...Universe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation). Part of a series on Physical cosmology • • • • Early universe[show] Expanding universe[show] Structure formation[show] Future of universe[show] Components[show] History[show] Experiments[show] Scientists[show] Social impact[show] Universe Big Bang Age of the universe Chronology of the universe • • Astronomy portal Category: Physical cosmology • • • V T E The Universe is commonly defined as the totality of existence,[1][2][3][4] including planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, the smallest subatomic particles, and all matter and energy.[5][6] Similar terms include the cosmos, the world, reality, and nature. The observable universe is about 46 billion light years in radius.[7] Scientific observation of the Universe has led to inferences of its earlier stages. These observations suggest that the Universe has been governed by the same physical laws and constants throughout most of its extent and history. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development of the Universe, which is calculated to have begun13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago.[8][9] Observations of supernovae have shown that the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.[10] There are many competing theories about the ultimate fate of the universe. Physicists remain unsure about what, if anything, preceded the Big Bang. Many...
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...to two teams of astronomers for a discovery that has been hailed as one of the most important astronomical observations ever. And today, after briefly describing what they found, I'm going to tell you about a highly controversial framework for explaining their discovery, namely the possibility that way beyond the Earth, the Milky Way and other distant galaxies, we may find that our universe is not the only universe, but is instead part of a vast complex of universes that we call the multiverse. Now the idea of a multiverse is a strange one. I mean, most of us were raised to believe that the word "universe" means everything. And I say most of us with forethought, as my four-year-old daughter has heard me speak of these ideas since she was born. And last year I was holding her and I said, "Sophia, I love you more than anything in the universe." And she turned to me and said, "Daddy, universe or multiverse?" (Laughter) But barring such an anomalous upbringing, it is strange to imagine other realms separate from ours, most with fundamentally different features, that would rightly be called universes of their own. And yet, speculative though the idea surely is, I aim to convince you that there's reason for taking it seriously, as it just might be right. I'm going to tell the story of the multiverse in three parts. In part one, I'm going to describe those Nobel Prize-winning results and to highlight a profound mystery which those results revealed. In part two, I'll offer a solution...
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...The observable universe consists of the galaxies and other matter that can, in principle, be observed from Earth at the present time because light and other signals from these objects has had time to reach the Earth since the beginning of thecosmological expansion. Assuming the universe is isotropic, the distance to the edge of the observable universe is roughly the same in every direction. That is, the observable universe is a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the observer. Every location in the Universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth. The word observable used in this sense does not depend on whether modern technology actually permits detection ofradiation from an object in this region (or indeed on whether there is any radiation to detect). It simply indicates that it is possible in principle for light or other signals from the object to reach an observer on Earth. In practice, we can see light only from as far back as the time of photon decoupling in the recombination epoch. That is when particles were first able to emitphotons that were not quickly re-absorbed by other particles. Before then, the Universe was filled with a plasma that was opaque to photons. The surface of last scattering is the collection of points in space at the exact distance that photons from the time of photon decoupling just reach us today. These are the photons we detect today as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). However...
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...Approximately 14 billion years ago, the universe that stands today was born. There are various explanations for how it was created. Research shows that they are essential scientific questions and it stimulate scientists to debate their research. Many scientists from all over the world and different time periods work to find the reason behind its creation. The different theories on the origin of the universe have a great impact on the way humans view how the universe was created. The most known is the Big Bang theory and smaller theories include the String theory, the Incredible Bulk theory, the Times Arrow theory and the Steady State theory. (Tate) The universe is almost 14 billion years old. There are two common ways scientists use to calculate how old the universe is. The first method involves measuring the speeds and distances of the galaxies. Scientists interpret that the galaxies were closer together before in the past because all of them are slowly moving further from each other every second. Identifying the current speeds and distances of the galaxies, included with the rate at which the universe is accelerating, permits scientists to calculate how long it took...
