage the organic waste resources on low capital input basis. This does not call for expensive laboratories or sophisticated industrial instruments. It has multiple benefits – can convert wastes into fertilizers; make soils healthy; can eliminate the dependence on chemicals can bring waste-land under cultivation; create employment to millions of youth, can feed hungry citizens and can make a country green and prosperous in a span of just a few years. A project on Vermi biotechnology is being implemented in Aligarh District of Uttar Pradesh in India, with the assistance of the Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India. It is being implemented in five panjayats blocks namely Lodha, Jawa, Khair,Tappal and Dhanipur...
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...Command Line Interface for Linux CLI PN 900-0024-00, Revision E April 23, 2003 User Guide Copyright ©2003 3ware, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the proper written consent of 3ware, Inc., 455 West Maude Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94085. Trademarks 3ware, the 3ware logo, Escalade, StorSwitch, TwinStor, R5 Fusion and 3DM are all registered trademarks of 3ware, Inc. All other trademarks herein are property of their respective owners. Disclaimer 3ware, Inc. assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document, nor does 3ware, Inc. make any commitment to update the information contained herein. Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Command Line Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Ways to Run the CLI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1) Interactive with command interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2) Single command with output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3) Multiple commands through an input file . . . . . . ...
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...INTERMEDIATE VOCATIONAL COURSE Second Year NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES For the Course of Rural Engineering Technician State Institute of Vocational Education Directorate of Intermediate Education Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. 2005 Author Sri Shali Habibulla M.Tech (Ref & A/c), Hons. C.H.E. M.I.S.T.E. Department of Rural Engineering Technician Govt. Junior College (Boys) New, Town, ANANTAPUR - 515 001. Editor Sri K. Jagadish Junior Lecturer in R.E.T. Govt. Junior College Vmedugula - 531027. Vizag (Dist.) PREFACE The main objective of vocational education is to train the students at +2 level for meeting the demands for the skilled manpower in both organised and unorganised sectors and also to provide an alternative channel for those who aimlessly persue higher education and to prepare them for self reliance. The State Institute of Vocational Education (SIVE) in collaboration with the Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh has developed curriculum for 43 vocational courses in the field of Engineering & Technology Agriculture Health & Paramedical Business & Commerce Home Science and Humanities Accordingly the text books have been developed by SIVE as per the restructured curriculum by utilizing the services of various professional teachers in the respective fields. I am sure that this book will be immensely useful to the vocational students and teachers in understanding the concepts. I wish to place my sincere thanks on record...
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...Strategy Business Unit (SBU), passenger transfer service, for Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited. The strategic analysis contains investigation of certain key business areas of Virgin Atlantic, such as: defining whom the Virgin Atlantic customer is; understanding of the external environment issues of the airline industry; competitor analysis, and analysis of the Human Resources within the organization. Through the analysis of Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited, some issues for the company were uncovered. Especially two main issues should be considered as potential problems for Virgin Atlantic’s business unit and so action needs to be taken within these areas: 1. Lacking economy of scale (size of the company). 2. Increasing environmental awareness among customers. 1. Virgin Atlantic lacks economy of scale because of the size of the company and limited routes available. To be able to compete effectively and gain greater profits through economy of scale, Virgin Atlantic has to expand by opening new routes. The implementation of this will require strategic financial planning and adjustment of the company structure. It is likely that this process will take several years; however, this change is necessary to increase Virgin Atlantic’s competitiveness. 2. With the increased concern about the environment among customers, bio-fuel has been tested by Boeing for a few years in order to lower carbon emission caused by airplanes. Virgin Atlantic can be the first company to use bio-fuel aircrafts...
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...CRISIS SAVIOUR .. By focusing our attention from digging for more fossil fuel resources, if we focus it on producing vegetable oil using the land resources, we will greatly reduce the demand for petroleum products. .. Our engine is extremely VERSATILE, being able to run on diesel, bio-diesels, vegetable oils with very little change in power and efficiency. This will diversify the kind of fuels that can run a diesel engine and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. • ECO-FRIENDLY .. No additional Carbon Oxides are emitted into the atmosphere. .. This is because only carbon stored in the plants seeds are released back in the atmosphere as carbon oxides. • COST SAVINGS .. Waste Vegetable oils cost an average of $0.30 per litre for filtering and is usually free of charge. Whereas diesel costs $1.243, saving a total of $0.943 per litre. Copyright © Singapore Polytechnic. All rights reserved. 3 • GREAT FUTURE SCOPE .. Internet research has shown that some oil from wild plants can be used to make bio-diesel and possibly used directly on a modified diesel engine. .. One such plant is Jatropha curcas, also called physic nut. The very oleaginous kernels can be used to make both bio-diesel and vegetable oil, to be used as motor and heating fuel. When properly irrigated, it procedures seeds during almost the whole year (in tropical regions with high humidity). In drier regions there are 2 peaks in seed production. .. By proving vegetable oil is suitable for...
