...Chapter 6: CPU Scheduling • • • Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Operating System Concepts 6.1 Basic Concepts • Maximum CPU utilization obtained with multiprogramming. • CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait. – Example: Alternating Sequence of CPU And I/O Bursts – In an I/O – bound program would have many very short CPU bursts. – In a CPU – bound program would have a few very long CPU bursts. Operating System Concepts 6.2 1 CPU Scheduler • The CPU scheduler (short-term scheduler) selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them. • A ready queue may be implemented as a FIFO queue, priority queue, a tree, or an unordered linked list. • CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process: 1. Switches from running to waiting state (ex., I/O request). 2. Switches from running to ready state (ex., Interrupts occur). 3. Switches from waiting to ready state (ex., Completion of I/O). 4. Terminates. • Scheduling under 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive; otherwise is called preemptive. • Under nonpreemptive scheduling, once the CPU has been allocated to a process, the process keeps the CPU until it releases the CPU either by terminating or by switching to the waiting state. Operating System Concepts 6.3 Dispatcher • Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler;...
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... b.No because under the direct method service department costs are directly allocated to production departments. 5-8 Required a. Total Employees: Nbr of employees: % of Employees: P1 500 200 40% P2 500 300 60% b. Service Department Service Dept. Costs Costs Allocated to: P1 P2 S1 $4,000,000 $1,600,000 $2,400,000 S2 3,000,000 1,200,000 1,800,000 S3 2,000,000 800,000 1,200,000 Total: $9,000,000 $3,600,000 $5,400,000 6-8 a. Only variable costs will be increased. b. Since the reported cost is higher than the price the manager will not accept the order. 6-15 Total cost of setup 4,000,000 Number of setups 2,000 Cost per setup 2,000 Setups for EP150 2 Cost allocated to EP150 4,000 Units Produced 800 Cost allocated to each unit 5 6-18 It may be difficult to compare. b.The manager may want to carry multiple orders when the workers go to the warehouses. Problem 6-3 • Direct material $ 20 Direct Labor $ 5 Overhead $ 15 Total $ 40 opportunity cost of producing a Model 350 motor? $ 40 b. Suppose Binder can win the Dacon business by bidding a price of $37 per motor (but no...
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...Week 7 Homework 24. H0: μ2 ≤ μ1 H1: μ2 > μ1 a = 0.05 (one-tailed) z-crit = 1.645 test statistic z = (μ2-μ1) / √[(s1)²/n + (s2)²/m] = (351-345) / √[28²/60 + 21²/54] = 1.3 Failed reject H0 because 1.3 < 1.645 and conclude that the difference in means is not significant because the number of units produced on the afternoon shift is larger. 34. These are independent samples of sufficient size to use the z-test for proportions. n1 = 270 x1 = 56 n2 = 203 x2 = 52 α = 0.05 p1’ = x1/n1 = 56 / 270 = 0.2074 p2’ = x2/n2 = 52 / 203 = 0.2562 pbar = (x1 + x2) / (n1 + n2) = (56 + 52) / (270 + 203) = 0.2283 qbar = 1 – pbar = 1 – 0.2283 = 0.7717 H0: p1 = p2 Ha: p1 ≠ p2 (claim) At α = 0.05 for a two-tailed test, zcrit = ±1.96 ztest = [ (p1’ – p2’) – (p1 – p2) ] / √[(pbar)(qbar)(1/n1 + 1/n2)] ztest = [ (0.2074 – 0.2562) – 0 ] / √[(0.2283)(0.7717)(1/270 + 1/203)] ztest = -1.2515 Since ztest > zcrit, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. There isn’t enough evidence to support the claim that there is a difference in the proportion of humorous advertisements in British vs American trade magazines. 37. H0: μ2 ≤ μ1 H1: μ2 > μ1 Mean (1)=125.125 Mean(2)= 117.714 Sd(1)= 15.094 Sd(2)= 19.914 Sp2= 305.708 t= (125.125-117.714) / √[305.708 (1/8+1/7)] = 0.819 There is no difference in the mean number sold at regular price and the mean number sold at the reduce price. Therefore, we cannot reject the H0. 38. This is a one-tailed...
