...The Bill of Rights, the most celebrated part of the United States Constitution, almost seems like an afterthought. The Constitution, which spelled out the form of the national government and delineated the responsibilities of each branch, was ratified in 1788. Three years later Congress added 10 amendments (the Bill of Rights) that guaranteed individual liberties. This paper will summarize why those amendments were included, and analyze whether the Bill of Rights altered the Constitution or merely strengthened it. The 1780s were a time of triumph and turmoil in America. The decisive American victory at Yorktown in 1781 guaranteed the nation’s independence, confirmed two years later by a peace treaty with England that recognized the new nation. The Bill of Rights is a critical part of the Constitution. When the formatters of the Constitution were creating the document, some believe that the Bill of Rights was not necessary. However after long debate, they agreed that it should be included. The purpose however is to guarantee certain rights not provide them; for example the freedom of speech under the First Amendment. There are limitations and people need to realize that the Constitution does not guarantee free speech. “The Freedom of Speech or known as the First Amendment is one of the most valuable and precious rights guaranteed to Americans in the United States Constitution. At the same time, it is one of the most abused rights by Americans” this is one of the protections...
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...Police Department Roles and Function CJA/214 August 21, 2015 Police Department Roles and Functions In today’s day and age in the United States there are numerous functions of police agencies. Traffic, patrol, juvenile services, undercover investigations, and special operations are just a few of the many functions of a police agency. There are three levels of police agencies they are local, state, and federal. Each level has some similarities as well as their differences. All functions and roles of policing in any and all communities are valuable and all serve a purpose. Police agencies have several roles and functions such as traffic, patrol, juvenile services, undercover investigations, and special operations are just a few. Police officers tasked with traffic functions are responsible for ensuring the safe movement of traffic, identifying potential traffic problems, arresting offenders, automobile accidents and injuries, safe movement of pedestrians, investigating damaged property, and regulating parking on and off the streets. Traffic functions help keep the roads safer for the public and assist with the flow of traffic. Patrolling functions and patrol officers are the most visible in the police department and are always providing police services within the community. Patrolling officers are always in the eyes of the public and working day in and day out. Patrolling can be done by vehicle, foot, bicycle, and/or horseback riding. Patrol officers...
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...areas of the Bill of Rights and the administration of justice and security. The aims of and the challenges fronting different federal, state, and local enforcement agencies will be discussed along with roles of the federal, state, and local court systems with regard to public safety and civil rights. The goals of the juvenile justice system with those other agencies will be discussed as well as the roles of private security organizations with respect to both corporate and public protection. Last there will be recommendations to solutions of the numerous tasks fronting criminal justice organizations and security organizations (University of Phoenix Syllabus, 2013). Amendments First Amendments The First Amendment explains that it is the independence of demonstration of the media and religious beliefs. This particular portion of the constitution forbids any type of reticence of communication, worship in addition to the capability to gather people calmly. This permits for every American to communicate without restrictions and worship wherever they want nationwide (The United States Constitution, 2010). Fourth Amendment The Fourth amendment was written to protect the people and their private property. In this amendment the people were promised their safety from illegal search and seizures as a violation by the governmental law enforcement agencies. This amendment explains that law enforcement to be in possession of a search warrant that defines the exact location to be searched...
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...of criminality in the UK in the present day. There will be more in this paper on Merton and Currie as well as others in this. This paper discusses the effects of child maltreatment, adolescent maltreatment on delinquency and crime, including violet and nonviolent offending. This paper will discuss, gender difference, deviant behavior, and substance abuse (drugs). This paper will discuss will economic analysis classification of crime, deterrence, rehabilitation, incarceration, recidivism, parole, probation, court systems, good and services, and legalization versus non-legalization. This paper will discuss parents, family, home, school, siblings, peer, teen courts, programs, and prevention methods. What is Crime? & What is Criminal Justice Conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government or a local jurisdiction for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse. Crime does more than...
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...Justice Potter Stewart believed that the right to counsel should not arise until indictment, and that this result would cause problems for fair administration of criminal justice. Case 3: Kyllo vs US (2001) A.) A Department of the Interior agent was suspicious of Danny Kyllo for illicit drug activity. He then used thermal imaging on his house to detect hot spots commonly found in areas involved with the growing of marijuana. He found these hot spots in his house and was arrested by the government where they in fact found a marijuana operation. Danny argued that the technology used to scan his complex violated his Fourth Amendment rights as an unconstitutional search without a warrant. B.) Does the use of a thermal-imaging device to detect relative amounts of heat emanating from a private home constitute an unconstitutional search in violation of the Fourth Amendment? C.) The judges decided in a vote of 5-4 that the search was unconstitutional and against the Forth...
