...life satisfaction; it is how we see ourselves that ultimately dominates who we are and how we interact with the communities we live in. Accordingly, this essay examines the unavoidability of today’s “perfect” body advertising, the role materialism plays and the claim that thin does not guarantee sales; whilst considering to what extent mental health, personal health and happiness play in determining wellbeing, and then exploring the often overlooked effects body image has on a community’s wellbeing. Constant exposure to idealised media images is unavoidable; boys, girls, men and women alike are inundated with thousands of images, portraying (for most) desirable yet unattainable and unrealistic body and self, expectations and ideals (Dittmar and Howard 2004, 478). A selection of research suggests that it is not the advertisements themselves that pressure individuals; but rather, the individuals beliefs, values and ideals relating to their own appearance that impact on their body image and level of dissatisfaction; that advertising, even though relentless – only highlights an existing negative self assessment (Dittmar and Howard, 2004, 478 and...
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...magazines, newspapers, billboards, and most recently, social media, among others. The average person is exposed to as many as 5,000 advertisements a day, and nearly 10,000,000 in their lifetime (Gustafson). With that said, advertising’s impact in society is so prevalent that if advertisers do not take caution, it can also become easily detrimental. Cosmetic advertising can be held accountable for feeding especially women with unrealistic results and false standards of beauty. The problems with cosmetic advertising and the effect it has mainly on, but not limited to, women are innumerable. Considering the fact that “cosmetics are a major expenditure for many women, with the cosmetics industry grossing around 7 billion dollars a year,” cosmetic advertising is a practice that should be approached with caution, as it affects so many women daily (Thompson). The most simplistic and widely targeted critique of cosmetic advertising comes from the excessive use of photo manipulation in ads, including Photoshop and the use of filters. These tools create unrealistic images of the benefits the product can actually offer, causing women to become more dissatisfied with their own appearances. This dissatisfaction can work to the advantage of advertisers when the main aim is to sell a product intended to make women look better. Some cosmetic companies rely on this ilk of strategy. The higher the insecurity of the woman, the more likely she is to become susceptible to this kind of advertising...
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...Depleting Body Image: The Effects of Female Magazine Models on the Self-esteem and Body Image of College-age Women Influence of Magazines on College-Age Females’ Body Image Millions of women every day are bombarded with the media’s idea of the “perfect” body. These unrealistic images are portrayed in women’s magazines all over the country. The message being sent to women is that they are not pretty or skinny enough. The average American woman is 5’4” and weighs 140 pounds, while the average American model is 5’11” and weighs 117 pounds. Annually, magazine companies spend billions of dollars on diet and exercise advertisements to put in their magazines. Magazines sell body dissatisfaction to their readers through unrealistic images of women, as well as dieting and exercise information. Thirty years ago, Marilyn Monroe, a size 14, had the “ideal” body shape and size, but today’s standard is much smaller. As the beauty ideal continues to get smaller in our society, body image within American women continues to plummet. Magazines portray and compare happiness with being thin; therefore some feel if they are not thin, then they are not happy. As with women of all ages, many college-age women are believed to hold unrealistic ideals of body shape and size, ideals that can be both physically and emotionally unhealthy. Our study, focused on women who attend the University of Wisconsin-Madison that are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four. We wanted to identify the specific...
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... Fischer Black developed another version of CAPM, called Black CAPM or zero-beta CAPM that does not assume the existence of a riskless asset. This version was more robust against empirical testing and was influential in the widespread adoption of the CAPM (Fama & French, 1982). CAPM has become very attractive as a tool that measures risk to possible in relation to expected return, although it is still widely used for estimating the cost of capital for firms and evaluating the performance of managed portfolios. While CAPM is accepted academically, there is empirical evidence suggesting that the model is not as profound as it may have first appeared to be. CAPM’s empirical fallings arise theoretically from many over simplified assumptions made by the model. This has made it difficult to implement valid test for this model (Kristina Zucchi, 2015). For example according to the CAPM model the risk from an asset such as stock should be measured relative to a comprehensive, but this principle can include such as human capital not just financially traded assets. It is also unclear as to whether if we should narrow the scope of this to financially traded assets or expand this to include other financial instrument such as bonds, and...
