...Donshay Clark 7-22-13 NT1110 Unit 6 Analysis 2: Memory Cost 1. Your OS will use the hard drive as a "swap file" or virtual memory, if your PC runs out of RAM while you are working away. Using your hard drive as memory causes a serious performance hit, as hard drives are slower than RAM. You must have enough memory, adding more does not help if you are not doing anything that needs more memory. Today, a modern PC and a modern OS need about 4 gigs to achieve this for most standard users. You want enough RAM so the OS doesn't start using the hard drive as memory. 2. The user with the three 200 GB hard disks has the advantage, because he can utilize all three disks simultaneously, while the other one can only use that single disk. The user with the three disks will probably be able to do more, faster. 3. A typical home computer user would require RAID technology if they use their computer as a home office and have data that is invaluable or irreplaceable. The option is becoming more popular because of the speed increase, and or data reliability you achieve when you set RAID up. A typical business user would use RAID to provide data redundancy, fault tolerance, increased capacity, and increased performance. Data redundancy protects the data from hard drive failures. This benefit is good for companies or individuals that have critical or important data to protect, or just anyone that's paranoid about losing data. Fault tolerance goes hand in hand with redundancy...
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...total expected cost per unit was $205.7 per unit and the actual cost per unit was $211.93 per unit. See Exhibit 2. 3 & 4. The data is showing in the Exhibit 3 & 4. 5. From the data of question 3, the variance of revenue is favorable because Apple increased price of flash memory by $2. However the company didn’t gain profits from the revenue due to the increased price of flash memory provided by Samsung. The variance of flash memory is unfavorable because of two reasons: first reason is the price of each unit raised $2; the second reason is the company damaged 1,000 units of flash memory. So company used more flash memories than expected. The variance of 8 other chips is favorable, we cannot say the amount of chips decreased, so it should be the price of chips went down. The variance of supplies and tools is unfavorable. We think there are two reasons: company used the supplies and tools less efficient which means used more of supplies and tools, or company spend more money on purchase supplies and tools. The variance of labor is unfavorable, due to the wages of labor increased and working hours also increased, it was inefficient. The supervision is unfavorable because of the salary of supervisor increased. In conclusion, the actual net income is negative because company spends more money or use more on flash memories, supplies and tools and assembly and packing. In addition, company didn’t gain more revenue so that the revenue can’t cover the total cost. The company did...
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...University of Pennsylvania based on vacuum tube technology. Vacuum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units. I Generation II Generation III Generation IV Generation V Generation : 1945 – 55 : 1955 – 65 : 1965 – 75 : 1975 – 89 : 1989 to present First Generation (ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator EDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer IBM 701) Vacuum tubes were used – basic arithmetic operations took few milliseconds Bulky Consume more power with limited performance High cost Uses assembly language – to prepare programs. These were translated into machine level language for execution. Mercury delay line memories and Electrostatic memories were used Fixed point arithmetic was used 100 to 1000 fold increase in speed relative to the earlier mechanical and relay based electromechanical technology Punched cards and paper tape were invented to feed programs and data and to get results. Magnetic tape / magnetic drum were used as secondary memory Mainly used for scientific computations. Second Generation (Manufacturers – IBM 7030, Digital Data Corporation’s PDP 1/5/8 Honeywell 400) Transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes. (invented at AT&T Bell lab in 1947) Small in size Lesser power consumption...
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...must analyze the budget and prepare a summary of monthly operations to help identify the source of performance problems. ISSUES/ PROBLEMS 1. Danshui Plant No. 2 was not able to fulfill the demand for the contract up to 3rd month. 2. Workers need to be multitasking as they need to focus on one or more task in a short period of time. 3. The assembly process which solely depends on the handwork of workers may cause human errors. 4. The assemble process for an iPhone is complicated. 5. Demand of iPhone 4 is higher than the supply in the market. 6. Revenue for August was below budget while labor cost was above budget. 7. Instead of having $100,000 profit, company had a loss of $672,000 due to unable to produce 200,000 units of iPhone 4 on time. 8. The plant face difficulty in finding enough people to match their production despite raising wages over 30% 9. Samsung flash memory was too fragile causes it can be damaged easily during installation process. 10. Current method of preparing budget may cause misinterpretation of the performance therefore flexible budget should be used to compare the actual performance. SOLUTIONS A. Wages for workers should increase more than 30% to attract workers. Others incentive should be include attracting skilled workers to work with the company in order to increase the productivity of iPhone 4. B. Danshui can build a new plant in somewhere where the unemployment rate is high so that...