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...HOMEWORK #1 Question 1: a) The per capita CD sales are higher in the U.S. than in Mexico, while per capita cassette sales are lower in the U.S compared to Mexico because of the income elasticity of demand for these goods. CDs are normal goods and demand for them rises as income rises. The per capita sales of CDs are higher in the U.S. because U.S. citizens have higher income than Mexicans. On the other hand, music cassettes are considered inferior goods because of new technological advancements and as income rises, demand for them falls as people are starting to buy more modern products such as CDs. Due to income elasticity the average American consumer can afford to buy CDs rather than music cassettes, while Mexicans with their lower incomes choose cassettes over CDs. b) A diagram for U.S. CD-market demand: (i) Increase in the price of CDs – changes in price cause movement along the demand curve. When the price of CD increases, the quantity demanded will decrease because the Law of Demand states that price and quantity demanded are inversely related. (ii) Rise in the ownership of CD players – CDs and CD players are complimentary goods, which means that as people own more CD players, the demand curve for CDs will shift to the right P D1 D Q (iii) Fall in the price of music cassettes – CDs and music cassettes may be considered substitutes and therefore as the...
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...[pic] Braeside High School BTEC Extended Diploma in Business (Marketing) Unit 37 Understanding Business Ethics Assignment brief 1: Ethical issues Assessor Mr. Zachaues Omwenga Date issued: 06/05/2015 Date of Submission: 29/05/2015 This assignment brief assesses |P1 explain the ethical issues a business needs to consider in its operational activities | |P2 explain the implications for the business and stakeholders of a business operating ethically | |P3 describe the social implications of business ethics facing a selected business in its different areas of activity | |M1 assess how a selected business could improve the ethics of their operations | |D1 evaluate the impact of a selected business’s ethical behavior on stakeholders and the business. | Scenario Businesses are limited in what they do. Sometimes by laws and sometimes by the conventions and social codes we live by. Gathered together these are what we refer to as ethics and they can apply to every aspect of business behaviour. Whereas it could be argued that most laws have their origins in ethics, ethical behaviour, by individuals and business go beyond legal requirement and are discretionary, that is to say we can choose to follow them or not. You have been asked to research...
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...[pic] Braeside High School BTEC Extended Diploma in Business ( Marketing) Unit 37 Understanding Business Ethics Assignment brief 1: Ethical issues Assessor Mr. Zachaues Omwenga Date issued: 06/05/2015 Date of Submission: 29/05/2015 This assignment brief assesses |P1 explain the ethical issues a business needs to consider in its operational activities | |P2 explain the implications for the business and stakeholders of a business operating ethically | |P3 describe the social implications of business ethics facing a selected business in its different areas of activity | |M1 assess how a selected business could improve the ethics of their operations | |D1 evaluate the impact of a selected business’s ethical behaviour on stakeholders and the business. | Scenario Businesses are limited in what they do. Sometimes by laws and sometimes by the conventions and social codes we live by. Gathered together these are what we refer to as ethics and they can apply to every aspect of business behaviour. Whereas it could be argued that most laws have their origins in ethics, ethical behaviour, by individuals and business go beyond legal requirement and are discretionary, that is to say we can choose to follow them or not. You have been asked to research and draw up a...
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...BTEC NATIONAL IN BUSINESS (MANAGEMENT) Unit 37 – Starting a Small Business Assignment 1 – Present your business idea This task assesses P1 Present the initial business idea using relevant criteria Signed (IV) _________________________________ Print Name__________________________________ This unit is all about starting your own small business. The assignments will take you through the planning process in order to complete your own small business plan. This may be a business you are thinking of starting in the future. To complete this assignment you should think of a business idea that you will be able to research and plan for. It should be realistic. You will present your idea to an assessor and some of your class mates. |P1 |Task 1 | | | | | |You should consider whether your business will be new, a franchise or whether you are going to buy an existing | | |business. Your bank manager has asked for your thoughts on this before he/she makes an appointment to discuss your | | |plan. | | | ...
