...Traditions; It Takes a Tribe By DAVID BERREBY Copyright © 2004 The New York Times Co. Reprinted with permission WHEN the budding pundit Walter Lippmann coined the term ''stereotype'' back in 1922, he offered several examples from the America of his time: ''Agitator.'' ''Intellectual.'' ''South European.'' ''From the Back Bay.'' You know, he told the reader, when a glimpse and a word or two create a full mental picture of a whole group of people. As in ''plutocrat.'' Or ''foreigner.'' Or ''Harvard man.'' Harvard man? We know, thanks to Lippmann, that stereotypes are part of serious problems like racism, prejudice and injustice. What is Lippmann's alma mater doing on such a list? (He even added: ''How different from the statement, 'He is a Yale man.''') Spend time on a campus in coming weeks, though, and you'll see what he meant. At colleges across the country, from Ivy League to less exclusive state schools, students who are mispronouncing the library's name this month will soon feel truly and deeply a part of their college. They'll be singing their school songs and cherishing the traditions (just as soon as they learn what they are). They'll talk the way ''we'' do. (Going to Texas A&M? Then greet people with a cheerful ''howdy.'') They'll learn contempt for that rival university -- Oklahoma to their Texas, Sacramento State to their U.C. Davis, Annapolis to their West Point. They may come to believe, too, that an essential trait separates them from the rest...
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...thoroughly” J.W.Evans These notes should be used as pointers to the directions that your thoughts might take. They are not meant to replace your reading of the novel, you must still do that yourself.. CHARACTERISATION Never forget that we are talking about a group of boys whose maximum age is twelve. RALPH Does he represent all that is good in people? Tall, fair-skinned, blond hair, very athletic, natural leader although not that good a leader as many of his decisions are questionable, which ones?. He is middle-class, father a naval officer. Elected leader but not forceful enough to maintain position. Eventually he loses support and is reduced to the status of an outcast who must flee for his life. Ralph is an idealist and a dreamer. He needs Piggy to think for him. He finds the Conch but Piggy tells him how to use it. At the end of the book, he is a disillusioned realist who now sees his world and its inhabitants for what they are. JACK MERRIDEW Does he represent the worst in people? He is thin, tall, with red hair, light blue eyes and freckles. Leader of the choir, he becomes the leader of the hunters. Increasingly in conflict with Ralph and more particularly, Piggy, he breaks away, forms his own tribe and splits the group. He manages to get the support to do this by offering the boys the attraction of the hunting life and then by terrorising them. In the end he is the tyrannical leader of the community. Jack is a spontaneous, unthinking person who...
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...Introduction The title of the story is The Rain Came by Grace Ogot. The author of the story is Grace Ogot or also known as Grace Emily Akinyi. She was born on 15 May 1930, near Kisumu, central Nyanza Region in Kenya. In achievement, she became the first African woman writer in English who published fiction by the East African Publishing House. Her stories such as Land Without Thunder (1968), The Other Woman (1976), and The Island of Tears (1980) provides the traditional Luo life. Most of her fiction stories are according with the customs, history and traditions of the Luo tribe in Kenya, which has the second largest ethnic group. The Luo tribe lived for most part near Lake Victoria. Her formal writing reflects the addition of her formal learning with the traditions in her life. All her collections of writings reflect her personal love towards the stories of her culture. Grace Ogot passed away in April 2010. 1. Character and characterizations The main character or the primary character is Oganda which means “beans” due to her very fair skin. She is the chief’s only daughter around at the tender age to married and also the protagonist in this story. She is a very traditional and great woman where she willing to sacrificed herself so that the Luo will have rain. She also loves to imagine her future where she imagined which man should be the best man to married. Oganda is very disappointed on her people which they willing to give her up to sacrifice. Lastly, she...
