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1. La communication est l'action de communiquer, d'établir une relation avec autrui, de transmettre quelque chose à quelqu'un

2. L'information est l'action d'informer, de s'informer, de donner la connaissance d'un fait ou de la rechercher.

3. Grammaire : Ensemble des règles qui régissent le fonctionnement écrit et oral d'une langue

4. La proposition interrogative indirecte est une subordonnée introduite soit par la conjonction si, soit par un terme interrogatif :pronom (qui, que, quoi, lequel), déterminant (quel) ou adverbe (comment, pourquoi, où, quand, combien).Dis-moi s'il est heureux et ce qu'il compte faire.J'ignore qui il a rencontré.Personne ne comprend comment elle a pu obtenir ces renseignements.Je me demande quelle sera sa réaction.

Les principaux subordonnants qui expriment le temps * Alors que * Pendant que * Au moment où * Lorsque * Tandis que
- Ces subordonnants expriment la simultanéité des actions et commandent un verbe à l'indicatif. * Avant que * D'ici à ce que * En attendant que * Jusqu'à ce que
- Ces subordonnants expriment l'antériorité des actions et commandent un verbe au subjonctif. * Après que * Dès que * Lorsque * Quand * Sitôt que * Une fois que
- Ces subordonnants expriment la postériorité des actions et commandent un verbe à l'indicatif.

L’interrogation (totale) peut être formulée par trois moyens :
1) l’inversion (GS/V ‡ V/GS)
2) l’utilisation de la tournure « est-ce que »
3) l’intonation (Betonung)
Cette interrogation s’appelle aussi INTERROGATION DIRECTE, parce qu’on pose directement une question à quelqu’un.

La proposition subordonnée relative
» A. Nature de la proposition subordonnée relative
La proposition subordonnée relative fait partie du groupe nominal. Elle ne peut exister seule et est nécessairement introduite par un pronom relatif.
Exemple : Il ne faut pas réveiller notre grand-père qui somnole dans son fauteuil. -> qui somnole dans son fauteuil est une proposition subordonnée relative introduite par le pronom relatif qui.
» B. Fonction grammaticale
Sa fonction grammaticale est le complément du nom. Le nom complété est appelé antécédent.
Exemple : Il ne faut pas réveiller notre grand-père qui somnole dans son fauteuil. -> l'antécédent de la proposition subordonnée relative qui somnole dans son fauteuil est notre grand-père.
Attention : La proposition subordonnée relative n'est pas nécessairement placée après la proposition principale.
Exemple : Le chat qui appartient à mon voisin chasse dans le jardin.

LA PROPOSITION SUBORDONNEE RELATIVE Une proposition subordonnée relative est toujours introduite par un pronom relatif :
-qui –que –quoi –dont -où -lequel et ses composés ( laquelle, desquels ...) La proposition subordonnée relative a toujours la même fonction : elle est toujours complément de l'antécédent du pronom relatif (c.à.d. le mot remplacé par le pronom relatif) qui l'introduit. Ex : [J'ai vu un bracelet] [qui m'a plu.]
[Proposition principale] [Proposition subordonnée relative, introduite par qui, complément de l'antécédent bracelet.] D'ailleurs on peut dire aussi que la proposition subordonnée relative dépend d'une proposition principale. Ne pas confondre le pronom relatif que (qui a un antécédent) et la conjonction de subordination que (qui n'en n'a pas). Note : l'antécédent n'est pas toujours exprimé . . . La proposition subordonnée relative sans antécédent est sujet ou COD du verbe de la proposition principale. Ex : [Qui vivra] [verra]
[Proposition subordonnée relative, introduite par qui, Sujet du verbe voir (verra)] [proposition principale]

La proposition conjonctive est une subordonnée introduite par une conjonction de subordination (que, lorsque, puisque, quoique, comme, si et quand) ou par une locution conjonctive (parce que, bien que…).Nous avons exigé qu'il soit présent à notre prochaine rencontre.Ils donneront une réponse quand ils auront étudié la question.Nous obtiendrons gain de cause parce que nous avons raison.
La conjonction de subordination (contrairement au pronom relatif) ne représente jamais aucun autre mot de la phrase et n'a aucune fonction dans la proposition. Elle sert seulement à marquer qu'il existe un lien de dépendance entre une proposition et un terme de la proposition principale, tout comme la préposition sert à marquer un lien de dépendance entre deux groupes de mots.La souris a peur du chat.La souris a peur que le chat ne la mange.Les conjonctions autre que que apportent une information de sens.J'étudierai le projet quand j'aurai toutes les pièces en mains (valeur temporelle).J'étudierai le projet si j'ai toutes les pièces en mains (valeur conditionnelle).J'étudierai le projet puisque j'ai toutes les pièces en mains (valeur causale).

