...Case Study: Debt Policy at UST Inc. UST Inc. is the leading producer of moist smokeless tobacco products which manage by using the conservative debt policy and high dividend payout. Since the firm has faced the decline of the growth from year 1993, the company decided to make the recapitalization by borrowing $1 billion to repurchase their stock in order to maximize the company’s value. By borrowing, interest charged on loan is tax-deductible which the firm can benefit from tax shield and can also reduce the cost of capital. With the combination of debt and equity financing, the company can find the optimal point that reflect the lowest cost of capital which would provide the maximum valuation. Moreover, additional debt can reduce the agency cost of the company by forcing management to avoid investment in the underperform business. This can reflect the return on equity to increase which can represent the management performance and preferable for the investor. However, when the borrowing is too high, the risk of bankruptcy will be high also. Thus, it is important to include the risk of bankruptcy in the analysis of the firm. In order to make the decision about the borrowing plan of amount, cost and time, the information of the company, stakeholders and risk are needed to concern for analysis. From, the historical data and information, the company’s operation reflects the strong cash flow because of the strength and highly cash generative nature of tobacco...
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...group in a united and control manner. These diversification strategies may also signal the fact that managers are indeed exploiting their cash freedom in UST Inc with rent-‐seeking intentions such as empire building or simply out of their own interest • UST Inc has not realized strong sales in the foreign markets while competitors are already doing so in the lights of a declining domestic market. • Federal government would attempt to pay for the proposed health care reform by dramatically increasing the excise tax on smokeless Tabaco. Financial risks: • The unusually low amount of leverage (0%) might signal the fact that management does not want to have any debt constraints that could mitigate their rent-‐seeking behavior. Thus, UST does not receive any incentive benefit from debt. Most projects are financed with cash, giving managers a large amount of freedom • Might consider setting...
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...UST Inc. is considering a debt-for-equity recapitalization. In the deal, UST will issue $1 billion debt to buy back stocks. In class we argue that an important determinant of a firm’s debt policy is the tradeoff between the tax benefits of debt and the costs of financial distress and bankruptcy. Mature firms generating positive and stable operating income are more likely to take advantage of the debt tax shields and less likely to verge on bankruptcy, and thus may consider using more debt in their capital structure. Do you think UST Inc. would benefit from this transaction? Between 1988 to 1998, UST has enjoyed excellent financial performance. The firm has posted continuous increase in sales, earnings and cash over the entire period with a 10 year compound growth rates of 9%, 11% and 12% respectively. Most noticeably, the firm has also maintained margins with average gross profit, EBITDA, EBIT and nets margins of 77%, 53%, 50% and 31% respectively. Judging from the financial performance of UST (stable positive earnings), we can firmly conclude that the UST is an assets-in-place firm. The purpose of the debt-for-equity recapitalization is for UST to enhance their overall firm value. 1. First, UST will benefit from the interest tax shield. a. Tax Shield = Corporate Tax Rate * Debt = 0.38 * 1 billion = $0.38 billion In addition, the recapitalization will decrease the number of outstanding shares and as such generate higher returns for shareholders. Moreover, servicing...
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...17 years. Many factors contributed to the success of the smokeless tobacco industry. Increases in smoking bans caused many customers to switch to smokeless. Many consumers also perceived the smokeless tobacco as less of a health risk. The price of moist smokeless tobacco is comparably less than cigarettes. It is predicted that the market will continue to grow 1-3% over the next few years. UST is the largest smokeless tobacco producer controlling approximately 77% of the market. Historically, UST has been very aggressive with its price increases. This has resulted in a solid boost in the company’s earnings, and large payouts of dividends. UST is widely known for its conservative debt policy, and high dividend payout. This gives the company considerable attention on Wall Street. Despite a recent “neutral” outlook from Wall Street, UST has decided to borrow up to $1 billion to accelerate the company’s stock program. 1. What are the primary business risks associated with UST Inc.? Historically, UST has been one of the best investments in corporate America. In 1998, UST was deemed the most profitable company, in terms of ROE, ROA and gross profit margin, by John Dorfman. However, the tobacco industry as a whole faces a lightly less certain future due to many factors. I think the text touches on this in the statement, “Despite strong cash flows, the U.S. tobacco industry is characterized by legal challenges, declining volumes, marketing restrictions, taxes,...