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...Abstract This research assesses the fundamental causes of the current financial crisis that hit the USA in 2008. A Close look at financial analysis specifies that theoretical modeling based on unrealistic anticipations led to serious problems in mispricing in the enormous unregulated market for credit default swaps that exploded upon catalytic rises in residential mortgage defaults. Latest academic research suggests solutions to the economic crisis that are appraised to be far less costly than bailing out investors who made poor decisions with respect to credit analysis. Introduction The financial crisis that occurred in 2008 is of such epic proportions that even astronomical amounts spent to address this issue have by far been not able to resolve it. This economic crisis is the worst to ever hit USA since the great depression and is utmost important to economists since this led to 2.6 million unemployed furthermore 3.4 trillion dollar were lost in real estate wealth and the stock market also lost 7.4 trillion according to the Federal Reserve. Besides the $700 billion bill approved by Congress, the Federal Reserve has bailed out institutions and markets by generating about $1.3 trillion in investments in various risky assets, also including loans to otherwise bankrupt organizations & collateralized debt obligations which were completely backed by subprime mortgages that were defaulting at rapid rates. Furthermore a $900 billion is in the process of being proposed...
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...Beonka Robinson April 24, 2012 Women’s Studies 301 Anorexia A common disease afflicting an enormous number of young Americans is anorexia. While other mischiefs are characterized by the over consumption or the misuse of a product, anorexia is described as an anti-consumption behavior. In this paper, I will discuss what anorexia is, who takes part in it, how it related to race/ethnicity, and the effects of mass media. Anorexia is an eating disorder defined by excessive food restriction, illogical fear of gaining weight, and a misleading negative body self-perception (Nogal & Lewinski, 2008). The disorder naturally consists of extreme weight loss. It is frequently developed during adolescence and early adulthood. People with this disorder constrain the amount of food they consume because of the fear of gaining weight to live up to the delusion of a “perfect person” which does not exist. This causes metabolic and hormonal disorders that may cause long-term effect to the body (Carlson & Heth, 2007). Anorexia is a medical term for the lack of appetite. On the other hand, people with anorexia do not lose their appetites. It has many complex allegations and may be thought of as a constant illness that may never be truly cured, but only managed over time. Anorexia is characterized by low body weight, inappropriate eating habits, and obsession with having a thin figure. Those who suffer from it may also practice repeated weighing, measuring, and mirror gazing, in conjunction...
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... 27.05.2015 Term paper: Impact of Education on Growth As a basic theory which is always taught in economics, the effect of education on the economic growth of a country is always positive. In order to further verify this theory, the authors of many books provide examples which complement it. If we go deep into this theory and search for other evidence, we come across different researches done by economists and statisticians who have analyzed the theory to a great extent. In order to differentiate their studies they have done their empirical research on the subject by using different econometric models. Even though the underlying result i.e. derived from their research is the same, yet these models have different comprehensive implications, something which will also be discussed in our review. As a part of our review we have taken four different research paper written by different researchers, which have the same fundamental scope. However, the origins of these researches are subject to geographical changes and this has been done in order to prove our basic rationality of the theory. The critical reviews consist of the methods used by the authors and the way they have tried to analyze the empirical evidence by using econometric models. The first article which we will be reviewing in our discussion is the research paper written by Robert J. Barro which is titled as ‘Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries.’ The research done by Barro is quite comprehensive...
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...Body image is a central part of mental and physical well-being, and because the mass media are pervasive communicators of social standards, they greatly influence people’s perception by setting unrealistic standards for what is “normal” for body weight and appearance. Thus, reinforcing people to emulate and believe what they see and hear. There is an extensive amount of studies on the effects of media exposure on body dissatisfaction and the experience of negative thoughts and esteem about one’s body, which is linked to a range of physical and mental health problems, including eating disorders and low self-esteem. Body Image: Self-Esteem and Identity Several individual variables predict or influence the relationship between media exposure and body disturbances. Most of the research has been done with women and girls, for whom the “body perfect” ideal is ultra-thin, and whose media models are typically underweight (Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). To determine whether viewing images of thin models influences how women feel about their bodies, there were many studies done using the social comparison framework, finding that women engage in “upward social comparisons,” comparing themselves to the thin models depicted in the media. When women believe that they do not measure up to the models, they feel more negatively about their own weight and body. For example, Lin and Kulik (2006) found that college women experienced decreased body satisfaction and confidence of attractiveness after...