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...ISSUE Health and wellbeing of an individual in a community are determined by various factors such as psychological, social and biological (Coreil, 2009). An individual’s state of health is dependent on lifestyle choices and behaviour patterns, this has necessitated the need for various Government health promotion initiatives aimed at empowering individuals to embrace a healthy lifestyle, (The World Health Organisation,1986). In a bid to effectively implement the various health promotion initiative, nurses have been acknowledged to be in key position to drive this awareness. This assignment will discuss the value of health promotion with regards to the treatment of alcohol dependence as a result of depression within the framework of a bio-psychosocial model (BPS), Government policy on reducing harmful drinking, cognitive behaviour therapy and the role of the student nurses in public health promotion and dissemination of healthy lifestyle information. This assignment will be based on my practice placement experience on the trauma and orthopaedic ward. The name of patient and locality has been omitted in accordance with the confidentiality guideline of the Nursing and Midwifery Council code of conduct (2008). Tomline was admitted into the trauma and orthopaedic ward as a result of injury sustained in a car accident after excessive consumption of alcohol. A report by Alcohol Concern (2014), states that an estimated 70% of admissions to accident and emergency departments are...
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...Annex 14 Center for International Forest Research Southern Africa Regional Office Lusaka, Zambia Report Climate Change in Zambia: Opportunities for Adaptation and Mitigation through Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative By Samuel Mulenga Bwalya Peaks Environmental Management Consultants P.O Box 32632 Lusaka, Zambia January, 2010 Table of Contents Contents Page Table of Contents................................................................................................................. i List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... ii List of acronyms ................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ v 1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Objectives of the study........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Approaches and methodology............................................................................. 2 2. Climate variability and impacts .................................................................................. 2 2.1 Climate...
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...the country’s population depends upon it for its energy needs in some way or the other. Biomass power generation in India is an industry that attracts investments of over Rs.600 crores every year, generating more than 5000 million units of electricity and yearly employment of more than 10 million man-days in the rural areas. We can divide the biomass power plant market in India into 3 categories. Biogas based power projects Present: • The current availability of biomass in India is estimated to be approximately energetica india E 640 million metric tones per annum. This converted to cubic meters of biogas comes to 12800 million cubic meters per annum (@ 20 cubic meters of biogas per metric ton of biomass). • This should lead to both electricity and heat generation of 25600 GWh and 51200 GWh per annum respectively (@ 2 KWh of electricity and 4 KWh of heat energy per cubic meter of biogas). • The Government of India has estimated this availability of biomass to a corresponding potential of about 18000 MW generation capacity. • If the above two statements are combined, it comes to around 4 hrs of electricity generation for 365 days a year. Some case studies displayed at MNRE website talk about 6-7 hours of electricity daily in villages using a 10 KW plant. • A total of around 130...
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...board. 5. Most power supplies have a dual-voltage selector switch on the back of the computer case where you can switch the input voltage to the power supply to 115 V used in the United States. 6. The unit of measurement is joules. 7. Hot wires in home wiring are normally colored black, and ground wires in computers are normally colored black. 8. A rectifier is a device that converts AC to CD, and an inverter is a device that converts DC to AC. A transformer is a device that changes the ratio of voltage to current. The power supply used in a computer is both a rectifier and a transformer. 9. A surge suppressor protects electrical equipment from power surges and is rated in joules. 10. A power supply receives 120 volts of Alternating current power from a wall outlet and converts it to 3.3, 5, and 12 volts of Direct Current power. 11. Power supplies and CRT monitors contain capacitors. A capacitor holds its charge even after the power is turned off and the device is unplugged. 12. The best way to guard against ESD is to use a ground bracelet together with a ground mat or wear antistatic gloves. 13. The power-on self-test is a series of tests performed by the startup BIOS when you first turn on a computer. These tests determine if startup BIOS can communicate correctly with essential hardware...
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