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...UST Items for Discussion 1. What are the attributes and primary business risks associated with UST, from viewpoint of a potential creditor (bondholder). Attributes: UST has been a dominant producer in the tobacco industry. Also, UST is well known for its high gross profit margin, which means UST is capable of maintaining its stable financial situation. UST is a major moist smokeless tobacco producer, and the demand on moist smokeless tobacco is growing very fast due to increased government regulation on smoking. Potential business risks: UST has very little debt, which makes it more able to resist potential risk when the economy goes bad. In addition, the legislative environment is not good for UST because the government has the ongoing health concerns. Due to the high price of UST’s products, other companies selling low price tobacco threaten the market share of UST. 2. Rate the overall business risk The S&P rates UST’s long-term credit as A, and its short-term credit as A-1. However, the future of tobacco industry is unclear, and government may conduct some policy to control the tobacco industry’s growth due to health concerns. Therefore, the UST’s long-term credit should be BBB. Also, UST’s short-term credit should be lower than the S&P’s rating, which is A-2. 3. Why are they considering a leveraged recap after a long history of conservative debt policy UST’s growth rate is reducing since 1994. They are not able to make a high growth in the...
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...With these developments, it is obvious that conflicts between parties of different nationalities occur and liability to tax on income of foreigners especially among those engaging in trading venture. Whilst the laws affecting domicile and residence may be sufficiently settled, it is paramount for courts to pursue a detailed analysis to ascertain specific preliminary issues so as to avoid controversial rulings. Courts often handle numerous financial cases that involve what can be best described as foreign or international elements. In such cases, court must decide whether it has the jurisdiction under the Family Law Act 1975 to make a decision on such cases. In the event that it is determined that the court is invested with the jurisdiction to determine the case, the court has to consider whether there is a system of law in foreign country that also has the jurisdiction to handle the case. As it was addressed in the case Attorney General of New Zealand v Ortiz [1984] AC 1, these benefits and costs to either party if the case resolution is made in foreign country as compared with the apparent country should also be a subject of concern. [1] Legal systems in most countries around the world adopt community property regime, which takes effect at the inception of marriage or at the time of divorce. For instance, California and Massachusetts in the United States have adopted community property regimes that support equal division of assets upon divorce. However, this provision...
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...Adapted from Bernhardt & Kinnear (1988). Cases in marketing management, pp. 6-16. Plano, TX: Business Publications, Inc. Pay careful attention to the following points. They are often used by instructors to evaluate either a written or oral analysis. 1. Be complete. Each area of the situation analysis must be discussed, problems and opportunities identified, alternative presented and evaluated using the situation analysis and relevant financial analysis, and a decision must be made. An analysis that omits part of the situation analysis or only recognizes one alternative is not a good analysis. Second, each area must be covered in-depth and within insight. 2. Avoid rehashing case facts. Every case has a lot of factual information. A good analysis uses facts that are relevant to the situation at hand to make summary points of analysis. A poor analysis just restates or rehashes theses facts without making relevant summary comments. 3. Make reasonable assumptions. Every case is incomplete in terms of some piece of information that you would like to have. A good case analysis must make realistic assumptions to fill in the gaps of information in the case. For example, the case may not describe the purchase decision process for the product of interest. A poor analysis would either omit mentioning this or just state that no information is available. A good analysis would attempt to present this purchase decision process by classifying the product and drawing upon real life...
