...THE PROCESS AND PATTERN OF URBANIZATION AND LABOUR MIGRATION IN NIGERIA By Anyaele Samuel O. Mabogunje (1968), defined urbanization as the process whereby human beings congregates in relatively large number at one particular spot of the earth surface. The particular spot is refered to urban centers. Urbanization simply put, is a demographical phenomenon charaterized with the movement of people from the rural settings to permanently dwell in the city (urban areas). Labour migration on the other hand, is the process through which an individual move from an administrative territorial community to another community in order to gain an employment. There are two types of labour migration namely; the contemporary labour migration which is also refered to as oversea or contract workers. Here, an individual migrates for a little period in order to send money back home. And the highly skilled and business migrants; here, people with qualifications like executives, technicians, professionals and its similar prowless move within the international or national labour market to gain employment. Urbanization process are those factors that facilitates a place to turn into urban center. These factors includes; migration (PUSH – PULL FACTORS), natural increase, government policies, exchange of trade etc. MIGRATION- migration is a rational movement that invovles a change in place of residence across a defined geo-political boundary. Migration is age, sex, destination and reason selective. Factors...
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...Urbanization in simple terms is the rapid and massive growth of cities as the migration of people from the countryside in search of better jobs and living conditions occurs. Migration is defined as the long-term relocation of an individual, household or group to a new location outside the community of origin. As the process of internal migration increases within a country large masses of people are gathering in the densely populated and highly structured settlements of a country. Consequently, cities are growing significantly in size and number with the continuation of mass migration. At the start of the 20th century only about 17.8% of the entire population of a third world country lived in a city, but today the proportion of urban and rural dwellers is approximately equal, in-fact today 3 Billion of the world’s population are urban residents, accounting for half the world’s population at the rate of a 180,000 people moving into cities each day (60 Million a year). It is projected that at this rate many of the cities in developing regions of the world such as Africa and Asia may double in size to compensate to this process. Rapid urbanization has presented a series of issues in the third world and has thus been a leading factor in shaping third world politics. Urbanization in the third world has drastically increased by as much as 50% over the last century. For instance Bangladesh has an urbanization rate of 3.5% resulting in 27% of the country’s population being urban settlers;...
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...Urbanization is defined as a population shift from rural areas to urban areas. Due to China’s economic boom, China is currently experiencing a rapid movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. The article, “The End of Agricultural in China” estimates that one-quarter of China’s rural population, about 200 million people, are moving to urban areas in search of work. This movement of people has resulted in urban areas having to expand to in order to accommodate the increase in population. But as a law of physics states, with every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Therefore as urban areas increase in size and population this has resulted in rural areas both decreasing in size and in population. As globalization becomes more common, many businesses and companies have looked to China as a country that shows a great potential for expansion and investment. As a result China is experiencing a tremendous growth in their economy. Urban areas in China have expanded with new buildings and factories being built to keep up with demand. But this urban expansion has come at the cost of losing agricultural land. Many farmers who owned land in rural areas are losing their land as the government has mandated the land be sold to the state so the state can then turnaround and sell it to companies looking to build factories in China. This had led to farmland that was once abundant with agricultural crops, now being used to house factories. As the article states, seizure...
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...International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2013 ISSN 2250-3153 1 Future of Real Estate Business (Ready-made Flat) in Khulna City Feroz Ahmed *, Md. Reaz Uddin**, S. M. Rasel Ahammad*** ** * Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh Assistant Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh *** Territory Officer, Transcom Mobile Ltd. Bangladesh Abstract- Real estate is a fast growing industry in Bangladesh. Earlier this business was concentrated in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Later on, it spreads in various major cities of the country. The present study has paid efforts to explore the future of real estate business in Khulna, a major divisional city of Bangladesh. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from Khulna city area. Respondents were selected carefully considering their potentiality to be a flat or house owner in this city. The study has identified income of potential buyers, land price, hassle of buying a flat, developers’ performance and their trustworthiness, and availably of land will determine the future of real estate business in Khulna region. Consumers’ income has been found statistically significant. prospective customers toward real estate business and developers whether they will accept the real estate service or will construct house by own along with the probable reason behind their perception...