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...The ideal body type a female should have based on what the media portrays is slender and slightly toned without being too bulky. It has been shown that females experience lower levels of self-esteem and are more prone to developing an eating disorder after exposure to images of thin models and body-related discussion in the media (Markova, 2007). In order to try and dispel the notion that all females should feel ashamed unless they are slim, it is important to focus efforts on the phase of life these issues first arise; early adolescence. The main theme appears to be girls’ body insecurity, so my first solution deals with educating both genders on body image. Both male and female adolescents got through body changes during puberty, making both susceptible to having a negative body image. Due to this, it is important to explain that the media’s representation of women is very unrealistic and that television, magazines, and other media outlets rely heavily on editing programs to make models, actors, etc. appear to have the ideal body type. Exposure to mass media presenting a “thin-ideal body” as the norm is strongly correlated with body image disturbances in women (Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008, p. 470). Once the myths regarding body image are dispelled, females may feel less self-conscious in their team...
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... In an attempt to reduce the paper work and to enable better sharing of information amongst the agents, the Congress sanctioned $379.8 million to the FBI. This amount was supposed to be spent on the ‘Information Technology Upgrade’ project (Goldstein, 2005). 6. The project, known as Trilogy, had three parts. They were: • Information Presentation Component to upgrade hardware and software • Transportation Network Component to upgrade communication networks • User Applications Component to upgrade and consolidate the important investigative applications.”(Fine, 2004). 7. The intention behind launching this project was to replace the old case management system with the Virtual Case File (Goldstein, 2005). 8. It was envisioned to provide 30,000 desktop PCs and high-bandwidth networks to the agents (Pearlson & Saunders,2013). 9. The Trilogy contracts were awarded DynCorp, of Reston, Va., and to SAIC for software. (Goldstein, 2005). 10. However, the project soon ran into trouble. Glenn A. Fine, Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice, testified before a Senate Committee that the VCF ran into trouble because of the following reasons: • lack of firm milestones • penalties for missing milestones • lack of a qualified project integrator who would be in touch with the two contractors • Weak IT investment management structure and processes. • Ill-defined requirements • Unrealistic scheduling of tasks. (Fine, 2004). • Analysis: This point paper attempts to analyze, using the...
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...Prof. Brown Engl. 101 Research Paper False Image, Real Effect Advertisements do not always present the truth but people can still choose to accept it as truth. Advertisers have always stretched the truth in order to sell a product. Advertisements present everything as an extravagant, over the top, perfect for all, necessity. Throughout time, new techniques for advertisements have developed. Because of technological advancements there are more ways to advertise as well. Before, news and anything good would have been spread through word of mouth. Now, there are voices coming through radio stations telling people what they want and need. Advertisement pictures and videos are constantly being played on the television screens, cellphones and almost any other electronic gadget. Advertisers still manage to stretch the truth, now in more creative ways. Advertisements, especially print, are photo-enhancing and distorting images to create a false image. Photographs of human beings, taken to help sell a product, are now being altered and becoming the product. There are many studies that have been conducted on the effects of these altered images, however a majority of these studies revolve around the female body. Targeting men with other men on advertisements is something that has spread widely and effected men's body image. Advertisements give a false image of how men and women should look; these advertisements need to reduce or label the level of retouching or possibly stop retouching...