8° Le Modèle de Jakobson (1963)

Publié dans Closing statements : linguistics and poetics (1963) par Roman Jakobson

Linguiste réputé, Jabokson s'est surtout attardé à étudier le langage dans toutes ses fonctions. Le langage est toujours source de communication et Jakobson intègre les différentes fonctions du langage dans le processus de communciation. Il distingue six fonctions du langage : expressive (qui exprime les sentiments du locuteur), conative (relative à la volonté du récepteur de recevoir le message), phatique (qui sert à mettre en place et à maintenir la communication), référentielle (qui renvoie le message au monde extérieur), méta-linguistique (lorsque le code - le langage - devient l'objet du message) et poétique (lorsque la forme du message devient l'objet du message). Ces fonctions ne sont pas exclusives, au contraire elles se superposent très souvent au sein d'une communication. Le Modèle de Jakobson repose sur une vision linguistique de la communication, associé aux deux modèles précédents (Berlo et Schramm), il donne une vision assez globale de ce que peut-être la communication...

3° Le Modèle de Lasswell (1948)

Publié dans Structures et fonctions de la communication dans la société (1948), de Harold Dwight Lasswell

Lasswell est assurément l'un des pères de la communication moderne, c'est lui qui en a défini le principe fondamental de 5W (Who say What to Whom in Which channel with What effect ? => Qui dit Quoi à Qui par Quel canal et avec quel effet ?). En fait, ces cinq questions fondamentales sont issues en droite ligne de la Rhétorique selon Quintilien, un professeur de rhétorique latin du premier siècle après JC. Le Modèle de Lasswell entrevoit la communication comme un processus d'influence et de persuasion (à l'image de la publicité qui se développe d'ailleurs très fort à l'issue de WW2). Il dépasse la transmission simple du message pour s'attarder sur les étapes de la communication, la pluralité potentielle des émetteurs et des récepteur, les enjeux et les effets de la communication. Cependant, Lasswell néglige la notion de rétroaction (feedback) tout comme les aspects psychologiques et sociologiques d'une relation. Dans ce modèle, le récepteur reste passif et n'a pas un rôle primordial, à l'inverse du Modèle d'Aristote. On peut critiquer le Modèle de Lasswell en disant qu'il s'apparente davantage à un modèle de propagande que de communication globale.

2° Le Modèle de Shannon et Weaver (1948)

Publié dans Théorie mathématique de la Communication (1948), de Claude Shannon et Warren Weaver.

Il s'agit d'un modèle linéaire simple dans lequel la communication est réduite à sa plus simple expression, c'est aussi le premier schéma moderne de la communication. L'émetteur (source) envoie un message codé à un récepteur (destinataire) qui le décode dans un contexte parasité par des bruits extérieurs. Ce schéma trouve son origine dans les travaux de décodage des communications ennemies menés par Shannon durant la seconde guerre mondiale. Ce que Shannon nomme bruit correspond en fait au brouillage des messages codés, c'est Weaver qui transforma cette notion et l'adapta à la communication de base entre deux parties. Ce modèle de communication fait référence mais il présente de nombreuses lacunes, il ne tient en effet compte que d'un seul récepteur, d'un seul message et ne prend en compte le parasitage qu'au seul niveau du canal de communication sans tenir compte du parasitage au niveau de l'émetteur ou du récepteur.

L’école de Palo Alto désigne un groupe de chercheurs qui ont travaillé ensemble autour de la théorie de la communication et de la relation entre les individus.

Le Schéma Cybernétique de Wiener

===> Définition : La cybernétique est la science qui se donne pour objet l'étude des systèmes vivants et non vivants (exemples : Une société, une économie, une machine, une entreprise, un individu, un organisme...)
===> Description : Les éléments d'un système sont en interaction les uns avec les autres. L'action d'un élément sur un autre entraîne en retour une réponse du second élément sur le premier, ce que l'on nomme feedback ourétroaction. Ce nouveau concept est révolutionnaire car la communication n'est plus vue comme linéaire, mais comme circulaire, émetteur et récepteur interagissent (boucle de rétroaction.)
Wiener distingue également deux types de feedback : * Feedback positif : Il conduit à accentuer un phénomène (réaction de B renforcent l'attitude de A) * Feedback négatif : Régulation et amortissement du phénomène ( réactions de B conduisent A à se corriger.

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