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...materials required for unit production increase we will see a shift in the entire supply curve because costs of resources is one of the six detriments of supply. In this case as prices of materials increase the entire supply curve will shift to the left indicating that it will now cost more than it did before to achieve the same number of outputs. As this happens average costs of production increase as does marginal cost. What happens to bicycle demand? When prices of materials increase this in it of itself does not impact demand or the demand curve will not shift. However, now that the supply curve has shifted to the left due to higher production prices firms might not be as willing to produce as many units as before so supply will fall. When supply declines and demand remains the same then prices will rise which in turn might decrease demand. Supply and Demand are always interacting with each other so in this case demand will likely respond to the shift in supply. Instructor Explanation: Since a change in costs to produce the product is a supply factor, an increase in costs would be expected to decrease bicycle supply. Remember that supply is a schedule of how many units suppliers are willing to offer at different prices. When costs rise, the supply curve decreases or shifts to the left. Since changes in producer costs is not a demand factor, there would be no impact on demand. Points Received: 10 of 10 2. Question: (TCO A) Digital cameras and memory cards are complements...
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...1) What is a system unit? System unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data. System units are available in variety of shapes and sizes. The case of the system unit, sometimes called the chassis, is made of metal or plastic and protects the internal electronic components from damage. All computers have a system unit. 2) Give the 5 components of a system unit. i) Processor ii) Memory iii) Adapter cards iv) Drive bays v) The power supply. 3) Explain briefly what a motherboard is. The motherboard, sometimes called a system board, is the main circuit board of the system unit. Many electronic components attach to the motherboard; other are built into it. 4) What do the control unit and arithmetic logic unit do? The control unit is the component that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computers while the arithmetic logic unit performs arithmetic comparisons and other operations. 5) Explain the 2 types of memories? The 2 types of memory are volatile memory and non-volatile memory. When the computer’s power is turned off, volatile memory loses its contents. Non-volatile memory, by contrast, does not lose its contents when power is removed from the computer. 6) Give one example of component that is installed in an external and internal drive bays. External drive bay: DVD Drives Internal drive bay: Hard disk drives 7) What does RAM and...
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...Confirming Pages Confirming Pages Hardware and Software Basics B Introduction Managers need to determine what types of hardware and software will satisfy their current and future business needs, the right time to buy the equipment, and how to protect their IT investments. This does not imply that managers need to be experts in all areas of technology; however, building a basic understanding of hardware and software can help them make the right IT investment choices. Information technology (IT) is a field concerned with the use of technology in managing and processing information. Information technology can be an important enabler of business success and innovation. Information technology can be composed of the Internet, a personal computer, a cell phone that can access the Web, a personal digital assistant, or presentation software. All of these technologies help to perform specific information processing tasks. There are two basic categories of information technology: hardware and software. Hardware consists of the physical devices associated with a computer system. Software is the set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks. Software, such as Microsoft Excel, and various hardware devices, such as a keyboard and a monitor, interact to create a spreadsheet or a graph. This appendix covers the basics of computer hardware and software including terminology, characteristics, and the associated managerial responsibilities for building...
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...Contents INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAIN ISSUES OR PROBLEMS............................................................... 2 ANALYSIS OF CASES: ......................................................................................................................... 3 Analysis Of Data ............................................................................................................................. 3 Analysis Of Flexible Budget ............................................................................................................ 4 RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................................... 7 Increase Labor’s Wages ................................................................................................................... 7 Giving Reward ................................................................................................................................ 7 Training and Courses ....................................................................................................................... 7 Outsourcing or Sub Contract ............................................................................................................ 8 Overtime Payment ...................................................................................
