1. The basic format for a proposal includes the following steps:
Introduction
Problem Analysis; major causes, Evidence and Effects of the probem.
Plan for solving the problem: Major steps, Support and Deliverables.
Benefits of the Plan: Costs-benefits analysis
Conclusion
2. Proposals are used in college, in the workplace and anywhere you want to pitch a proposal or new project idea including grant writing. 3. The steps for inventing your proposal’s content are defining the problem, analyzing the problem, researching, inquiring, and finding similar projects. 4. The three primary sources of information for proposal writing are online, print, and empirical sources. 5. The steps to planning to solve the problem are map out the plan, explore each major step, figure out costs and benefits, and finding similar projects. 6. Costs and benefits should be listed to prove to the readers that the benefits of their investment are worth the risks. 7. In choosing an appropriate style, the steps are creating an Authoritative Tone, use metaphors and similes, pay attention to Sentence Length, and minimize the jargon. 8. Three tips for designing the proposal are creating a look, create white space and use meaningful headings. 9. The four steps in revising and editing a proposal are looking for inconsistencies in content, getting rid of extra stuff, tweaking the design and proof reading. 10. Five major problems listed are students are “paid to play”, have out of control coaches, cases of academic fraud, an athletic over grades attitude and even a murder. He believes scholarships are to blame due to the fact that the students are viewed and picked mostly in part of the athletic performance and not academic performance. Having need based scholarships will benefit to provide a more educationally sound, a more commercially viable and a bigger contribution to university purposes.
Chapter 12: 1. The format for a report is the summary of abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusions/recommendations, and end material such as references and appendices. 2. Writers can develop their research their research questions and hypothesis by identifying their topics, angles, research question and hypothesis. 3. To create a research plan you should first write down what you know, find your research methods, develop a step-by-step plan, and use a concept map. 4. The organizational pattern in an executive summary or abstract is to list each major section separately. 5. The materials needed in the methods section of a research essay are a how and why for each step. 6. Including a findings and results section in the research paper is the chance to describe what you found. 7. In the conclusion section, writers should include a reinstatement of the main point, two to five recommendations, a reemphasis of the main point and a look to the future. 8. To get assistance with a cite page, writers can go to chapter 27 and 28. 9. To get rid of nominalizations, which is the overuse of a noun instead of a verb , a writer can change the use of certain words into verbs. 10. Choosing an appropriate style means making your report functional, clear and plain. You should separate your finding and results or merge all finding as results. These are two different appropriate styles. 11. Headings are important to the design of a report because they give the reader a clear idea as to what each section is about. 12. Some strategies for revising and editing a report are clarifying the purpose of the report, looking for gaps in the content, finding information that can be removed, reviewing your recommendations and carefully proofreading. 13. I agree with the definitions of sexuality listed on page one in the executive summary of the paper. I have ssen this in my own life with myself and family. In my experience, there are certain things where a man and a women may not be treated equally.
Chapter 18
1. Global revision reexamines and adjusts the documents overall approach, using its genre to sharpen its topic, angle, purpose, thesis, and appropriateness for the readers and content. 2. Substantive editing pays attention to the document’s content, organization and design. 3. Copyediting focuses on revising the style for clarity, persuasion, and consistency, paying close attention to paragraphs and sentences. 4. Proofreading examines and revises surface features, such as grammatical correctness, spelling, and usage. 5. The four levels of revising and editing are global revision, substantive editing, copyediting, and proofreading. 6. Three global issues are pollution, world hunger, and eco stability. 7. When considering content, expectations, values, attitudes, place, medium and social and political influences should be considered. 8. You know you have enough information when you can fully support your claims to your readers. 9. Three questions are, does the paper have each of the sections included in this genre, does your introduction do its job, and are your main ideas prominent enough? 10. Having others read your work can benefit by allowing you to gain information on what areas need improvement. 11. Titles grab the reader’s attention and headings help them grasp the ideas and understand how the document is structured. 12. When editing paragraphs revising the sentences to make them clearer and also more descriptive needs to be considered. 13. Revising sentences to make them clearer can be done focusing on the clarity and style of individual sentences. 14. Sentences can be revised to be more descriptive by adding more impact and power. 15. Proofreading helps to point out any errors in the report. Reading aloud, reading it backwards and using spellchecker are all examples of proofreading. 16. I have issues with choosing proper grammar when writing. At times it is hard for me to remember to have someone else read my work and spellchecker doesn’t always catch certain grammar issues.
Chapter 22 1. An argument is making reasonable claims and backing them up with evidence and support. In college and the professional world, arguments are used to think through ideas and debate uncertainties. 2. Arguable topics could be nearly anything, however many are not considered worth the tie or effort. 3. Arguable sources are issues of definition, issues of causation, issues of evaluation, and issues of recommendation. 4. The two step strategy to sharpen a claim would be to decide what I want to argue, and determine the arguable claim. 5. Three ways to support the position are using reason, authority, and emotion. 6. Logos is reason, ethos is authority and pathos is emotion. These are used to support your argument. 7. Logical fallacy is an error in reasoning. 8. To avoid logical fallacy in writing one should not include false or weak premises, irrelevance and ambiguity in their report. 9. Bandwagon is one common fallacy I have seen especially in social media. People trying to get other on board because something is trending. Another would be false authority where a friend had defended a hear-say type of claim without truly trusting the source. 10. A rebuttal is when you argue with a person to gain their understanding and cooperation. Imagining their possible objections and misunderstandings can be used when using a rebuttal inn writing. 11. A. Is not arguable because it is a person’s preference. I think everyone should bring a water bottle to the gym when working out. Now arguable. B. arguable because they were not everyone’s favorite team. C. Arguable because it is only one person’s point of view.