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...This chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology, the prevailing scientific model of how the universe came into being and developed over time, using the cosmological time parameter of comoving coordinates. The instant in which the universe is thought to have begun rapidly expanding from a singularity is known as the Big Bang. As of 2013, this expansion is estimated to have begun 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago.[1] It is convenient to divide the evolution of the universe so far into three phases. The very earliest universe was so hot, or energetic, that initially no particles existed or could exist (except perhaps in the most fleeting sense), and the forces we see around us today were believed to be merged into one unified force. Space itself expanded during an inflationary epoch due to the immensity of the energies involved. Gradually the immense energies cooled - still to a temperature inconceivably hot compared to any we see around us now, but sufficiently to allow forces to gradually undergo symmetry breaking, a kind of repeated condensation from one status quo to another, leading finally to the separation of the strong force from the electroweak force and the first particles. In the second phase, this quark-gluon plasma universe then cooled further, the current fundamental forces we know take their present forms through further symmetry breaking - notably the breaking of electroweak symmetry - and the full...
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...organism on the Earth. However, to come to this point, we went through 4 billion years of this phenomenon called evolution. However, the Universe, to our knowledge, is approximately 15 billion years. My idea is that in this 15 billion years life could develop everywhere. This means that how do you think we came to exist in the Universe. Most people think that planet Earth is unique in the whole Universe. Even ancient scientists, such as the genius Aristotle, put the Earth at the centre of the Solar system. However, now we know that it is not true. May be we were wrong in thinking that we are alone in the universe? The emergence of life on Earth gives obvious background for the assumption that the same conditions could emerge on other planets. This means that if life on the earth started 4 billion years ago, why it could not start somewhere else. Soviet astronomer Iosif Shklovsky cautiously suggested that favorable conditions for life exist on planets orbiting near the same age, cold enough and stable single stars of spectral type G, K, M (similar properties to the Sun). The number of stars in our galaxy can be estimated as 1000000000. Therefore, many planets like earth formed at the same time. Therefore, lots of time was to form the life. The discovery of planets in other star systems also indirectly indicates the availability of the universe conducive to the emergence of life in the "habitable zone." Now modern technology allows us to find out what what made planet, using...
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...Are We Alone in the Universe? Throughout its history humankind asked itself this question and constantly tried to answer “no”. The idea of sentient living beings who are not people is present in writings of historians, geographers and other scientists for as long as the science itself exists. Mermaids, cynocephali, various bizarre species of beastmen, antipodes: all of them were embodiments of this dream. In course of time, the limits of the known Universe expanded and it became known that no such creatures existed. The only place to seek for non-human life now is other planets. Is there any hope for finding it? There are a great number of theories concerning extraterrestrial life. According to the “rare Earth hypothesis”, the conditions on Earth are close to unique and the possibility of them taking place on any other planet is close to zero. However, this theory takes it for granted that the appearance of life requires conditions identical to those on Earth. But is it true? If life on other planets exists, it may be completely different from what we are used to not only in form, but in fundamental principles as well. Of all the chemical elements only carbon and silicon seem to be suitable for being the basis of life, although silicon can form connections with far less other elements. Needless to say, we have never encountered silicon-based lifeforms, but if they exist, they may have properties that have nothing in common with what we used to associate life with. According...
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...Have you ever wondered why there's so much empty space in the universe? it turns out that more than 70% of or known universe is made up of Dark Matter. What is Dark Matter? Why does it take up so much space? How can we use it for the betterment of our universe? There are so many questions that arise when something we know little about makes up so much of where we live. What I Already Know About My Topic: I chose to write about Dark Matter in the universe because it is a very rarely known thing in human understanding. When someone thinks space, they think planets, galaxies, and “Star Wars.” When I took my first high school science class, the very last section we had was about Dark Matter, and I had visibly freaked out to the point that my teacher asked me if I was okay. When it comes to “galactic” science, I tend to know quite a bit more about the subject than those that taught it to me because I was always a “Discovery Channel” child. Dark Matter is an interesting thing that you seldom hear or see anything pertaining to. This is why I have chosen to “teach” you about this potentially catastrophic element. Have you ever just taken a moment to look up at the stars and thought, “Wow, there’s quite a lot of black up there! I wonder what it is?” Well, ladies and gentlemen, that “space” that surrounds us is actually not space at all! It is filled with boundless amounts of an element that doesn’t exist within the Earth’s atmosphere! Surprisingly...