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...uniformly & completely • Gases diffuse & mix rapidly Gas properties can be modeled using math which depends on: • V = volume of the gas (L or dm3) • T = temperature (K) • n = amount (mol) • P = pressure (atm) 5 FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry 4 6 1 Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR Boyle’s Law Unit of Pressure & Volume • Unit of Pressure: The effect of pressure on gas volume 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101325 Pa (Nm-2) = 101.325 kPa = 1.013 bar = 760 torr P 1 V inversely proportional PV constant • Unit of Volume: PV1 P V2 1 2 1 dm3 = 1 L 1 m3 = 103 dm3 = 106 cm3 at constant n and T 7 Example 1: Boyle’s Law 8 Solution: A sample of CO2 has a pressure of 55 mm Hg in a volume of 125 mL. The sample is compressed to the new pressure 78 mm Hg. What is the new volume? Boyle’s Law: P1V1 P2V2 at cons tan t n and T P1 = 55 mm Hg , V1 = 125 mL P2 = 78 mm Hg , V2 = ? 9 10 Charles’s Law Example 2: Charles’s Law The effect of temperature on gas volume A sample of CO2 has volume of 25.0ml at room temperature. What is the final volume of gas if it is heated at 37 °C ? V T Directly proportional...
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...CPU SCHEDULINGCPU scheduling in UNIX is designed to benefit interactive processes. Processes are given small CPU time slices by a priority algorithm that reduces to round-robin scheduling for CPU-bound jobs.The scheduler on UNIX system belongs to the general class of operating system schedulers known as round robin with multilevel feedback which means that the kernel allocates the CPU time to a process for small time slice, preempts a process that exceeds its time slice and feed it back into one of several priority queues. A process may need much iteration through the "feedback loop" before it finishes. When kernel does a context switch and restores the context of a process. The process resumes execution from the point where it had been suspended.Each process table entry contains a priority field. There is a process table for each process which contains a priority field for process scheduling. The priority of a process is lower if they have recently used the CPU and vice versa.The more CPU time a process accumulates, the lower (more positive) its priority becomes, and vice versa, so there is negative feedback in CPU scheduling and it is difficult for a single process to take all the CPU time. Process aging is employed to prevent starvation.Older UNIX systems used a 1-second quantum for the round- robin scheduling. 4.33SD reschedules processes every 0.1 second and recomputed priorities every second. The round-robin scheduling is accomplished by the -time-out mechanism, which tells...
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... |BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma Business | |Units Covered: |Understanding Business Ethics |Unit Numbers: |37 | |Assignment Issue Date: |w/c 11/05/15 |Assignment Due Date: |w/c 01/06/15 | |Duration (approximately) | | |I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own. I have clearly referenced any sources used in the work. I understand that | |false declaration is a form of malpractice. | |Learner’s signature: | |Date: | / / | Assessor’s signature in this grid indicate which criteria have been awarded |Unit No. |Criterion |Assessor Signature |Criterion |Assessor Signature |Criterion |Assessor Signature | | |PASS | |MERIT | |DISTINCTION | | | |P2 | |M2 | | ...
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...1. Improvements in technology for producing all goods must result in (A) an inward shift in the production possibilities curve (B) an outward shift in the production possibilities curve (C) a flatter production possibilities curve (D) a steeper production possibilities curve (E) greater unemployment of labor 2. The quantity of peanuts supplied increased from 40 tons per week to 60 tons per week when the price of peanuts increased from $4 per ton to $5 per ton. The price elasticity of supply for peanuts over this price range is (A) Elastic (B) Inelastic (C) unit elastic (D) perfectly elastic (E) perfectly inelastic 3. Which of the following best describes the law of demand? (A) The price of a good increases when the demand for the good increases. (B) The price of a good decreases when the supply of the good decreases. (C) When the price of a good increases, its demand decreases. (D) When the price of a good decreases, its quantity demanded increases. (E) Demand creates its own supply. 4. Assume that ice cream is a normal good. If the price of ice cream decreases, the substitution effect and the income effect will lead to which of the following changes in ice cream consumption? | Substitution Effect | Income Effect | (A) | Increase | Decrease | (B) | Increase | Increase | (C) | Increase | No change | (D) | Decrease | Increase | (E) | Decrease | No change | 5. Short-run marginal costs...