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...burning of the American flag constitute as "symbolic speech” which is protected by the First Amendment? C.) The burning of the flag was found to be considered as free speech which is protected by the First Amendment. D.) The majority of the court believed Johnson’s acts to be a representation of symbolic speech. While many might be angered by the action, Johnson’s right of free speech cannot be taken away. F.) Writing for the dissent, Justice Stevens argued that the flag's unique status as a symbol of national unity outweighed "symbolic speech" concerns so the government could lawfully prohibit flag burning. Case 2: Escobedo vs. Illinois (1964) A.) Danny Escobedo was arrested without a warrant for the murder of his...
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...9-1-1 Call Abandoned 9-1-1 Abandoned Vehicle ABC Violation ABC Investigation Academy Assignment A.C.O.R.N. Test Additional Contacts Administrative Assignment Administration-Officer Meal Break Administrative Duties Alarm – Burglar Residence Alarm – Burglar Non-Residence Alarm – Fire Alarm – Hold up Alarm – Medical Alarm – Panic Alarm - Other Animal Bite Incident Animal Complaint General Animal Complaint-Dead Animal Animal Complaint-Deer Related Animal Call Animal Destroyed by Police Animal Complaint/Deer Related Animal Complaint/Barking Dogs Animal Complaint/Dog Bite Animal Complaint/Animal Bite Animal at Large (Stray Dog) Animal at Large (Other Complaints) Animal-Dogs Defecating Applicant Firearm Applicant Police Auxiliary Applicant Taxi / Limo Applicant All Others Assist Motorist Assist Other Agency A.T.R.A. Attempt to Serve Warrant Attempt to Serve Restraining Order Attended Death Aviation Accident Back-up Other Officer Back-up Other Agency Beat Check Bicycle Stop Blocked Driveway Boating Incident Bomb Scare Building/Business Check Building Code Violations Building/Business Check Open Door Car Wash CCH / III Request Checked Road Conditions (Weather) Child Safety Seat Installation Child Custody Dispute Church Crossing Civil Defense Test Civil Dispute Computer Issue – Vehicle Computer Issue – Desktop Community Policing Detail Consumption of Alcohol in Public Places Construction Hour Violation Canvassing Without...
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...Notes For Criminal Justice (Unit 1) Muse: What lies ahead for the criminal justice system? We cannot say for sure. Some of the coming changes are now discernible. A few of the more obvious changes include: 1. a restructuring of the juvenile justice system due to increasing violent juvenile crime and youth gang warfare; 2. the increased bankruptcy of a “war against drugs” whose promises seem increasingly hollow; 3. a growing recognition of America’s international role as both victim and purveyor of worldwide criminal activity; and 4. The rapid emergence of cyber-crimes, which both employ high technology in the commission and target the fruits of such technology. Drugs and Crime The relationship between drugs and crime rests on the concept of drug abuse. Drug abuse is illicit drug use that results in physiological, social, psychological or legal problems for the user. A drug is any chemical substance defined by social convention as bioactive or psychoactive. A psychoactive substance is a chemical substance that affects cognition, feeling, or awareness. Most drug users are recreational drug users, using drugs relatively infrequently and primarily with friends and in social contexts that define drug use as pleasurable. Most addicts begin as recreational users. Drug crimes fall into two categories: 1. the use, possession, distribution and sale of illegal drugs and the offenses committed either under the influence of drugs or surrounding the growing, making...
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...federal magistrates, formerly called United States commissioners. The magistrates not only have trial jurisdiction over minor federal offenses, but they also have the important task of issuing warrants of arrest or search warrants to federal law enforcement offi cers, such as agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Administration. Congress expanded the power of the federal magistrates by allowing them to “undertake virtually any task performed by district judges, except for felony trials and sentencing. (Ch.8, p.13) The trial courts in the federal system, called United States district courts , have both civil and criminal jurisdiction. (Ch.8, p.13) An appeal of a conviction in a federal district court is heard by a United States circuit court of appeal . The last handles appeals that originate anywhere in the country when they pertain to such matters as patents and copyrights, some tax disputes, and suits against the federal government. (Ch.8, p.14) The U nited States Supreme Court is the ultimate authority in interpreting the Constitution as it applies to both federal and state law. It also is the fi nal authority in interpreting federal law. (Ch.8, p.15) Almost every town or city has a court with a justice of the peace , magistrate, or judge, who is not...
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...Is the formation of gangs linked to the strains set out by Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin? Might other explanations explain this phenomenon better? Discuss Theorists have been and for a long time interested in trying to explain why people commit crimes and violence and whether people have the choice and choose to commit crime (Classical theory) or it is in their genes (positivists theory). In 1897 Durkheim in concentrated his efforts to understand society and was investigating social facts. In his book Suicide (1897) Durkheim explained the anomie concept where he outlined the causes of suicide and described a condition or malaise in individuals, characterized by an absence or diminution of standards or values and an associated feeling of alienation and purposelessness. According to Thompson 1984, Durkheim felt that his empirical study of suicide had discovered the structural forces that caused anomie and egoism, and these forces were natural results of the decline of mechanical solidarity and the slow rise of organic solidarity due to the division of labour and industrialism. Also of importance was Durkheim's discovery that these forces affected all social classes. A major figure in the development of Criminal theories is Robert K. Merton. He introduced his social theory of deviance first in 1938 and extended and revised it in 1957. Merton argued that individuals in different social class positions in the social structure do not possess the same opportunity of realizing the shared...