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...Are We Alone in the Universe? Throughout its history humankind asked itself this question and constantly tried to answer “no”. The idea of sentient living beings who are not people is present in writings of historians, geographers and other scientists for as long as the science itself exists. Mermaids, cynocephali, various bizarre species of beastmen, antipodes: all of them were embodiments of this dream. In course of time, the limits of the known Universe expanded and it became known that no such creatures existed. The only place to seek for non-human life now is other planets. Is there any hope for finding it? There are a great number of theories concerning extraterrestrial life. According to the “rare Earth hypothesis”, the conditions on Earth are close to unique and the possibility of them taking place on any other planet is close to zero. However, this theory takes it for granted that the appearance of life requires conditions identical to those on Earth. But is it true? If life on other planets exists, it may be completely different from what we are used to not only in form, but in fundamental principles as well. Of all the chemical elements only carbon and silicon seem to be suitable for being the basis of life, although silicon can form connections with far less other elements. Needless to say, we have never encountered silicon-based lifeforms, but if they exist, they may have properties that have nothing in common with what we used to associate life with. According...
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...What makes life in the universe possible? There are many different factors that play into the possibility of life. Out of the billions of galaxies, it’s estimated that only one out of every ten are able to harbor life and only 44 percent of F6-k3 of main sequences stars around our galaxy have the possibility of sustain life (solstation.com). There are certain molecules needed to create and sustain life and only certain stars can harbor life. The possibility of life in the universe has many different factors. Life requires usable energy sources. For organisms on earth, they must be able to metabolize or use these energy sources. The earth organisms are able to assimilate energy from organic and inorganic sources and some are even able to metabolize sunlight and turn it into energy (text book). If earth did not receive sunlight from the sun it would not be able to continue to make the energy needed; this would result in equilibrium and there would no longer be a way for energy to be made. Life also needs carbon for its most basic functions; such as metabolism, reproduction, and evolution (text book). There are other molecules, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur to name a few, that play important roles (text book). Without an abundance of hydrogen and oxygen water would not exist. Water plays an important role as a solvent, which allows for chemical reactions to take place (text book). For there to be life there must be a source of energy,...
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...“Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”- Millions who were present, experienced it… The world that saw, was struck with awe… The universe, felt it… While, Nature, bedazzled in its grandeur… This was the World Culture Festival… Words would never suffice to explain the magic, the mystic, the divinity, the spirituality, the abundance of love and the gathering of souls from all across the globe… Each one of us who experienced and lived the three days of the WCF was mystified… It was one of those historical events, where you had to be there to believe tour eyes… Since, whatever happened during those mystical three days was beyond imagination… One big stage over 7 acres, more than 3.5 million people from almost 155 countries, Prime Minister of India, Chief Ministers of various states, Ministers, Foreign Dignitaries, Saints from all cultures and religions were gathered just to witness the festival of Art, Culture and People under the sky… And what they witnessed and experienced was truly unforgettable, unbelievable and mesmerizing… I am blessed that I was fortunate enough to be a part of it, that I could witness the magic and carry memories with me… It felt that the stars have come down on earth and are illuminating the world stage… No words to express… But, as they say that the world is filled with people who have nothing better to but to criticize… Yes, as we all know, there was hue and out cry, criticism and agitation against the WCF… People who can’t bear to see anything good...
