...Use of Force by Police in Law Enforcement Name Institution Professor Course Date Abstract This paper seeks to explore the use of force among police officers in law enforcement in urban cities and how it relates with common variables regarding police officers. Some of the police variables that will be discussed include race, education, experience, age. These variables will be comprehensively studied so as to ascertain if there exists any relationship among these variables and use of force among police office in law enforcement. Introduction The use of force presents one of the most controversial sectors of law enforcement in any given society. Recent developments have escalated concern about police use of force. These ranges from properly publicized occurrences involving accusations of excessive force to the inception of violent policing whose frequent emphasis is on zero tolerance law enforcement. The kind of police actions that most provoke public concern include fatal shootings, severe beatings with fists or batons that result in hospitalization of the victims, choke holds that cause oblivion or even death. The use of force by law enforcement personnel is permitted by law under certain circumstances such as in self-defense or in defense of another individual or group of persons (Barrett 2008). Law enforcement officers receive direction from their respective agencies on when to apply force during law enforcement, but there exists no universal set of regulations...
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... Assignment: Based on conflict theory, discuss why intra and inter party unity in Kenya seems elusive Discussion: Conflict within and between Rural and Urban populations in Kenya. There is no peace within (intra) and between (inter) rural and urban populations in Kenyan. Within the discussions of this paper, rural populations will refer to persons living in geographic areas away from towns and cities with their characteristic lack of social amenities and infrastructural development. The urban population on the contrary refers to persons inhabiting towns and cities with benefits of improved social amenities and developed infrastructure. Conflict refers to a “peaceless” coexistence within a society. Lewis Coser (1913-2003) defines conflict as “a struggle over values and claims to scarce status, power and resources in which the aims of the opponents are to neutralize, injure, or eliminate their rivals.” He argued that intergroups and intragroups conflicts are part of social life defining relationships but not necessarily resulting in instability. Through conflict society can attain social change, come up with outstanding innovations and strengthen central powers in times of war. The conflict theory explains causes of conflict; its containment and potential modes of resolving these conflicts. The human race has experienced different forms of conflict that manifest in both physical and psycho-emotional forms. The conceptual analysis of the conflict theory is not based...
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...States have commented on the distinctive qualities of urban social life. In 1938, U.S. sociologist Louis Wirth integrated these various insights into a comprehensive theory of urbanism. Although it has been challenged and reformulated over the years, Wirth’s theory remains probably the bestknown sociological statement on urbanism. A SOCIOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF THE CITY Despite the preponderant significance of the city in our civilization, our knowledge of the nature of urbanism and the process of urbanization is meager, notwithstanding many attempts to isolate the distinguishing characteristics of urban life. Geographers, historians, economists, and political scientists have incorporated the points of view of their respective disciplines into diverse definitions of the city. While in no sense intended to supersede these, the formulation of a sociological approach to the city may incidentally serve to call attention to the interrelations between them by emphasizing the peculiar characteristics of the city as a particular form of human association. A sociologically significant definition of the city seeks to select those elements of urbanism which mark it as a distinctive mode of human group life. . . . Source: From American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 44, No. 1, July 1938, pp. 1–24, copyright © 1934 by The University of Chicago Press. Reprinted by permission of the University of Chicago Press. For sociological purposes a city may be defined as a relatively large, dense, and permanent...
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...Critically asses the relevance of sustainability as a concept of understanding urban development Introduction Sustainability is the ability to maintain and retain a particular process in an existing system (Pieterse, 2004). The word sustainability has been used since in 1980s. Its application has been mainly on the human sustainability on earth, which has resulted in the term sustainability that forms part of the sustainable development concept. The term sustainable development means a kind of development that satisfies the requirement of the present generation without compromising the capability of the future generation to be able to meet their needs. There are three main sustainable development goals. These goals are also known as the pillars of sustainability. They include environmental protection, social development and economic development. These three pillars of sustainability have served on common grounds for several sustainability standards as well as certification systems in the past and even today. These three pillars can be illustrated in details as follows: 1. Environmental protection: this is the capability of an environment to provide a given environmental quality and also natural resource extraction rate indefinitely. 2. Social development: this is the capability of a social system like a country or an organization to function at a particular level of social well-being and in harmony. 3. Economic development: this is the indefinite capability of an...
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...seemingly be an excellent position to initiate social change, positively affect social problems, and help combat social ills that are considered normal patterns of behavior. Yet, the mass media has largely failed in addressing and helping to solve social problems. As seen through its presentation of the three major variables of race, class, and gender, the mass media has actually served to contribute to the social problems it covers, reinforcing them, and creating an inter-related cycle in which these problems continue. TV has become perhaps the primary vehicle that society receives its information and presents its values and expectations. One of the most important roles television plays is its presentation of news and information. What a station chooses to present as newsworthy can play a strong role in how people view their society and the world around them. Often, television news sources have followed a philosophy of “if it bleeds, it leads”, focusing on violence in urban environments. This violence occurs more frequently in black neighborhoods, resulting in what amounts to essentially as a steady, nightly stream of reports on violence in the inner-city by and among African-Americans. In this way, the television media plays a strong role in formulating racial problems as seen by the interactionist approach. With the constant display of these images two problems quickly emerge. First, the minority groups become subject to stereotypes as the images presented become fixed...
