...socialization of each individual” (M.U.S.E., 2013). Using sociological imagination I will build a connection with being an unmarried pregnant teenager and the impact it has socially in our society. Sociological Imagination As individuals we based our decisions on values instilled in us and peer pressure from our society. “We are individually shaped by society and social interaction through the process of socialization, which begins at birth and continues throughout our lifetime” (M.U.S.E., 2013). Teenage pregnancy has been a concern in our society and over the past 20 years, pregnancy in unmarried teenagers has increased dramatically. “Unmarried pregnant teenager varies based upon race, ethnicity, religion, and socioeconomic status” (Mollborn, 2009). Based on my experience low income families and the community they live in accept unmarried teenage pregnancy, because it is normal to them. Teenage pregnancy has increased and is an undisclosed major problem in our society. As a society we want to make sure everyone is properly educated on teen pregnancy. “Non-marital pregnancy is more common in racial or ethnic minority and low socioeconomic status, these parents are perceived to have low socioeconomic futures, families from high socioeconomic status and communities will discourage a pregnancy that will propel their children to a lower socioeconomic trajectory” (Mollborn,...
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...Denial of automatic parental responsibilities and rights (PRRs) for non-marital fathers has become increasingly difficult to justify in recent years, as a result of changes in social and cultural attitudes. Studies reveal that 51.4% of children are now born outside wedlock. Consequently, statute has intervened throughout the years in an attempt to abolish the notion of the ‘illegitimate’ child and to ameliorate the rights of the unmarried father. In this essay, the writer will describe how a non-marital father can obtain PRRs with reference to recent legislation, discussing any obstacles they may face and consider the extent to which they are still discriminated against in Scots Law. The Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006 came into force on 4 May 2006. This piece of legislation significantly improved the position of the non-marital father by amending the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 which details the legal mediums through which a parent can acquire PRRs. This legislative innovation provided that unmarried fathers can acquire full PRRs providing they register as the father under any of the UK’s Acts enabling registration of births, deaths and marriages as well as registering their paternity after the amendment came into force. However, the mother is not required to register but instead obtains PRRs automatically, which is arguably discriminatory in nature against a man who is the biological father of a child born to the woman, since the mother has no mirroring obligation and acquires...
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...households, lone parents have not only reduced money but also half the adult time resources available. Single mothers manage many responsibilities including financial provision, housekeeping, and parenting. In addition, they lack a supportive spouse to turn to for counsel, cooperation, and comfort. The stress in the mother’s life and the way she deals with it also impacts her child. Current research suggests that professional help is sought for mental health reasons by single-parent mothers two to three times more often. Of all problems in domestic relations with which the social worker deals, that of the family unsanctioned by Church or State, unrecognized by the community, is probably the most difficult. Although we speak usually of the “unmarried mother” nevertheless the situation involves all the elements of a family group—mother, father, and child. Each of these has certain rights, the parents have certain obligations, and the relationship of the members of the group to the community must also be given consideration. “Every child has the right to be born with honor, and his birth should not be an obstacle to the fullest and highest development of his life and his social activities,” Thus “nobody’s child” of the English common law and the child who under the Code Napoleon was denied knowledge of his paternity, is, by the unanimous declaration of two...
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...CHAPTER 5. FAMILY PLANNING This chapter presents results from the 2007 RMIDHS regarding aspects of contraceptive use, knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Although the focus is on women, some results from the male survey are discussed, since men play an important role in the realization of reproduction goals. Data on inter-spousal communication and husbands’ knowledge about their wives’ contraceptive use are also presented. The results presented in this chapter include contraceptive prevalence and unmet need for contraception, which have important implications for program managers to assess to what extent family planning services are reaching users and how effectively the methods are being adopted. One of the important indicators resulting from the survey is the percentage of married women aged 15–49 who are currently using any method of contraception. It is important to note that the study of contraception prevalence in the country is vital because contraception plays an important role in determining fertility levels and trends. 5.1. KNOWLEDGE OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS One major objective of the 2007 RMIDHS was to assess the level of knowledge of contraceptive methods among Marshallese women and men. Individuals who have adequate information about available methods of contraception are better able to develop a rational approach to planning their family. Information on knowledge of contraception was collected in the survey by asking female and male respondents to...
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...of workers, the FIC categorized working class into three groups: (1) Unmarried women living independently, (2) Single men living independently, (3) Normal family. However, calculating the living cost for unmarried independent women, the FIC considered only the costs of maintaining their personal lives. In spite of the apparent finding on the investigation that a large number of women were financially supporting their family budgets, this condition was not reflected in the process of the calculation. Although ‘savings’ was included in the list of living costs, the item was primarily considered as the resource for “the girl who is destined to marry” that had to “wait for the right man to come.” As a result, the FIC failed to recognize the economic subjectivity of female workers during minimum wage calculation, by ignoring their financial contribution to the households and only emphasizing the protection of the physical and mental health of individual women....