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...Cities without Slums Slum Formation Introduction When we talk about slums the focus is often how to bring people living in them into better living conditions. UN-Habitat claims that the number of slum dwellers worldwide is nearing a billion people but this number could triple by 2050 if not addressed. It is important to consider how we can prevent the creation of new slum populations as well as addressing the conditions that already exist. This report aims to investigate the push and pull factors that facilitate slum formation as well as worsen the problem where there are existing slum populations. The driving factors will be examined in relation to case studies relating to urbanization as well as conflicts and climate events that force displacement. By looking at these examples it will be assessed the manner in which these situations contribute the issue of slums across the world. Furthermore, the observations will be used to suggest what may be done to prevent or minimize the effect that they have in creating and worsening slum conditions. Slums tend to form when there is a demand for housing or infrastructure that is not sufficiently being addressed by whatever authorities or government controls an area. The problem of slum formation is complex; addressing land policies, housing prices, provision of adequate infrastructure and public services. The problem is especially exacerbated by large displacement or migration that can have a number of catalysts. Acioli states that...
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...CONTEXT Mexico City has undergone rapid urbanization according to the pattern seen in many developing countries. Mexico has rapidly changed from a primarily agricultural country to one that is overly ambitious industrialization. Consequently, huge numbers of rural dwellers mainly peasant farmers and more educated young people migrated to Mexico City, making it an extremely densely populated city of nearly 14 million in 1995 and as of 2012, Urban population is 78% (94,728,228) of the total population of Mexico. With this perspective, we will be focusing in the year 1980s to 1990s where in Mexico headed into a severe economic problem due to rapid rate of urbanization or the Rural-Urban Migration. We will also look into historical account due to urbanization that leads to “Tequila” crisis that has produced a protracted credit crunch of this country. II. VIEWPOINT We are looking at the problem in the point of view of SAGARPA Ministry (Agriculture and Rural Development Ministry of Mexico). With this in mind, we are trying to formulate the best possible solution or courses of action that will aid to the problems of Mexico. We will be using theories and policy like the Harris-Todaro Model to have an in-depth analysis of the economic setback of this country. With this, we will be able to recommend a good, systematic, realistic and flexible action or implementation plan. III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Rapid Urbanization in Mexico IV. OBJECTIVES General Objective:...
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...MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY TOPIC: URBANIZATION IN AFRICA BY: SOLOMON T. JOHNSON 2012/1/41096MT COURSE: URBAN PLANNING SUBMITTED TO: DR. DUKIYA ABSTRACT Africa is urbanizing fast. Its rate of urbanization soared from 15 percent in 1960 to 40 percent in 2010, and is projected to reach 60 percent in 2050 (UN Habitat 2010). Urban populations in Africa are expected to triple in the next 50 years, changing the profile of the region, and challenging policy makers to harness urbanization for sustainable and inclusive growth. Although many have written about the phenomena, what is clear to us is that is impossible to deal with Africa’s growth and poverty challenges without managing urbanization. Urbanization is not a subȬ plot, but rather the main policy narrative for Africa. URBANIZATION IN AFRICA Challenges and Opportunities: Africa is urbanizing fast. Its rate of urbanization soared from 15 percent in 1960 to 40 percent in 2010, and is projected to reach 60 percent in 2050 (UN Habitat 2010). Urban populations in Africa are expected to triple in the next 50 years, changing the profile of the region, and challenging policy makers to harness urbanization for sustainable and inclusive growth. Although many have written about the phenomena, what is clear to us is that is impossible to deal with Africa’s growth and poverty challenges without managing urbanization. Urbanization is not a subȬ plot, but rather the main policy narrative for Africa. Along...