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...uses, and be glad to see the good and influential individuals among them run debt, because we observe when these debts get beyond what the individuals can pay, they become willing to lop them off by a cession of lands. (541-542) Therefore, the agenda was for the Native Americans to give away their land to pay off their debt to the settlers. Furthermore, if the Indians should have attempted to rise up against the settlers, Jefferson’s solution was to use force to push the Native Americans across the Mississippi and take their territory by force. Jefferson, only looking out for “us”, forces Native Americans off their land onto reservations; Jefferson told the Indians that they will be happy with opportunities and freedom on these reservations. “It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites; free them from the power of the states; enable them to peruse happiness in their on way and under their own rude institutions…”(559). Jefferson viewed the American Indians as savages and wanted to change who they are, “…under the protection...
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...The Aborigine Walkabout vs. The Native American Vision Quest Curtis Shane ANT101 Instructor Kathryn Cohan May 12, 2014 The Aborigine Walkabout vs. The Native American Vision Quest There are many different tribes all around the world that have their own individual types of rituals they perform for a rite of passage. This paper will discuss the differences and the similarities between an Austalian Aborigine walkabout versus a Native American vision quest, and how and why the differences may exist. The ancestors of today's Aboriginal people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. Scientists believe that these first people came by boat from the Southeastern part of Asia which was the closest land that was inhabited by human beings at that time. This consisted from the tropical rain forests to the central deserts. There were probably from 500,000 to 1 million Aboriginal people living in Australia when European settlers first reached the island continent in 1788 (Rose, D 2014). So it’s safe to say these type practices have been around for a very long time. The aborigine were the first people of Australia. “The word aborigine comes from the Latin phrase ab origine, meaning from the beginning. When spelled with a small a, the word aborigines refers to any people whose ancestors were the first people to live in a country” (Rose, D, 2014). Also, the world was not evolved like it is today, so this type of scenario would seem more common and accepted because life was...
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...special article caste in the 21st century: From system to elements A M Shah The argument that while caste as a system is more or less dead, individual castes are flourishing is widely accepted. However, the notion of “caste as a system” is derived mainly from studies of the rural rather than the urban community. In this article, individual caste is seen in the context of both rural and urban communities and its several aspects, particularly the rule of endogamy as its defining criterion, are analysed at some length and some implications of the analysis are pointed out. n 1955, M N Srinivas presented a paper, ‘Castes: Can They Exist in the India of Tomorrow?’, at a national seminar on “Casteism and Removal of Untouchabilty” in Delhi, attended, among others, by such distinguished persons as S Radhakrishnan, Jagjivan Ram, Govind Ballabh Pant, V K R V Rao, Kaka Kalelkar and Irawati Karve. The paper was published in the seminar report as well as in the Economic Weekly (1955). After a lifetime of scholarship on caste, in 1999, the last year of his life, Srinivas delivered a lecture under different titles in Bangalore, Delhi and Kolkata, on the passing away of caste as a system. It was published posthumously in 2003 in the Economic and Political Weekly under the title, ‘An Obituary on Caste as a System’. Srinivas expanded this title into a sentence, “While caste as a system is dead, individual castes are flourishing” (ibid: 459). He made this statement almost at the end of...
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...The book of Judges introduces us to the long years of Israel’s struggle to maintain control of the Promised Land and serves as the transition from the conquest to the kingdom. It deals with events following Joshua’s death (c. 1380 BC) The main body of the story revolves around six cycles of apostasy, repentance, and deliverance. God intervenes time and again to rescue the struggling Israelites from military oppression, spiritual depression, and ethnic annihilation. The book of Judges derives its title from the Latin Liber Judicum, but the Hebrew title is shophetim. The verbal form (“to judge”) describes the activity of the various deliverers whom God used despite their personal challenges, oddities, or inadequacies Most of the biblical judges were heroes or deliverers more than legal arbiters. They were raised up by God and empowered to execute the judgment of God upon Israel’s enemies. The sovereignty of God over His people is seen in these accounts as God, the ultimate Judge (11:27), judges Israel for her sins, brings oppressors against her, and raises up human judges to deliver her from oppression when she repents. I. Reason for the Judges (Judges 1:1–2:23) The period of the judges followed the death of Joshua (1:1) when Israel was left with no central ruler. While the book of Joshua represents the apex of victory for the Israelite tribes, the book of Judges tells the story of their heartache and struggle to maintain control of the land. While the conquest of the land...