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...Across the Universe Film Analysis Alisha Liboma English 225: Intro to Film Professor Denise Orpustan-Love July 30, 2012 The Beatles were one of the worlds most influential and iconic bands who evolved in the 1960’s from Liverpool, England. For years people have found refuge in their lyrics that calm, inspire, and awe us to this day. Across the Universe not only provides the audience with a more in-depth look at the Beatles’ lyrical explorations, but also incorporates the use of filming techniques such as, cinematography, editing and sound techniques. It also gives us a closer look at the Vietnam War, struggling singers, love and life during a revolutionary period in U.S history that would prove to be unforgettable. This review will encompass topics such as “mise en scène,” (Goodykoontz, 2011), storytelling, cinematography techniques and the meanings behind the directors actions in a film. The names of the characters in Across the Universe, with the exception of the character “Max,” played by Joe Anderson, were all derived from original Beatles songs. For example there is a character named “Jude,” from the song, “Hey Jude,” who’s character is played by Jim Sturgess, as well as a character named “Lucie,” played by Evan Rachel Wood, and, “Prudence”, played by T.V Carpio. In any part of the movie you see, you can find a character of a Beatle’s song. Using the Beatles’ music to create a flow to the movie allows for all types of audience members to connect to the film. While...
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...The Major Universe The Universe is everything we can touch, feel, sense, measure or detect. It includes living things, planets, stars, galaxies, dust clouds, light, and even time. Before the birth of the Universe, time, space and matter did not exist. The Universe contains billions of galaxies, each containing millions or billions of stars. The space between the stars and galaxies is largely empty. However, even places far from stars and planets contain scattered particles of dust or a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter. Space is also filled with radiation (e.g. light and heat), magnetic fields and high energy particles (e.g. cosmic rays). The Universe is incredibly huge. It would take a modern jet fighter more than a million years to...
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...Running head: THE HISTORY OF OUR KNOWN UNIVERSE 1 THE HISTORY OF OUR KNOWN UNIVERSE The history of our known universe At one time, it was believed that the earth was the center of the universe and that all 2 celestial bodies revolved around the earth. This belief was so deeply held that complicated orbits of the planets were created in order to ensure that the earth remained at the center. Anyone that dared to challenge the earth center model was immediately considered a heretic and faced very serious consequences. Can you imagine the kind of world that we would live in today if great thinkers did not challenge the common thought of the time? Aristotle was a very famous Greek philosopher. Aristotle subscribed to the belief that the earth was the center of the universe and that all celestial bodies orbited around the earth in perfect circles known as Epicycles (Dept. Physics & Astronomy University Of Tennessee, n.d.) . In order to ensure that the earth remained at the center of the universe, complicated models of the movements of the planets were created. Eventually, this model, created in 150 A.D., came to be known as the Ptolemaic Universe. This model called for the planets to move in perfect circles around the earth. Because the perfect circles did not account for the strange movement of the planets, the planets were made to move in smaller circles (epicycles) as they moved around the earth. More and more Epicycles were added to accommodate the strange movement...
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...1. Why are scientists interested in the possibility of life beyond Earth? The discovery of life of any kind beyond Earth would forever change our perspective on how we fit into the universe as a whole, and would teach us much more about life here on Earth. 2. People have long been interested in life beyond Earth. What is different today that makes this possibility seem scientifically reasonable? Today, technology has flourished and is more advanced than it was in the past. We are able to have telescopic and spacecraft photos of planets and large moons, as well as launching missions to further investigate our curiosity. Because of these advances in technology, we know more about the universe than we previously did. 3. What do we mean by a geocentric universe? In general terms, contrast a geocentric view of the universe with our modern view of the universe. Thousands of years ago, many people believed that the Earth was at the centre of the universe; this was the geocentric view. The geocentric view of the universe contrast our modern view of the universe since it is a Sun-centered view. 4. What are extrasolar planets? In what way does their discovery make it seem more reasonable to imagine finding life elsewhere? Extrasolar planets are planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. It is now more reasonable to imagine life elsewhere since many or most stars have planets. Therefore, there may possibly be life living on these planets or moons. 5. What do we mean...
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