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...THE AMERICAN INDUSTRIALIST In the 1800s, new cities around the Great Lakes and West Coast began to form. Americans quickly migrated. These new cities represented both the best and the worst of American life. Not once before in American history had such a great number lived so close to one another. With ease these people could share ideas like never before. Although these newfound homes produced many products, they were also a major market. Now, in one small area, citizens could enjoy better and cheaper products. Technology and skyscrapers, such as the Woolworth Building, created possibilities while trolleys and cars decreased commuting time. Beneath the skylines lay abject poverty. Immigrant neighborhoods struggled to realize what the American...
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...not matters of chance, but are products of history, and forces of human undertaking. Today, American society is faced with a residential, geographic phenomenon among urban and suburban communities that disadvantages African American citizens through the discriminatory denial of residential and economic freedom, a Constitutional promise that is guaranteed to all Americans. Modern America is confronted with a socially and geographically segregated society structured on the hierarchies of race, having the greatest consequences for African American communities, the most segregated racial group in American society. The Great Migration of the early twentieth century was a symbolic beacon of hope for African Americans leaving their homes in the rural South to a new land of promise in the urban North. While this migration created vast amounts of opportunity for African Americans that could have not existed in the Jim Crow-era South, the movements of these people would carry the racial divisions and hostilities of society to the level of a national plight. Northern whites implemented various practices in order to manipulate urban housing markets in the effect of restricting the residential mobility of African Americans and to confining African Americans to undesirable urban neighborhoods, and therefore setting the nature of race relations in northern communities and leading to the national development of twentieth century urban ghettos. In effect of this mass migration, racially motivated...
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...In 2006, The United States Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics recorded there were forty nine million students enrolled in 2007 in U.S. schools, and that number was projected to increase to fifty eight million by 2015 (Howard, 2010). Over the past few decades the concern over the disparity between the rising number of students of color in comparison to, teacher of color has grown significantly (Waddell, 2012). According to Waddell (2012) researchers claimed that the demographic disparity between K-12 students and the teaching force not only harms the concept of equity , but that it also causes damaging effects on students’ achievement, particularly students of color. A growing concern about the demographic...
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...1 Occupational Health and Safety Issues of Police Officers in Canada, the United States and Europe: A Review Essay © Jennifer R. L. Parsons June, 2004 2 Introduction Police officers play a pivotal role in North American and European societies. They are involved in many aspects of North American and European life. Officers’ involvement ranges from general, daily, proactive patrol activities to specific criminal activities such as narcotic investigations. Because there is such a wide range of activities involved in police work, there are many health and safety issues surrounding policing as an occupation. Police officers may be exposed to different health and safety risks in their occupation. For example, police officers are at risk of assault and homicide; the dynamics of policing as an occupation creates opportunities for them to experience many psychosocial hazards such as stress, suicide, sexual harassment, and discrimination. It is important that research be completed on the health and safety issues of police officers in order to identify hazards and identify ways to reduce risk. The failure to identify and solve health and safety concerns of officers has potentially serious consequences for the health and well being of officers and their families. These consequences can include depression, divorce, suicide, and disease. Not addressing the health and safety issues associated with policing may also impact the general public. For example, if an officer is...
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...differently than you would others in society, being their job to serve and protect citizens. With recent events in the news has the relationship between police and minorities been damaged for good? I question the use of excessive deadly force by police and the social impact it has on the African-American community. The incident in Ferguson Missouri, has drawn questions about the use of excessive deadly force some deemed unwarranted. As investigations continue you have to question the tactics used by the local police and their social interactions with the inner city. People consistently expressed concerns stemming from specific alleged incidents, from general policing practices and from the lack of diversity on the Ferguson police force. These anecdotal accounts underscore the history of mistrust of law enforcement in Ferguson that has received a good deal of attention," U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder said earlier this month. "Our investigation will assess the police department's use of force, including deadly force. It will analyze stops, searches and arrests. And it will examine the treatment of individuals detained at Ferguson's city jail," (Martinez) Complaints from many African American communities allege that the police routinely use excessive force against members of minority populations. Yet, some police officers suggest that many African American males exhibit aggressive behavior towards the police. This sort of mutual antagonism...
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...Mark Dissen 4/15/2013 Nuclear Arms Race Term Paper The Nuclear Threat During the Berlin Crisis Introduction On November 10, 1958, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev gave a speech at a Soviet-Polish meeting in Moscow that would ultimately culminate into one of the most profound crises of the Cold War. The Soviet leader accused the Western Powers of violating the 1945 Potsdam Agreement and sabotaging the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and recommended that the Federal Republic abandon, “the hope that we shall cease to support the German Democratic Republic.” (Address by Premier, 1958). Soon after, Khrushchev delivered a speech giving an ultimatum to the allies and gave them six months to demilitarize West Berlin. The Allies' subsequent refusal and the resulting tension put both the U.S.S.R. and the United States in a particularly dangerous situation. Although it is unlikely that full-out thermonuclear war would have resulted from the Berlin Crisis, there was a very real threat of a limited nuclear strike or conventional warfare to both of the superpowers until the tension over Berlin was assuaged. Although November 1958 marked the official beginning of the crisis, Berlin had been a source of contention between the US and the Soviets from the initial division of Germany after WWII (Tine, 2005). The three territorial zones in Western Germany, controlled by France, Britain, and the US, contrasted greatly with the Soviet-controlled East, which upheld socialism. Berlin itself...