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...society. This paper will focus on various models that are used to explain the etiology of addiction. Models for addictions refer to the tools used to deliver message concerning the biological basis of addiction as well as the broader social and psychological aspect of addiction. Models The following are the known models that explain the concept of all forms of addiction. 1. Personal responsibility model 2. Agent model 3. Dispositional model 4. Sociocultural model 5. Public health perspective Personal Responsibility or Moral model According to this model, society has divergent views concerning the issue of addiction although none of them is positive. One of the many views the society has is that addiction is a criminal behaviour. The other view or perspective is that addiction is a sin. The model attributes character and weakness defects to addiction (Bentley, 2007). The model has neither sympathy nor care for the individuals who have chronic addictions. The model bases its message concerning the addiction as an individual’s choice. As per this model individuals who are strong morally are well positioned to avoid, control and stop any form of addiction. The situation makes the model resemble medical and spiritual model. Moral uprightness is closely associated with religion. Without strong spiritual belief, various researchers have shown that people find it difficult to overcome or recover from any form of addiction. Agent or Temperance Model The model...
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...service provisioning algorithms, protocols and software. Similarly, the wireless networking community has also started to look at the scalability issues that are relevant to wireless cellular, wireless local, as well as wireless personal area networks besides the emerging area of infrastructure-less networks such as ad-hoc and sensor networks. Surprisingly there is significant scope for research in the wireless scalability area as it relates to the ad hoc and sensor networks and this is one of the reasons why this topic was chosen for a special issue. A wireless sensor network is likely to have a large number of nodes perhaps in thousands to millions and that may create, potentially, numerous scaling problems in the networking protocols, addressing schemes, hardware architectures etc. The key questions that people are asking in this area are: whether wireless networks are scalable? And if they are, what are the appropriate conditions under which the scalability properties are achievable? One of the pioneering works on the capacity of wireless networks was published by Gupta and Kumar [1]. This paper presented a theoretical framework to analyze the capacity of...
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... This topic is of great importance because, a shortage of nurses means that the ratio of patient to nurse increases and this can result in nurses being overwhelmed. It also affects the every aspect of patients’ care and it increases the risk of negative patients’ outcomes. It makes nurses apprehensive when they are going to work and that is not a good way to feel on a regular basis. Some of the reasons listed as causes of shortage of nurses include lack of good role models and early professional socialization, unrealistic workload, an aging workforce, negative work environment, retention problem, and insufficient nursing faculty staff. I chose the first article "Becoming a nurse: a meta-study of early professional socialization and career choice in nursing," because it attempts to deal with the issue of nursing shortage by investigating what motivates young people to choose nursing as a career and early professional socialization (Price, 2009). It highlighted the need to have good mentors, peers and role models, especially as new nurses are transitioning into the profession. A lot of new nurses report having negative experiences when they first start working. The next article “Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout, and Job Dissatisfaction” by Linda Aiken and her colleagues researched the relationship between nurse to patient ratio and patients' outcome and its effect on nurse retention (Aiken, et al., 2002). This...
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...industry Term Paper in Media Management Summer Semester 2012 Lecturer: Jana Baum Christin Schwarzhoff BA11 International Culture and Management / Media Management Student-Nr.: 1.6 11 306 Table of content 1. Introduction 3 2. Effects of Advertisings on Women 2.1 Dissatisfaction with the body shape 4 2. Statistics and surveys 5 3. The Image of a Woman in the Beauty Industry 3.1 Gender display in commercials 6 2. Criticism of advertising and thoughts about solutions 7 4. Dove Campaign 4.1 Campaign for Real Beauty 8 4.2 Dove ‘Evolution’ 9 4.3 Success of Dove Campaign 9 5. Conclusion 10 6. Bibliography 11 7. Declaration 13 1. Introduction The term paper at hand deals with the beauty in the commercial industry. Looking at commercials in magazines, on billboards or on television, it is recognizable that most of these advertisings use the image of a perfect world. Especially in beauty advertisings beautiful flawless women present products promising the consumer to look as beautiful as the model after using them. But how effective are these advertisings and how do they affect society? This term paper will discuss the negative influence of those commercials on women in today’s society. Furthermore it will figure out whether a television commercial with a realistic understanding of beauty can be successful in a consumer-based society. This paper tries to answer these questions...
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