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...darkness of man’s heart has coexisted since the earliest of times. William Golding’s award-winning novel, Lord of the Flies, is one that captures this very judgment. A group of young British schoolboys who were once innocent and pure of heart are quickly devoured by the dark powers of destruction, savagery, and murder. However, even with these destructive powers at hand, the young schoolboys along with their distant memories of being in a civilized society, fight in an epic battle to try and prevent the full outbreak of evil. Golding illustrates the never-ending combat of “good” and “evil”, amidst the young schoolboys and the Beast; Ralph, the democratic leader, contrary to Jack, who favoured dictatorship; and the strength of civilization versus the forces of human nature. First and foremost, the story displays the constant conflicts between the innocence of the British schoolboys and the dark nature of what they come to know as the Beast. An example of this is when the twins Sam and Eric encounter the Beast in Chapter Six: "Beast From Air." In the beginning of the chapter, Sam and Eric, who were on duty to watch the fire, falls asleep as a dead parachutist falls from the war in the adult world and lands on the island. When they awake from their sleep, they noticed a “figure that hung with dangling limbs” (103) and mistake it as the Beast. Sam describes to Ralph that the Beast was ‘“furry”’ and that ‘“there was something moving behind its head – wings”’ (108). By recalling the...
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...Jungle Power is, and has always been, one of the biggest threats to humans. The fear of being overruled by others is major and can make us sacrifice a lot just to satisfy those whose power is above us. Earlier in the history Great Britain used their power to expand their territory and gain colonies. The story “The Gentleman of the Jungle” is a fable written in 1938 by Jomo Kenyatta, who was a man born in 1894. He was born in British East Africa which today is known as Kenya. He was a lobbyist who had interest in more land to his tribe, Kikuyu, and independence of Kenya. He was arrested and sentenced to prison, but when he finally nine years after got released he became president of Kenya and is therefore today a famous and very honorable man. The fable takes place in a jungle and the protagonist is a man. One day a hurricane came and an elephant asked the man to settle in his hut, although there wasn’t space enough for both of them. The man ended in the rain and grumbled for some time. Short after the community of the jungle was gathered and discussed the situation. The animals manipulated the story and they urge the man to build a new hut. The episode repeats several times, although the man is aware of the fact that the animals are using him. But he can’t refuse to satisfy them because they have sharp teeth and claws. In the end he tricks them all into a huge hut and lighting it up, which kill all the animals. The fable is of course fiction and contains the standard features...
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...the media that it would not make any recommendation on the CG. Lo and behold, the abolition of the CG was the number one recommendation of the Committee that did not enhance its credibility to the public. The 15th amendment has also created controversy with regard to the people of our hill districts. Recently, on the occasion of World Indigenous People's Day, a few comments of the leaders of our hill tribes attracted my attention. One of them said on TV that the people of the hill tracts should be "grateful" to those who drafted the 15th amendment for "upgrading" their status from an "upajati" (sub-nation) to full "jati" (nation) by legally making them Bangalis from their hitherto status as Chakmas and members of other hill tribes of the country. The tone of sarcasm and sadness in his words did not escape viewers' attention. Another tribal leader who was interviewed on the same issue said that regrettably when the Parliamentary Committee was making such fundamental changes in the Constitution affecting their fate; it did not consider it at all necessary to talk to them. This leader said that their efforts to be heard fell on deaf ears of the Committee. The 15th amendment has denied the status of indigenous people to 3 million of the people of Bangladesh who do not speak Bengali and are not part...