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...are given. It is understandable then that we should seek out more opportunities to apply our skills and make more positive impacts within our jurisdictions. It is this general attitude that led us to get involved in investigating cold cases. How We Got Started Mark had, for several years, been consulting with our Coroner’s Division as a forensic anthropologist. During this time he came to learn that there were numerous coroners’ cases in which the identity of the decedent was unknown. These cases were kept in three-ring binders on a shelf in the Sergeant’s office. Over the years, in the course of this forensic work, we would discuss these cases and the progress that was being made on them. The conversation usually ran along the lines of us asking “any luck with that 1980 homicide victim?” and the sergeant answering “well, we’ve gotten so many new cases that I haven’t been able to even look at it yet.” This went on for a few years and through two different sergeants. One day we, as a crime analysis unit, were brainstorming about how we could broaden our “client base”, as it were. We had been successful in integrating ourselves into our Investigations Bureau and had been involved in numerous major cases. And, of course, we had always been active in producing tactical and strategic analyses for our patrol personnel. But we knew that we could be doing more, particularly given the size and responsibilities of our agency. It was during...
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...BUSINESS CASE Presented to the Accountancy Department De La Salle University In partial fulfillment Of the course requirements In ACCTBA2 (C33) March 2, 2015 A stakeholder is typically concerned with an organization delivering intended results and meeting its financial objectives. In general, a stakeholder can be one of two types: internal (from within an organization) or external (outside of an organization). The stakeholders in this situation are Lanie Marquez and Tim Rodriguez who are also partners in the retail distribution business and their capital contributions are as follows P500,000 and P300,000 respectively they are an internal stakeholder since they are also the owners. The total Capital of both stakeholders is P800,000 and with a monthly salary for both partners at P15,000 on the assumption that both of them will contribute to manage the business equally. Assuming that both managed the business equally the total salary for the year for Lanie and Tim are P180,000 each. They share profit and loss equally and no interest will be given on capital contributed. The problem for this situation is that Lanie is starting to get concerned with the behavior of her other partner Tim. He only manages the business 50% of the time, which will mean that his salary of P15,000 will need to decrease by also 50% since he does not manage the business equally with his partner. The business has seen a downturn in the profit outcome and for the current financial...
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...Ralph’s Grocery and United Food and Commercial Workers Union The case that I chose for the week 6 critical thinking assignment concerns Ralph’s Grocery Company, located in California. It applies to this week’s material due to the fact that the case involves unlawful suspension and discharge of an employee, as reviewed by the National Labor Relations Board. Background In May 2011, Vittorio Razi was an employee at Ralph’s Grocery and was suspended and terminated after he refused to take a drug test without first consulting with his UFCW Local 324 representative. The company (Respondent) says that on the day in question, Razi’s behavior was in question, acting nervous, anxious, agitated, and slurred speech. After a couple managers discussed the...
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... Many people wonder why their own teeth stain so easily. The enamel on your teeth and chromogens are what stains your teeth, but what exact beverage stains teeth the most? I chose this topic because I was curious to know what stains teeth the most. It affects us daily because it could rot your teeth or you can’t pick up hot chicks anymore. So what causes teeth to stain? The temperature causes teeth to expand or contract making it easier for stains. So hot and cold drinks affect that. Color in foods and beverages come from chromogens. Chromogens are intensely pigmented compounds that stick to teeth enamel. Chromogens cause a lot of trouble when they mix and react with other stain causing and stain promoting factors. Tannis may be natural or synthetic tannis is another factor that stains teeth. Tooth enamel is porous making it extremely susceptible to stains. The darker the liquid the darker the stain. There are some examples that stain teeth. Not only sodas bad but also Gatorade. Beets are bad for you also. Mostly cause they’re concentrated. Berries dark skins stain teeth. Ketchup is also really bad because of its bright red color and high levels of acid. Dark liquids and sauces you put on your foods also stain teeth. Colored candy and popsicles both contain colorants that will transfer to the teeth and embed in the porous enamel. Fruit juices, especially grape and cranberry, leave a colorful tinge on the teeth and tongue. Colored sodas instantly discolor teeth. The citric acids...
