...The United Nations The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization established on 24 October 1945 immediately after the World War II having replaced the Leauge of Nations as it failed. The League of Nations came into action after the end of World War One, they had a task to ensure that war never broke out again. At a social level the League did have success as teams were sent to the Third World to dig fresh water wells, the Health Organisation started a campaign to wipe out leprosy. This idea - of wiping out from the world a disease - was taken up by the United Nations with its smallpox campaign. Work was done in the Third World to improve the status of women there and child slave labour was also targeted. Drug addiction and drug smuggling were also attacked. But there were failures also, especially in the 1930’s, showed the weaknesses of the League of Nations and played a part in the outbreak of World War II. 'Article 11 of the League’s Covenant stated: "Any war or threat of war is a matter of concern to the whole League and the League shall take action that may safeguard peace." Any conflict between nations, which ended in war and the victory of one state over another, had to be viewed as a failure by the League.' The UN began with 51 members as they came together with the purpose of promoting peace throughout the world through mutual cooperation. It is a treaty that sets out the rules and obligations of member nations. The UN aim to maintain international...
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...The United Nations (UN) was created out of a necessity for maintaining international peace and resolving wars between countries in the world. After the Second World War, President Woodrow Wilson had founded The League of Nation's that had failed in its objective. The UN looks forward to restore human rights, have better standards of living for poorer nation, maintaining justice and friendly relations between countries, providing supplies and aid, counter terrorism, cooperation from all countries for collective goals and solving economic, political, social, humanitarian and cultural problems. With the help of the UN, the world could be a more peaceful place to live in. The three notable successes are as follows: 1. Food Supply Food problems are always increasing as the population keeps expanding. This is a vital basic need for everyone and the UN’s World Food Problem has taken the challenge of eliminating scarcity of food to many countries. This program is a successful program conducted by the UN. Every year, the organization feeds about 140 million in 80 countries and feed many during natural disasters, unhealthy conditions and war struck zones. During the earthquake in Haiti and Japan in 2010 and 2011 respectively, the UN have provided the people with food aid and other necessities. The World Food Program also helps in stabilizing the security of food and as of now the UN is looking forward to expand the range of this program with the help of other countries. ...
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...Introduction The History of the United Nations Following the end of World War II, many nations decided that the League of Nations; an organization that was founded after World War I by the United States of America upon the Treaty of Versailles, needed to be replaced by an organization that could better foresee the needs of the international community and undertake the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. The United Nations, with its six principle organs was founded in 1945, as a replacement to the failed League of Nations.1 The fifty founding countries of the United Nations met in San Francisco, California in 1945 in order to draft a new charter. The United Nations Charter was essentially based upon the principles of the Dumbarton Oaks conference of 1944. It was then that these fifty countries, alongside Poland, signed the charter and became the fifty-one original member states. The United Nations, a term coined by the American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1942, was founded to increase “cooperation on specific matters” and essentially establish world peace. Given the immense cultural diversity of the 192 current member states of the UN, the organization opted to adopt six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. Alongside the two major headquarters for the organization where meetings are usually held found both in New York, USA and Geneva, Switzerland, local Offices are set up in other capitals across...
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...of gender disparity in resource allocation of developing countries, women by virtue tend to suffer disproportionally during crises. Women have been typically excluded from post-conflict and post-disaster rehabilitation and reconciliation processes. Many agencies, both governmental and non-governmental have pledged to integrate women into the mainstream of reconstruction planning; it’s sad to say that few have been translated to practice. The United Nations as well as many other IGO and NGOs have recognized that reconstruction efforts must consider the possible economic, social, physical and mental discrepancies faced by women in post conflict situations. From the UN’s (_end?_) the newly created comprehensive UN Women (consolidating UNIFEM, DAW, INSTRAW, and OSAGI) will among its various other duties, address the needs of women on ground post-conflict/disaster. For the most part during such emergencies immediate assistance is provided to women on ground through United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and United Nations Populations Fund (UNFPA) to address the direct humanitarian needs of refugees and internally displaced populace (IDPs). These organizations provide basic needs of the population after complex emergencies such as food, shelter,...
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...To what extent is the UN effective in ensuring peace and security? The United Nations was set up in 1945 and contains 192 members which is ongoing. Its primary aim was to ensure it safeguarded peace and security, with other aims revolving around human rights, international law and social progress. The UN has been heavily criticised due its functions and how it operate, however many would argue that the UN has been very effective in ensuring peace and, as an effect, security. To some extent the UN has been very effective in ensuring peace and security solely due to the reason it is the closest organisation our world has to global governance. Its policing the international system and the world is better with it than without. The approach to reaching its aim is done via the power vested in the Security Council. The Security Council are responsible for ensuring the un role as peacekeeper and has the power to legally binding resolutions, economic sanctions and to even take military action in order to maintain peace. Effectively, the UN is therefore a creation of its members. The Powerful 5 (P-5) USA, Russia, UK, France and China, have the ability to pass legally binding resolutions which can promote peace and security and eradicate any form of threat. A recent example of this is formed in the Syria crisis and the UNs decision to get rid of the Chemical weapons it had used on its civilians in order to reach peace. This demonstrated the power of the legally binding resolution and...