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...1.4 Operations and Accuracy Quiz 1.2 Information and Logic 1.2.1 Logical Operations 1.2.2 BNF 1.2.3 Reverse Polish Notation Quiz 1.3 Data Structures 1.3.1 Arrays 1.3.2 Lists 1.3.3 Stacks 1.3.4 Queues (Waiting lists) 1.3.5 Trees 1.3.6 Hash Quiz 1.4 Algorithms 1.4.1 Search Algorithms 1.4.2 Sorting Algorithms 1.4.3 String Search Algorithms 1.4.4 Graph Algorithms Quiz Questions and Answers 2 3 3 7 10 11 14 15 15 18 21 24 25 25 27 29 30 32 34 37 38 38 41 45 48 50 51 i Chapter 2 Computer Systems 2.1 Hardware 2.1.1 Information Elements (Memory) 2.1.2 Processor Architecture 2.1.3 Memory Architecture 2.1.4 Magnetic Tape Units 2.1.5 Hard Disks 2.1.6 Terms Related to Performance/ RAID 2.1.7 Auxiliary Storage / Input and Output Units 2.1.8 Input and Output Interfaces Quiz 2.2 Operating Systems 2.2.1 Configuration and Objectives of OS 2.2.2 Job Management 2.2.3 Task Management 2.2.4 Data Management and File Organization 2.2.5 Memory Management Quiz 2.3 System Configuration Technology 2.3.1 Client Server Systems 2.3.2 System Configurations 2.3.3 Centralized Processing and Distributed Processing 2.3.4 Classification by Processing Mode Quiz 2.4 Performance and Reliability of Systems 2.4.1 Performance Indexes 2.4.2 Reliability 2.4.3 Availability Quiz 2.5 System Applications 2.5.1 Network Applications 2.5.2 Database Applications 2.5.3 Multimedia Systems Quiz Questions and Answers 62...
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...1. The Berwyn Company is considering the addition of a new product to its product line. The firm has plenty of excess manufacturing capacity to produce the new product, and its total fixed cost would be unaffected if the new product were added to its line. Nonetheless, the firm’s accountants decide that a reasonable share of the firm’s present fixed costs should be allocated to the new product. Specifically, they decide that a $300,000 fixed charge (cost) will be absorbed by the new product. The variable cost per unit of making and selling the new product is $14, which is composed of the following: Direct labor $8.20 Direct materials $1.90 Other $3.90 Total $14.00 a. Should the Berwyn Company add the new product to its line if it can sell about 10,000 units at a price of $45? Explain. (5 points) b. Should it add the new product to its line if it can sell about 10,000 units at a price of $25? Explain. (5 points) c. Should it add the new product to its line if it can sell about 10,000 units at a price of $20? Explain. (5 points) d. What is the minimum price (that the firm can get for the new product) that will make it worthwhile to add the new to its line? (5 points) 2. In early 1995, there was a sharp increase in the price of newsprint, the paper used by newspapers. Since newsprint is the second-largest expense for American newspapers (after salaries), publishers were concerned about the price hike. Suppose that the demand for newsprint can...
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...CHOICE 1. Costs forgone when an individual or organization chooses one option over another are a. | budgeted costs. | b. | sunk costs. | c. | historical costs. | d. | opportunity costs. | ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 10-1 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking LOC: AICPA Functional Competencies: Decision Modeling 2. Which of the following costs would not be accounted for in a company's recordkeeping system? a. | an unexpired cost | b. | an expired cost | c. | a product cost | d. | an opportunity cost | ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 10-1 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking LOC: AICPA Functional Competencies: Decision Modeling 3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of relevant costing information? It is a. | associated with the decision under consideration. | b. | significant to the decision maker. | c. | readily quantifiable. | d. | related to a future endeavor. | ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 10-1 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking LOC: AICPA Functional Competencies: Decision Modeling 4. A fixed cost is relevant if it is a. | uncontrollable. | b. | avoidable. | c. | sunk. | d. | a product cost. | ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 10-1 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking LOC: AICPA Functional Competencies: Decision Modeling 5. Relevant costs are a. | all fixed and variable costs. | b. | all costs that would be...