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...CHAPTER 4 SI UNIT PROBLEMS SOLUTION MANUAL SONNTAG • BORGNAKKE • VAN WYLEN FUNDAMENTALS of Thermodynamics Sixth Edition Sonntag, Borgnakke and van Wylen CONTENT SUBSECTION Correspondence table Concept problems Force displacement work Boundary work: simple one-step process Polytropic process Boundary work: multistep process Other types of work and general concepts Rates of work Heat transfer rates Review problems English unit concept problems English unit problems PROB NO. 1-19 20-30 31-46 47-58 59-70 71-81 82-94 95-105 106-116 117-122 123-143 Sonntag, Borgnakke and van Wylen CHAPTER 4 6 ed. CORRESPONDANCE TABLE The new problem set relative to the problems in the fifth edition. New 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 5th 1 2mod new New New 3 4 new New new New New 18 27 new new 5 new New 13 new new New New New 22 45 mod 8 12 14 New New New New 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 5th new 19 20 33 mod 37 36 15 30 6 New 32 7 9 34 10 New New 26 39 New 40 New New New New 58 59 60 61 New New New New New 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 5th new new new 43 new New new new New 47 HT 48 HT 49 HT 50 HT mod 51 HT mod 52 HT 53 HT 54 HT 55 HT 56 HT 57 HT 31 mod 11 16 17 23 21 mod 28 29 24 44 35 th Sonntag, Borgnakke and van Wylen The English unit problem set is...
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...Notes CIMA Paper P2 Management Performance For exams in 2013 theexpgroup.com CIMA P2 Performance Management ExPress Notes Contents About ExPress Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. Pricing and Product Decisions Cost planning and analysis Budgeting and Management Control Control/Performance Measurement of Responsibility Centres 3 7 22 31 37 Page | 2 © 2013 The ExP Group. Individuals may reproduce this material if it is for their own private study use only. Reproduction by any means for any other purpose is prohibited. These course materials are for educational purposes only and so are necessarily simplified and summarised. Always obtain expert advice on any specific issue. Refer to our full terms and conditions of use. No liability for damage arising from use of these notes will be accepted by the ExP Group. theexpgroup.com CIMA P2 Performance Management ExPress Notes START About ExPress Notes We are very pleased that you have downloaded a copy of our ExPress notes for this paper. We expect that you are keen to get on with the job in hand, so we will keep the introduction brief. First, we would like to draw your attention to the terms and conditions of usage. It’s a condition of printing these notes that you agree to the terms and conditions of usage. These are available to view at www.theexpgroup.com. Essentially, we want to help people get through their exams. If you are a student for the CIMA exams and you are using these notes for yourself only, you...
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...Exam 3 Spring 2013 Question 1. 1. In the market structure called monopolistic competition (Points : 1) | a. Very little advertising will occur b. There are only a few companies in t he industry c. These industries offer only few products X d. None of the above | | Question 2. 2. In a purely competitive industry (Points : 1) | a. Products are differentiated b. A large amount of advertising occurs c. Price will be higher than in other market structure X d. None of the above | Question 3. 3. A used lawn mower is an example of (Points : 1) | a. a search good X b. an experience good c. a homogenous good d. None of the above | Question 4. 4. The problem of asymmetric information can be overcomed by (Points : 1) | a. Reputation b. Brand name c. Warranties X d. All of the above e. None of the above | Question 5. 5. The CAPM can be used to: (Points : 1) | a. Determine a company's cost of using bonds to raise capital b. Estimate the rish premium a company must pay to raise money by issuing stocks c. Shows the relation between risk and return for stocks in thewhole market d. Can not be used to determine a company's cost of issuing stocks X e. b and c | Question 6. 6. Given TC=10+5Q, ED=-2, what price will a monopolist charge? (Points : 1) | a. 5 b...
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...this research carry out the following tasks detailed below. a) Explain the ethical issues Volkswagen needs to consider in its operational activities (P1) For this task you will need to research the different ethical issues facing organisations, this should include: corporate governance; corporate social responsibility; environment; sustainability; human rights; working conditions; corruption and trading fairly. Once you have explained these issues take a look at Volkswagen’s mission statement and aims and objectives. Describe how Volkswagen is attempting to show stakeholders it’s aware of ethical concerns. b) Explain the implications for the business and stakeholders of Volkswagen operating ethically (P2) For this criteria investigate the...
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