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...The United Nations in International Politics The United Nations, an intergovernmental organization, was formed shortly after WWII in the efforts to become the Successor to the League of Nations to promote and preserve peace through international cooperation and collective security. In 1945, after the League of Nations ceased its operations after being unable to stop WWII, representatives from fifty-one countries met in San Francisco where they drafted the proposed United Nations charter. The charter was signed by all fifty representatives on June 26, 1945, and was then ratified four months later on October 24, 1945. The United Nations has grown from fifty-one member states in the beginning to 193 member states as of today. The United Nations has four primary goals: to maintain worldwide peace and security, develop relationships among nations, assist in cooperation between nations in order to solve economic, social and cultural problems along with encouraging respect for human rights, and lastly to provide a forum where nations work together for these goals. In addition to these goals the UN also aims to protect human rights, fight epidemics, poverty and famine, and deliver aid in form of food, clothes and medicine. People of the world today still struggle with the two major issues of peace and development within the United Nations’ roles in international politics. In recent times the United Nations is considered by many to be a peacekeeping organization, but from time ...
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...The Formation of the United Nations The United Nations is an intergovernmental organisation that came to being on 24 October 1945 to encourage international dialogue between nations. It is a replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the IGO was formed after the 2nd world war to prevent future catastrophic wars. Initially when formed, the United Nations had 51 member states 69 years later, there are now 193. Its headquaters is located in New York City, United States of America with other main offices in Vienna, Nairobi, and Geneva. Voluntary donations by member states are the main sources of funds for the IGO. Key objectives of the United Nations are to promote as well as maintain global peace and security, promoting human rights, developing economic as well as economic development. It also aids nations in circumstances of natural disaters, famines and armed conflicts. As a response to the 2nd world war and the obvious fact that the League of Nations had failed, the United Nations was formed. League of Nations members accepted that an idea of an international organization would work however, the foundation and other things would have to change such as the fairness and the attention given to any matter despite the degree of importance to be equal. An example of the fairness can be Germany. Germany was left out from joining the League of Nations. Voting structures were also changed. The united nations has many sub-bodies and departments that work at tackling certain...
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...master it only if we face it together. And that is why we have the United Nations” - Kofi Annan 1. The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the UN Charter had been ratified by a majority of the original 51 Member States. The day is now celebrated each year around the world as United Nations Day. 2. The purpose of the United Nations is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all people. It affords the opportunity for countries to balance global interdependence and national interests when addressing international problems. 3. There are currently 192 Members of the United Nations. They meet in the General Assembly, which is the closest thing to a world parliament. Each country, large or small, rich or poor, has a single vote, however, none of the decisions taken by the Assembly are binding. Nevertheless, the Assembly's decisions become resolutions that carry the weight of world governmental opinion. 4 he United Nations Headquarters is in New York City but the land and buildings are international territory. The United Nations has its own flag, its own post office and its own postage stamps. Six official languages are used at the United Nations - Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. The UN European Headquarters is in the Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland. 5. The UN is not an independent, homogeneous...
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...The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) was created in 1965. It was originally intended to undergo investigations into private investment in developing countries, examine those countries natural resources, and to train the locals in development activities. As time went on they were given more responsibility and now hold jurisdiction over disaster prevention, response, mitigation, preparedness, reconstruction, and recovery. As part of a self-reorganization in 1995 a new Emergency Response Division was created. A response team is now routinely deployed to help coordinate relief and recovery efforts of other UN agencies and NGO’s with the efforts of disaster-stricken national governments. (Sylves, 2008) The UNDP now operates and holds offices in 177 different countries and works with the local governments to help improve development and meet new challenges. The UNDP was not originally considered an agency on the forefront of international disaster management and humanitarian emergencies because, while it addressed national capacities, it did not focus specifically on the emergency response systems (previously considered to be the focal point of disaster management). (Bullock, Coppola, & Haddow, 2011) The UNDP seemingly gained more credibility and recognition along with or at the same time and rate as critical infrastructure protection (CIP), mitigation, and preparedness. The UNDP has seen a little criticism from staff members and the Bush Administration for irregularities...
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...Equality of opportunity in the early years involves enabling all children to access education regardless of their cultural, religious and socioeconomic background. In the United Kingdom, equal opportunities are advanced by legislation such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), the Equality Act 2010 and the Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS). This essay will explore the commitment the United Kingdom has made to the UNCRC and the ways in which equal opportunities can be implemented in an early years setting in England. Equal opportunities can be broadly defined as how fairly individuals gain access to goods, services, jobs and opportunities (Haringey Council, 2005). In the United Kingdom, the Equality Act 2010 prohibits people being discriminated against on the basis of several protected characteristics. These protected characteristics include a person’s age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion, sex and sexual orientation (HM Government, 2014a). The Equality Act 2010 strives to reduce discrimination and disadvantage so that all people reach their full potential (HM Government, 2014a). In the United Kingdom, early years providers are bound by the Equality Act 2010 and the EYFS to uphold equal opportunities for children and employees (DoE, 2014a). The EYFS stipulates that schools implement an equal opportunities policy so that every child is included and supported (DoE,...