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...relative. The form is available on our website at www.uscis.gov. Sometimes the I-130 can be filed together with an application for permanent residence (Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status). This is discussed below. Which relatives may I petition for? A U.S. citizen can file a petition for the following relatives: • Husband or wife; • Children, married or unmarried.1 A U.S. citizen who is at least 21 years or older may also petition for the following relatives: • Parents; • Brothers or sisters. When you submit your petition, you are required to provide evidence to prove your relationship to the person for whom you are filing. What does the petition do for my relative? Filing a Form I-130 and proving a qualifying relationship gives your relative a place in line with others waiting to immigrate from the same country or region based on the same type of relationship. When your relative reaches the front of the line, he or she may be eligible to immigrate after passing the required background checks and meeting requirements for admission. For example: You file a petition for your unmarried son over 21 years of age. If we approve it, your petition gives him a place in line with people from the same country category who...
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...Adoptions, 2013). New Jersey has passed progressive laws and policies that prohibit discrimination charged against LGBT individuals in the adoption process (Lifelong Adoptions, 2013). New Jersey state law also bans discrimination against LGBT individuals in the foster parent process (Lifelong Adoptions, 2013). New Jersey Statutes Annotated 9:3-43 enables for any person to adopt permitted the said person(s) pass a background investigation and meet adoption criteria for eligibility (Onelce, 2012). Unmarried joint adoptive parents petitioning to adopt a child can do so because of N.J.S.A. 9:3-43 (Onelce, 2012). In “Re-adoption of Two Children” by H.N.R., 666 A.2d 535 (Onelce, 2012) addresses second parent adoption; this statute exercises the possibility for an individual to petition for shared rights of custody with a parent who already possesses legal parental custody of a child. Several states prohibit joint adoption due to unmarried status. This statute is favorable for unmarried parents seeking to adopt in New Jersey. This New Jersey statute provides for an overall tolerant atmosphere for LGBT individuals and couples looking to adopt or become foster parents. In summary, laws and policies regarding same-sex adoption vary from state to state. Forms of Adoption The three common forms of adoptive guardianship are individual (single) parent adoption, joint adoption, and second parent adoption (Adoption, foster care agencies and state law, n.d.). The most traditional type of...
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...One of the most difficult situations in the realm of father's rights occurs when the birth couple is unmarried. In these situations, society tends to default to the biological mother for all decisions related to the birth and care of the child. Unfortunately, this can often lead to situations where a child is placed into adoptive homes--often against the will of the biological father. Putative Father Registries exist in most states, and serve to help protect the rights of unmarried fathers in regards to the future care of their child. If you're a father that's currently in an unmarried relationship with a child on the way, there are a few key things you need to understand in order to protect your rights. What Are Putative Father Registries?...
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...with a divorce. They have three sons together that they both want to remain in their sons lives. So based on the financial concerns of both Kathy M Brent they are unable at this time to financially support to separate homes for them and the children, so they currently all still live in a single-family home in Chicago, Illinois. Brent and Kathy are both financially supporting their three sons and maintaining the upkeep of the house that they are all currently reside. While comparing Brent and Kathy’s annual income, Brent substantially earns more annually than Kathy. They both agree that even though they both support the children and maintain the home that Brent contributes more. In the current tax season Brent has stated that he would like to file a separate Federal Income Tax from Kathy and he would like to claim head of household as his status on the current year’s return. Brent feels that, if he and Kathy keep separate households while under the same rough that he would be eligible to claim head of household status. Question Presented: would Brent still be permitted to file head of household status on his Federal Income Tax return for the current year even though Kathy and Brent still reside in the single-family home with their three children, even though they are maintaining separate households within the same house? Short Answer: Mr....
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...Marital status and gender as predictors of undergraduate academic performance: a United Arab Emirates context Justin Thomas, Monique Raynor, Amal Al-Marzooqi Zayed University, UAE Introduction There is a considerable international body of literature exploring the predictors and determinants of undergraduate academic performance (Barrow et al., 2009; Betts & Morell, 1999; Cohn et al., 2004; Smith & Naylor, 2001). The predictor variables explored encompass a full biopsychosocial spectrum, from familial socio-economic status, to institutional class sizes. Two of the most immediately accessible factors for exploration are gender and marital status. While these proposed predictors of academic performance have been widely explored across many nations, relatively little work has been undertaken within the Gulf region (Harb & El-Shaarawi, 2007). It is likely that region-specific socio-cultural factors will affect how, and to what extent, gender and marital status influence academic performance. Given that many of the Gulf nations are presently attempting to develop knowledge based economies, such research may inform the development of undergraduate educational strategy and policy. The small body of research within the Gulf region focusing on gender and marital status is fairly unequivocal. Using either cumulative grade point averages (CGPA), or specific course grades as indicators of performance, virtually all of the published studies report females as outperforming males. Hedjazi and...