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...program. Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. Examples of architectural attributes include the instruction set, the number of bits used to represent various data types (e.g., numbers, characters), I/O mechanisms, and techniques for addressing memory. Organizational attributes include those hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals; interfaces between the computer and peripherals; and the memory technology used. 1.2 Computer structure refers to the way in which the components of a computer are interrelated. Computer function refers to the operation of each individual component as part of the structure. 1.3 Data processing; data storage; data movement; and control. 1.4 Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions; often simply referred to as processor. Main memory: Stores data. I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external environment. System interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O. A common example of system interconnection is by means of a system bus, consisting of a number of conducting wires to which all the other components attach. 1.5 Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the computer’s data processing functions ...
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...for each product line, the amount for a single unit of product, and as a ratio or percentage of net sales are the most important concepts in the presentation of the contribution margin. The contribution margin can be presented as 1) the total amount for the company, 2) the amount for each product line, 3) the amount for a single unit of product, and 4) as a ratio or percentage of net sales (Libby, Libby and Short, 2011). There is a form of management accounting known as cost-volume-profit analysis. It, the contribution margin, that is, the marginal profit per unit sale, is a very vital quantity in determining various calculations. For this reason, it also applies in the measurement of the operating leverage. Typically, contribution margins on a lower scale are normally evident in the labor-intensive tertiary sectors. On the other hand, it is in the capital-intensive industrial sector that we witness high contribution margins being prevalent (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2005.). In the case of a manufacturer, the contribution margin is the total amount of excess net sales in the excess of the variable manufacturing costs and the other expenses like the variable SG&A ones. To illustrate this issue further, we assume the manufacturer has only a single product and strictly 80,000 units were the produce and the manufacturer realized the sales during a recent year. The selling price to be $10 per unit, variable manufacturing costs...
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...Tech Guide 1 Hardware TG1.1 Components of a Computer System TG1.2 Evolution of Computer Hardware TG1.3 Types of Computers TG1.4 Microprocessor and Primary Storage TG1.5 Input/Output Devices TG1.1 Components of a Computer System Computer hardware is composed of the following components: central processing unit (CPU), primary storage, secondary storage, input devices, output devices, and communication devices. Communication devices are covered in detail in Tech Guide 4. The input devices accept data and instructions and convert them to a form that the computer can understand. The output devices present data in a form people can understand. The CPU manipulates the data and controls the tasks done by the other components. Primary storage (internal storage that is part of the CPU) temporarily stores data and program instructions during processing. Secondary storage (external storage such as flash drives) stores data and programs that have been saved for future use. Communication devices manage the flow of data from public networks (e.g., Internet, intranets) to the CPU, and from the CPU to networks. A schematic view of a computer system is shown in Figure TG1.1. REPRESENTING DATA, PICTURES, TIME, AND SIZE IN A COMPUTER ASCII. Computers are based on integrated circuits (chips), each of which includes millions of sub-miniature transistors that are interconnected on a small (less than l-inch-square) chip area. Each transistor can be in either an “on” or an “off” position...
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...Breakeven Point (BEP) 5 Flexible Budget 6 Variances 7 RECOMMENDATION 8 Encourage, motivate, reward and recognize 8 Cellular Manufacturing System 8 Implement new accounting method 9 Extend the contract 9 ACTION PLAN 10 REFERENCES 12 INTRODUCTION AND MAIN ISSUES Danshui was a contract manufacturer that assembled electronic products for companies wishing to save labour costs by locating in southern China. Because of high demand for iPhone 4, Apple had contracted with Danshui to assemble iPhone in Plant No. 2. The contract need Danshui to assemble 2.4 million iPhone in the period between June 1, 2010 and May 31, 2011. Wentao Chen, manager of Danshui Plant No. 2 was worried because in the third month of the contract production was only 180,000 units per month. Suppose to produce 2.4 million iPhone its need 200,000 units per month. After preliminary budget has come out, the company loss of $672,000. The main issue of this case is the break contract between Danshui and Apple. The contract called Danshui to assemble 2.4 million in the period of one year, but Danshui only can produce 180,000 units per months. If Danshui still can produce that amount, it can’t reach 2.4 million in one year. This might happen because Danshui cannot find people to hire, even though they have raised wages by almost 30%. Another reason is they have problem with the Samsung flash memory installation. One thousand flash memories were damaged in August. Samsung is aware...
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