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...Book of Exodus Exodus is a history book in the Bible's Old Testament. And Exodus is also a law book. The people called Hebrews were slaves in Egypt. God sent Moses to free them (Exodus 3). The people in Egypt did not want to free these slaves. But God caused many terrible troubles in Egypt. These troubles forced the people in Egypt to free their Hebrew slaves. So, the Hebrew people left Egypt. God promised the land called Israel to the Hebrew people. But the journey to Israel was through a desert. God did many wonderful things to help the people through the desert. God provided water (Exodus 17) and food (Exodus 16). Moses met God at a mountain called Sinai (Exodus 19). There, God gave the law to Moses (Exodus chapters 20-30). Moses made a special tent where the priests would serve God (Exodus chapters 35-40). We are writing books and articles to help you to study this Bible book. You can download these books and articles free. Please click on the links below to select our other books and articles. (space) The Book of Exodus begins more than four hundred years after Joseph, his brothers, and the Pharaoh he once served have all died. The new leadership in Egypt—feeling threatened by Jacob’s descendants, who have increased greatly in size—embarks on a campaign to subdue the Israelites, forcing them into slavery and eventually decreeing that all Hebrew boys must be killed at birth in the Nile River. The Hebrew women resist the decree, and one woman opts to save her newborn...
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...psychological aspects in more depth. Through the required readings for this essay, cited on the reference page, I was able to explore several views that help support my position on human nature. I believe that human nature is derived from a complex combination of genetic, or physiopsychology, behavioral, or cognitive psychology, and environmental, or social psychology. Simply put, human nature is a combination of both trait and state psychology. There are certainly practical advantages for considering even the simplest understanding of human nature as it relates to business, culture and productivity all of which I intend to prove throughout this reaction paper. Let’s examine physical psychology in more depth. Research has provided us with information suggesting that a person is born with certain abilities as it relates to the make-up of the brain, nerves, hormones and other physical factors. These items collectively create our psychological core of which sets limits as to how much information we can process. In other words, when we are born we’re “hard-wired” with a certain capacity to process and interpret information at some level. According to Nicolson (1998), humans are hard-wired due our drive for survival which stems from Darwin’s theory of evolution. This theory suggests that human nature, or life for that matter, all stems from the human ability to naturally evolve for survival and efficiency over the span of our existence. Aligned is the theory of natural...
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...Running Head: SCOTT SMITH ON NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE Scott Smith on Native American Culture Scott Smith Regis University Abstract The Native American culture is explored in general terms, including their history, cultural values, and racial identity to better understand them as fellow human beings and to gain insight into how best to provide them counseling services within their cultural context. In addition, Scott Smith, a therapist-in-training, provides some of his personal feelings and thoughts about various topics pertaining to Native Americans as a cultural group within this framework and along this path of his own learning about Native American culture and how he can be the most affective therapist he can be for Native American clients. Scott Smith on Native American Culture To begin examining their Native American culture, I would like to discuss some important Native American terminology; however, I also want to note I will be presenting additional terminology as appropriate and depending on the topics I’m discussing, i.e. history, racial identity development, and so on. So what term or terms are acceptable to Native Americans when referring to them as a cultural group? Do they prefer to be called Indians, American Indians, Native Americans, Indigenous People, none of those, or some of those? For most of my life, I’ve only felt comfortable using the term “Native American” primarily because I associated the word “Indian” early on in grade school...
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...political, and economic status quo as natural, inevitable, perpetual and beneficial for everyone, rather than as artificial social constructs that benefit only the ruling class” (Cram101, 2014). In consideration of this understanding, it is clear how subjugation under such a system leads to severe and sometimes severely detrimental psychological impact. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is greater for those under the subjugation compared to those ethnicities of the ruling class and in the United States of America, the ruling class are those who are classified as White Americans or Western European Americans. Research bears that out regarding those classified as Latino (Ortega, Rosenheck, Alegria, & Desai, 2000). In fact according to that US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Mental Health Services,...
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...A Journey Inside the French and Indian War Dave Matthews once observed, “The saddest part of the human race is we're obsessed with this idea of 'us and them,' which is really a no-win situation, whether it's racial, cultural, religious or political” (Brainyquote.com). The French and Indian War plays an important role in the history of North America. The French and their Native American allies battled against the British and their Native American allies over land. The war solicits many undertones of hate and racism (Levernier). Hawkeye and his band of Native Americans lead the British group through trials and tribulations to Fort William Henry. In the Last of the Mohicans James Fenimore Cooper presents the ideas of nature, identity, and conflict in the French and Indian war through the main characters and settings. The theme of nature is prevalent in the Last of the...
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