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...Research proposal Title: The role of cobblestone on youth unemployment reduction in Adigrat city Adigrat UniversityCollege of Business and Economics Department of Management/ MBA by Amanuel Teklu Aregawi teklu Dawit Hagos Berihu Gebremeskel 1.INTRODUCTION Cobblestones are small, chiseled rectangular stones formerly used to cover road surfaces ,typically either set in sand or similar selected material, or are bound together with mortar. Paving with cobblestones allows a road to be heavily used all year long and not getting muddy in wet weather or dusty in dry weather. Cobblestones set in sand have the environmental advantage of being permeable paving, and of moving rather than cracking with movements in the ground. INTRODUCTION con’t It was in early 2005 that the concept of using cobblestones to construct roads was first introduced to Ethiopia. Faced with fast-growing cities, inadequate urban infrastructure, and a large youthful population in need of employment, the Ethiopian Government turned to an innovative solution: Cobblestone road production throughout the country, driven by community participation and local materials. In recent years, cobblestone road creation has become one of the most successful infrastructure and job creation programmes in the country, with tremendous benefits for the urban poor. It has created hundreds of thousands of jobs, greatly improved urban mobility, and built collaborative relationships between communities and local...
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...living. In my article reviews I will reveal some of the reasons for migration. Since migration occurs all over the world I decided to go beyond the beautiful tranquil waters of The Bahamas into the regions of South Africa and China. I selected two out four articles which are related Africa and the other two on China these are all based on some form of migration. My first article is entitle Migration and Elderly Africans in the United States and this speaks distinctively on Immigration migration. The second article entitle The socio-economic impact of African immigration on urban development in South Africa: the case of Empangeni this speaks distinctively on African immigration in South Africa. My third article entitle Rural-urban migration and urbanization in Gansu Province, China: Evidence of time-series Analysis speaks distinctively on Rural Urban migration and urbanization. Lastly, the article entile Critical Evaluation of the New Rural-Urban Labour Mobility in China: Reasons and Effect of Rural-Urban Labour Migration on Urban and Rural Labour Market speak distinctively on rural urban labour migration. Two things...
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...Some of the ways for measuring urbanization are as follows: It includes Population growth, Rural-urban migration, Push and pull factors, Push factors, Pull factors. i. Population Growth: Population growth is one of the main reasons to the urbanization. Fertility rates are largely dependent on economic considerations. As economic wellbeing increases, the fertility level decreases. Security about the future and alternatives to family life in the cities are the main reasons for this decrease Education level has similar effect as economic wellbeing to the fertility rates. For example in Taiwan and South Korea, rising education level has resulted in smaller families, and population growth has fallen by half. However, women’s knowledge of how to manage their own fertility has the biggest effects on birth rates. Nowadays only 25 per cent of the women do have access to family planning materials and the power to control the amount of their children. ii. Rural-urban Migration: Migration is a form of geographical or spatial motion between one geographical unit and another. Internal migration consists of rural-rural, rural-urban, urban-urban and urban-rural migration. Migration is continues and repeated process rather than a single event. Because of these facts, it is difficult to measure and study. The time of migration also varies; it can be periodic, seasonal, or long-term migration. Migration is the main reason for rapid growth of mega-cities. Migration has been going...
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...bob dylan Urbanization Trend Soc/120 Jill Raichel 07/02/2011 Egypt began to urbanize in the early 1800’s and the country started to become more modern. The city of Cairo had the best access to water transportation and created income using an imperial tax base. In the 19th century industrialization and trade industry became the main sources of income for the Egyptians. When World War II was over roads and railways were created in and around urban areas in northern Africa and the Middle East. This lead to mass amounts of migration from rural areas to the larger cities, including Cairo. “In the larger countries of the region, such as Algeria and, of course, Egypt, close to 50% of the population was urban by the 1990's” (Clark, 2004). Approximately one third of Cairo's population migrate from surrounding villages in the 1960s. These migrants accounted for one half of the population growth in the area. The migrant population grew steadily since the end of the second World War and caused a population boom to occur in mostly large cities. The impact of this rural to urban migration was easy to see considering they brought their habits along. Even though village migrants are moved to an urban area, they still brought their rural culture and habits with them causing people to change society. When over one third of the population migrate from rural areas, it makes for a large diverse community. References ...