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...for the U.S. Embassy or Consulate where your interview is scheduled. My spouse and/or children were going to follow me to the United States after I immigrate. Can they accompany me instead? - Yes, you may change your spouse’s and/or children's status from follow-to-join to accompanying by directly contacting the U.S. Embassy or Consulate where your interview is scheduled. This may be done prior to your immigrant visa interview, and additional forms and documents may need to be provided. Can my children also receive immigrant visas, even if they were not originally part of the case? - If the immigrant visa category in which you are applying includes derivative children, your qualified unmarried children under the age of 21 may be added as derivative applicants after your interview has been scheduled. Contact the U.S. Embassy or Consulate for specific instructions. At the interview, the additional applicant(s) will be required to pay the same fees and submit the same forms and supporting documents as you. Visa eligibility: My child will turn 21 years old soon - Children generally must be unmarried and under age 21 to qualify as derivative visa applicants, or to qualify for immigrant visas individually in the IR-2 or F-2A visa categories. Also, they generally must enter the United States with immigrant visas while still under age 21. Under, the Child Status Protection Act, some children might continue...
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...but this was not seen as a profession by many, but rather an extension of their domestic work that was appropriate for a woman. Progress for women in medicine beyond the level of nursing was limited. -By the late 1860’s medical colleges had strict controls on the number of women they admitted and allowed to graduate, largely as a result of opposition from male physicians. Nevertheless there was an increase at this time in the number of women beginning to be admitted into higher education generally. Growth of industry -The civil war acted as a catalyst in speeding up the progress of the US towards becoming the world’s leading industrial nation. This increased the work opportunities for women when the war ended. By 1870, 13% of all unmarried women already worked in domestic occupations or increasingly in factories. This figure was to expand significantly in the remaining decades of the 19th century. -The situation for married women, however, did not change significantly. Married women were often banned from working outside the home, either by the policies of some employers or by state legislation. In any case, the overwhelming expectation was that once they were married, women would give up their jobs and be entirely focused on home and family. Married working-class women, however, who needed to augment the family income or escape poverty could participate in laundry, mending or lodgers. Westward Expansion -Further westward expansion in the 1860’s and settlement on...
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...that welfare is necessary to help those who cannot help themselves, to allow them a better quality of life with the main goal of assisting the children of needy parents. In 2008, FamilyFacts.org reported that $714 billion was spent on welfare. This included $42 billion for housing, $63 billion on food, $154 billion in cash aid, $372 billion in medical care, and $83 billion on other expenses. Many others feel that welfare distributes wealth to those who don’t earn it. To them, welfare encourages illegitimate births, the breakup of families, and discourages recipients from bettering themselves (Mankiw, p.429). Welfare provides the means for a lazy society that is dependent on hard working citizens for their support. Welfare provides the basic needs and allows for a better quality of live that protects the children from hunger and homelessness. The parents of these children often qualify because their income is at or below poverty level and they have met their state’s requirements to receive any benefits. But instead of the system being a temporary crutch, the system allows recipients to grow dependent on welfare and increases their incentive to continue participating in the program. Many recipients remain on benefits much longer than needed and continually engage in practices that keep them eligible. These, in turn, beget a cycle that children see their parents engaging in and therefore accept that behavior as the norm. With members in each generation participating in welfare programs...
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...regulating the fair distribution of assets following the breakdown of a marriage. Most current social policies in the UK come from a New Labour perspective, as this party have been in power for almost 12 years. Therefore, many of these current social policies encourage the existence of the family, although not just in the nuclear form endorsed by the New Right. For instance new labour modified the law so that unmarried cohabiting couples, both heterosexual and homosexual, had the right to adopt on a basis equivalent to that of a married couple. This has made adopting easier for unmarried couples with fertility issues, but the biggest change to have resulted from it is that homosexual couples can now, fairly easily, adopt children, leading to a much more diverse range of families. This change has been heavily criticised by New Right thinkers, who claim that it further undermines the nuclear family, by removing the restriction on unmarried couples from adopting children. They also claim that, due to not being raised in the “natural” environment of the nuclear family, that children adopted in this manner will be more likely to take part in anti-social behaviour, and even criminal activities. However, most feminists are in favour of cohabiting couples being afforded similar rights to a married couple. Liberal feminists see it as another step towards equality, moving away from a familistic gender regime, as it removes...
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...regulating the fair distribution of assets following the breakdown of a marriage. Most current social policies in the UK come from a New Labour perspective, as this party have been in power for almost 12 years. Therefore, many of these current social policies encourage the existence of the family, although not just in the nuclear form endorsed by the New Right. For instance new labour modified the law so that unmarried cohabiting couples, both heterosexual and homosexual, had the right to adopt on a basis equivalent to that of a married couple. This has made adopting easier for unmarried couples with fertility issues, but the biggest change to have resulted from it is that homosexual couples can now, fairly easily, adopt children, leading to a much more diverse range of families. This change has been heavily criticised by New Right thinkers, who claim that it further undermines the nuclear family, by removing the restriction on unmarried couples from adopting children. They also claim that, due to not being raised in the “natural” environment of the nuclear family, that children adopted in this manner will be more likely to take part in anti-social behaviour, and even criminal activities. However, most feminists are in favour of cohabiting couples being afforded similar rights to a married couple. Liberal feminists see it as another step towards equality, moving away from a familistic gender regime, as it removes...
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