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...each define crime and crimes differently, in different localities (state, local, international), at different time stages of the so-called "crime" (planning, disclosure, supposedly crime”. A crime is therefore an act prohibited by law and punishable by law. CRIME AND ETHNICITY What is ethnicity? Ethnicity is socially defined category based on common language, religion and nationality, history or any other cultural factor. It can also be defined as a shared cultural heritage, typically involving common ancestors language and religion. Sociological insight into the patterns of ethnicity and crime may highlight things such as, demographic factors (age and socio-economic composition of ethnic communities), prejudice in the police force, links to colonial struggle and marginalization. It is important to emphasize that none of these explanations adequately explain the complex patterns of ethnicity and crime, and also tend to overlook the amount of different experiences within each ethnic group (i.e. not all young back unemployed men turn to crime). Due to societal prejudice and stereotyping some ethnic groups have come to be related with crime. For example, in Kenya, the Kikuyu community are judged as criminals. Other ethnic communities have come to believe that they are the only ones who commit crimes. This is not true as other communities also commit crimes, it has reached a point that people from other ethnic groups forge identity cards with kikuyu names; this justifies...
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...Colin Fisher Nature in the City: Urban Environmental History and Central Park E very year, thirty-five million growing population that was people visit Manhattan’s deeply divided along lines of Central Park, a vast island of class, ethnicity, and race. It is green situated in the midst of one within this historical context that of the world’s largest cities. For a group of merchants, politicians, many of these visitors, walking and middle-class reformers began through one of the park gates pushing for the creation of a large means leaving the artifice of the urban park (2). city behind and entering into an innocent green world, a vestige of A Cleansing Landscape the original Manhattan that existed For some, the new park would prior to the rise of the city. For increase adjacent property values urban environmental historians, and provide a leisure ground for though, there are two serious probrides in well-appointed carriages. lems with viewing the park in this way. Most of the city elite, though, First, Central Park is not nearly as offered less self-serving argunatural as it may appear. Far from ments, at least publicly. A large predating the rise of Manhattan, green space would not only cleanse the landscape is very much a product the air of dangerous smoke and of the mid nineteenth-century city. miasmas, it would convince the As such, Manhattan’s “front lawn” overworked sons and daughters of can be read as a primary source, a Puritans to leave their homes and unique window...
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...and western India), under layers of land and mounds of dirt, archaeologists discovered the remains of a 4,600 year-old city. A thriving, urban civilization had existed at the same time as Egyptian and Mesopotamian states — in an area twice each of their sizes. The Indian civilization is one of the most ancient civilizations of the world. It is known as the Sindhu civilization or the Indus Valley civilization or the Aryan civilization. Sometimes it is also referred to as the Vedic civilization. The Aryans kindled the light of this civilization on the banks of the river Sindhu (Indus) in the Northern India, thousands of years ago. Later, they helped spread it across some other parts of the country. The historians can not ascertain the precise period when this great civilization flourished. The scholars differ on the period of its development. Even the origin of the Aryan race has been debatable. Some historians believe that the Aryans migrated from the North Central Asia and settled in India. Some other historians contend that the Aryans have been the natives of India. In the opinion of “Lokmanya Tilak” and other Indian scholars, the Aryan civilization is 4000 to 8000 years old. The Indus Valley Civilization which flourished from about 2600 BCE to 1900 BC, and included urban centers such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro (in Pakistan), marked the beginning of the urban civilization on the subcontinent. It was centred on the Indus River and its tributaries, and extended into the Ghaggar-Hakra...
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...Intro To Sociology Unit one- -Sociology is the scientific study of social relations, behaviors, and arrangements. Sociology is one of the social sciences -Socialization is a life-long learning process, which inc. the process by which infants become adults -Auguste Comte was the first person to use the term sociology in 1838, He was a French Philosopher -The early sociologist were concerned with the study of moral statistic, and the first among these was Suicide rates -Emile Durkheim studied the relationship between suicide and social forces, he held that behavior should not be considered an individualistic matter, but in a broader social context. He argued that there is a link between the degree of social integration and suicide. He believed the greater the autonomy or Independence of a category of people, the higher the suicide rate. He came up with the term Anomie, which is a floundering, or loss of purpose and direction people experience during periods of extreme social change. -Max Weber's theory was that social behavior can only be understood when the meanings of the people's actions are known, it is necessary to understand the attitudes, feelings, and beliefs. He called this Verstehen, a German word for understanding. -Karl Marx focused on the struggle between social classes of people. Marx called owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie and the non-owners the proletariat. Marx believed that a social class was determined...
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