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...Legal Memo: Scenario #6 CRJ 550 Legal Issues in Criminal Justice Administration Catherine Scott Saint Leo University Abstract The following memo describes the events that have taken place in Saint Leo Police Department as it relates to the Sheriff’s findings in Officer Narcissus office computer. It will contain a summary of the Sheriff’s and Officer Narcissus’ actions, as well as their reactions to the other’s stance. As the special assistant to the Sheriff, the author of this compilation will provide as much detail about the legal ramifications the Sheriff may face as it relates to this situation and conclude by providing some recommendations to resolve the situation at hand. The author will back up the recommendations with laws and statutes that closely relate to the issue. Summary of Facts Per the situation presented, it has been determined that Officer Narcissus is the director of the sexual assault division at the Saint Leo Police Department; a division is comprised of male and female officers. It has been determined that Officer Narcissus, occasionally, utilizes the department’s computer for personal purposes. One of those purposes include logging into his personal Facebook account; which he has been known to posts several derogatory things, as well, acknowledge that he is law enforcement personnel. It has been brought to the Sheriff’s attention that Officer Narcissus has not only been posting indirect and/ or direct sexual posts, but expressed his dismay...
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...Offenders: Time for Reform for the Youth Justice System in Malaysia? Nadzriah Ahmad 1.0 INTRODUCTION Malaysia acceded to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereinafter referred to as the CRC) on the 17th February 1995 in order to uphold the legal rights of the children in Malaysia.[1] Subsequently, upon ratification, Malaysia is under an obligation to implement the provisions in the CRC in order to protect the legal rights of the children (Committee on the CRC, General Comment 10, 2007). [2] In particular, with regards to the children in conflict with the law, CRC obliges State Parties to undertake in giving protection to children in conflict with the law at every stage of the juvenile justice system, in line with the requirements of Articles 37 and 40 of the CRC in order to uphold the principle of the best interest of the child (Committee on the CRC, General Comment 10, 2007). [3] While the former obligates States Parties to uphold the leading principles for the use of deprivation of liberty, the procedural rights, treatment and conditions afforded to children in conflict with the law when deprived of liberty, the latter safeguards the legal rights of the children in conflict with the law by ensuring that they receive treatment and guarantees of fair trial which could afford protection on them (Committee on the CRC, General Comment 10, 2007).[4] This article seeks to analyze pertinent issues surrounding the juvenile justice system in Malaysia in particular, at the...
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...Discuss some of the contributions that psychology has made to our understanding of criminal behaviour. Francois Vidoq has been credited historically to have used questioning of criminals in custody to ascertain reasons for their crime, as far back as 1820. Vold and Bernard state that “it is the underlying theory of criminality that guides criminologists in their search for the facts that ultimately will have to be explained by theories of crime.” (Vold and Bernard 1986) Here, it shall be demonstrated that even if the evidence is empirically valid, it may not necessarily be used effectively. Historically, science has enquired as to what makes one person commit a series of criminal acts, whilst others with seemingly similar backgrounds, chose to live their lives within the bounds of legality. McGuire asserts that the psychologist is the best placed to delve into the individual behaviours of criminals and to understand the underlying reasoning to their behaviour, “criminal psychology is the study of behaviours, by analysing it, understanding and sometimes controlling it.” (McGuire 2004) The study of forensic and investigative psychology are devoted to an individual’s behaviour and to the effects that crime and individual criminals have upon the community, not that which involves the law and it’s process. (Popper 1968) James Cattell (1895) chose to experiment on the validity of giving, and the accuracy of testimony, which gave arguably the first empirical data. From...
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...l Race and Juvenile Delinquency by Dubien Tshimanga SOCIOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY CAPSTONE PRINCIPIA COLLEGE APRIL 2015 ABSTRACT Throughout history, the struggle of minorities has been seen in many facets of life such as in history, literature, music and film: Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi fought for the right of unrepresented minorities. Books such as Too Kill a Mocking Bird spoke to the prejudices of a community. Movies such as Roots illustrated the hardship of the slaves. From the Roman’s persecution of Christians to today’s rap song lyrics about economic disparities the plight of the minority has been fought for millennium. This research examines the struggle of minorities within the juvenile justice system and the differential rates of adjudication and length of sentencing between the white majority and the black minority juvenile offenders. During the course of this research, additional insights were gained from an internship at a youth correctional center as well as drawing on my own personal experience as a refugee from Gabon. The findings of my research demonstrate that minority offenders do receive harsher sentences than the whites, and that there are several factors contributing to higher rates of juvenile delinquency among African Americans; primarily education and community. To consider the struggle of minorities is important because it creates awareness that the maltreatment of a minority group by the dominant majority often...
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