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...The United Nations Millennium Development Goals In September 2000, all 191 UN member states have agreed and signed a declaration to try to achieve eight goals by the year 2015. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, develop a global partnership for development are the eight goals developed by the members of UN (World Health Organization [WHO], 2012). The purpose of this paper is to give an overview about Millennium Development Goal 6 which is, Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases. Implication for Millennium Development Goals The eight Millennium Development Goals are a global agenda to improve the wellbeing of people around the world. The progress report on MDG issued in 2009, shows that policies and actions backed by adequate funding and strong political commitment can yield results. Death rate due to AIDS, have significantly reduced and many countries are implementing strategies to combat malaria and measles. There are many challenges still remaining due to the current economic status of several countries (Mattson, 2010) Millennium Development Goal 6: combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases HIV/AIDS, Malaria and TB are major challenges of public health in the poorest countries of the world. Every 30 seconds, a child in Africa is dying due to Malaria. Many children who suffer from Malaria...
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...has been over ten years since the Rwandan civil war, but Rwanda, a small rural nation in central Africa, is still coming to terms with its violent past. Significant ethnic tensions between the two Rwandan tribes – the Tutsis and the Hutus, had been brewing for decades. The Tutsis, despite being the minority, controlled Rwandan economy and politics for centuries - one of the reasons why the Hutus were taught to hate Tutsis from birth. In 1994, fueled by hate media, tensions between the two Tribes rose to an extreme. The result: a full-scale civil war. Today, although Rwanda has made progress, the country is still in recovery. Rwanda is still in the process of rebuilding its country and healing its shattered society. Historically, the Rwandan genocide was one of the International community’s greatest failures. With the world focused on Yugoslavia, few acknowledged the tensions that were brewing in Africa. Approximately 2,000 United Nation (U.N.) troops were on the ground when the genocide began, but after the deaths of 10 Belgium soldiers and the Rwandan Prime Minister, the number was reduced to a mere 270. By refusing to acknowledge that Rwanda needed more troops, the U.N. and the International community were not able to prevent one of the most horrific genocides of the 20th century. Despite the U.N.’s failure however, the Rwandan genocide was historically, a turning point for the United Nations. The U.N. acknowledges the incident, and made reforms to prevent further genocides...
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...Ljubljana Session Report 2013 September Regional Academy of United Nations Tuesday, September 3, 2013 Bled Strategic Forum Panel discussion International criminal justice: a precondition for a prosperous economic future? The international community is facing geopolitical and economic changes, but still violent conflicts dominate the global headlines. Is this the modern, civilized world? My own opinion.. shock our conscience why are these atrocities still happening? what can be done to prevent them? what price dp the States pay for the mass destruction? (how can it be measured? human values..without a price) how does it affect our and their economies? does lack of criminal justice deter potential investors? or: can justice stimulate economic growth? Can both help prevent conflict? Conflicts thrive on impunity. Impunity encourages more violence and only exacerbates further injustice. Impunity, instability – feeding further into extremists and nationalistic tendencies. (raising the tensions in a fragile or post-conflict society) The unstable environment discourage international and national investments (or look from the other side: why is is unstable? because they took their lands? (Egypt – Kairói Világnépesedési Konferencia) what are the main roots of failed states, or insecure regions? why is the environment unstable? international investments or national investments?) internal conflicts seem to occur disproportionately in low income and low-growth...
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...PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF THE UNITED NATIONS 1. UN General Assembly (UNGA) Deliberative assembly of all UN member states (each country has one vote) may resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states, or suggestions to the UNSC (not a Parliament) decides on the admission of new members, on proposal of the UNSC adopts the budget elects: - the non-permanent members of the UNSC all members of ECOSOC on the proposal of the UNSC theUN Secretary General and the 15 judges of the ICJ The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA/GA) - Is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations - the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Powers to oversee the budget of the United Nations appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions. Meetings UNGA meets under its president or Secretary-General in regular yearly sessions. It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions. Its composition, functions, powers, voting, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations. Voting in the General Assembly on important questions Each member country has one vote. recommendations on peace...
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...Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, having met at Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972,having considered the need for a common outlook and for common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment, Proclaims that: 1. Man is both creature and moulder of his environment, which gives him physical sustenance and affords him the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth. In the long and tortuous evolution of the human race on this planet a stage has been reached when, through the rapid acceleration of science and technology, man has acquired the power to transform his environment in countless ways and on an unprecedented scale. Both aspects of man's environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rights the right to life itself. 2. The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world; it is the urgent desire of the peoples of the whole world and the duty of all Governments. 3. Man has constantly to sum up experience and go on discovering, inventing, creating and advancing. In our time, man's capability to transform his surroundings, if used wisely, can bring to all peoples the benefits of development and the opportunity to...
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