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...Urbanisation is a demographic process whereby an increasing proportion of population of a region or a country lives in urban areas. It has three linked concepts. Urbanization 1. Demographic phenomena 2. Structural change in society 3. Urbanisation as a behavioural process As a demographic phenomenon, it is interpreted as a process involving the absolute and relative growth of towns and cities within a defined area. The structural change in society is linked with the demographic process, which is consequent upon the development of Industrial Capitalisation. Urbanisation is a behavioural process as it is identified as centres of social change, attitudes, values and behavioural patterns that modify in a particular milieu to urban places. The demographic component is the dependent variable as it provides the driving force for the economic processes. Origin and Growth: The process of urbanisation has a long history. It originated during the pre-historic period from the development of settled agriculture. This not only allows a large surplus production of storable food, but higher densities of rural population and greater intensity of agricultural production. This made it easier to assemble the surplus necessary to support urban population. The earliest examples of urban development originated on the banks of Tigris and Euphrates between 5000 to 3000 B.C. The beginning of urban life was an economic phenomenon, though urbanisation itself has been pre-eminently...
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...How Rural-Urban Migration Contributes to the Development of a Megacity: A case from Bangladesh Abstract Like other developing countries, rural-urban migration is the prime reason of developing megacity in Bangladesh. It is the most important factor for rapid urbanization as well. Dhaka, the only megacity in Bangladesh, became a megacity having more than 10 million of population in 2001. Dhaka is the center of attraction of this region since 7th century and the development phase of this megacity can be categorized into five- Pre-mughal period, Mughal period, British period, Pakistan period and independent Bangladesh period. Although rural-urban migration plays the crucial most role to turn Dhaka from a city to megacity, it was not very significant during the first three period. With the partition of subcontinent Dhaka became the capital of independent Bangladesh and huge numbers of migrants start to step into this city. Dhaka, the 9th largest of 21 megacities of the world, drags people towards it with several ‗forces of attraction‘. This study, on the rural-urban migrants residing over the slums of Dhaka city, finds that availability of jobs, easy access to informal economy, ‗Dhaka means Taka‘ conception and ‗illuminating Dhaka‘ are the prime forces of attraction of Dhaka megacity. Keywords: Megacity, Dhaka, Rural-Urban Migration, Migration toward Megacity, Forces of Attraction. Introduction Development of cities and urban centers as well is intrinsically related with...
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...the desire for higher education, increased use of communication, and new information technologies are the driving forces behind this process. In 2003, as much as 73% of the population in Europe was living in cites or city suburbs, and it is estimated that by 2030 80% of the population will be urbanised. The continued growth of cities today is partly due to rural–urban migration and partly due to an influx of migrants from other countries. The urbanisation process has marked effects on the natural and cultural environment, on housing arrangements and social networks, as well as on work and employment patterns, not only in the cities, but also in the rural areas. Access to health care, social services, and cultural activities are in many cases better in the cities, but there the access may not be evenly distributed among the population. The urbanisation is also part of larger processes occurring in the world, of which market integration is the most important. Globalisation means flow of economic capital, labour, goods and services, as well as ideologies across national borders. Shifts in social networks and living arrangements may lead to changes in mental health and social capital, and a depletion of human capital may be the outcome in some rural areas. Studies on the health impacts of urbanisation reveal that urbanisation can have both positive and negative effects on health. Urban life can be rich and fulfilling since it is more diverse, stimulating, and full of new opportunities...
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...Research proposal Title: The role of cobblestone on youth unemployment reduction in Adigrat city by -Amanuel Teklu Aregawi teklu Dawit Hagos Berihu Gebremeskel Adigrat UniversityCollege of Business and Economics Department of Management/ MBA 1.INTRODUCTION Cobblestones are small, chiseled rectangular stones formerly used to cover road surfaces ,typically either set in sand or similar selected material, or are bound together with mortar. Paving with cobblestones allows a road to be heavily used all year long and not getting muddy in wet weather or dusty in dry weather. Cobblestones set in sand have the environmental advantage of being permeable paving, and of moving rather than cracking with movements in the ground. INTRODUCTION con’t It was in early 2005 that the concept of using cobblestones to construct roads was first introduced to Ethiopia. Faced with fast-growing cities, inadequate urban infrastructure, and a large youthful population in need of employment, the Ethiopian Government turned to an innovative solution: Cobblestone road production throughout the country, driven by community participation and local materials. In recent years, cobblestone road creation has become one of the most successful infrastructure and job creation programmes in the country, with tremendous benefits for the urban poor. It has created hundreds of thousands of jobs, greatly improved urban mobility, and built collaborative relationships between communities and local...
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