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...efficient investigative products and services. As a result, the coverage requirements for ANACI and NACLC investigations have been enhanced to support a common content baseline for all agencies. Note that these enhancements apply only to those ANACI and NACLC cases submitted on an SF 86. The purpose of this FIN is to provide you with information concerning what case coverage changes have been made. The case price adjustments necessary to support these changes will be reflected in the FY 2007 case prices. ANACIINACLC Cases Currently, listed and developed issues which are identified in ANACI and NACLC cases (for non-DoD customers) are not pursued beyond the normal scope of the investigation. These cases are returned to the requesting agency so that the agency may decide whether to adjudicate the case based upon the information in hand, conduct additional follow-up themselves, or request a Reimbursable Suitability Investigation (RSI) from FISD to cover the additional issues. Beginning with FY 2007, expansion of these issues will become a standard part of both the ANACI and NACLC products. Effective October 1, 2006, issues apparent at scheduling or developed during the course of the investigation and which fall within the 5-year case coverage period, unless otherwise noted, will be expanded upon according to the following chart (exception: issues which are known to have been covered in previous investigations, or which would reasonably have been expected to...
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...find that you would like even more time. I recommend that you enter the exam promptly since I will make deductions for those exceeding the 9:00 o'clock end time even if you enter late. Third, know that the legal reasoning essay will come from Module 4 on immunity. The variety of scenarios in that question will force you to think about and explain the nuances between sovereign and personal immunity, between absolute and qualified immunity, about loss of immunity, etc. You will want to understand all four cases from that module well before the exam. I will expect specific citations to the cases and the principles that they enunciate. An additional case that might be useful for you to look at is Canton v. Harris. A second question will address the rulemaking process and the principles underlying it. You should "walk into" the exam (in a virtual sense) with a clear sense of a fully articulated rulemaking process, so that you can pick and choose elements as appropriate in the case you will be presented. The third question will be drawn from the text regarding the Constitutional framework. Finally, remember that "open book" exams can be as challenging as closed book because the "bar" (the expectation) is higher. I think you will find that prior preparation will make a good deal of difference. As stated before, when you open the exam, answer the questions initially in word and copy it back to the exam. That way, you will not lose work, time...
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...in which it is acceptable for anyone who has suffered a personal injury to seek compensatory damages through litigation from someone connected with the injury. It’s the idea that for every accident someone is at fault. For every injury, there is someone to blame. And, perhaps most damaging, for every accident, there is someone to pay. There are so many ridicilous cases througout history where people sue somebody or some company for no reason and get a lot of money from them. For example . A caretaker fell off a ladder and sued the local authority for not training him to use a ladder - and won.He could get up to 50.000 pounds compensation. One former ex policeman received nearly £90,000 compensation for the trauma of seeing a woman die after he crashed into her car during a 999 call .The husband of the woman killed by the policeman received £16,000 compensation. Policemen cause a tremendous number of accidents - so many, indeed, that one force has stopped its drivers from speeding. The effect is damaging to society. The courts become clogged up with greedy people out for themselves, many with no real case at all while other people with real compensation claims, the people disabled in accidents, crippled in operations or people who have lost loved ones due clear negligent behavior. All the other who just sue somebody with ridicilous acusations should be ashamed of themselves and I hope that in the future others avoid trying to cash in just because it seems so easy...
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...Case - Swisher System Corporation I. Company Background: Swisher Systems Corporation (SSC) is an industrial heating company which was established in 1949. SSC is an innovator of flexible heating products, especially with its knit and braided heating element. The heating element is multi-stranded resistance wire that is knit and braided with fibreglass and is the base technology for almost all SSC products. SSC is known in the industry as being the highest quality flexible heat supplier which produces control devices and heating cable. SSC’s competitive advantage is on the quality products which maintains higher and safer temperature that are more flexible than their competitors or other products in the market. II. Facts of the Case: A. Mike Watkins Director of Purchasing for Swisher Systems Corporation Solely responsible for purchasing all materials of SSC. Has various experiences in material management prior to SSC. Has more than thirty-five (35) years of industrial purchasing experience. B. Products at Swisher Systems All SSC products are solutions to industrial heating applications SSC manufactures fifty percent (50%) standard products and fifty percent (50%) custom orders. o The custom products can be applied to virtually all industries that require heating products. Industries like semi-conductors, food processing, medical, petrochemical and others. Biggest contributor of SSC’s sales is the cloth heating jacket, though expensive...
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