...PART A: The Principal of family determination in organ donation ABSTRACT: This article is written by Mingxu wang,, Wen zang, Xueliang Wang. In this article the point which is stressed upon is that wether family should be given the right to give consent for organ donation of a person if he himself has not stated any statement regarding his will on organ donation. Many ethical views of different societies are discussed, especially the Chinese including the Confucians. Some cases are also explained at the end in which the families of the dead are taking decision about the organ donations. Other problems relating to this matter are also highlighted. There are many school of thoughts based on different religions and different societies. In this article the Chinese, Confucians and Mencius are discussed in detail. The Chinese place their families at a very high position. They give a lot of importance and thus during the process of deciding wether to donate the organs or not, the family is given the highest authority. Confucians however not in favour of the process of organ transplantation. Their point of view is different. They like to keep their moral values. According to them the parts of an individual are gifts from their parents and they should not be messed with.They should be left as such. My opinion, after reading this article, is that after a person dies and he has not stated that wether he would not like to donate the organs then the decision...
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...Case Study Harvesting Dead Girl's Eggs Raises Ethical Issues After a 17 year old Israeli girl passed away August 3rd, 2011 10 days after being in a horrible car accident, an Israeli court has granted her parents permission to freeze her eggs. Her parents’ initial request was for the eggs to be fertilized with sperm that was donated, but judges declined the suggestion until the family could prove that Chen had wanted to have children. Although the family could prove that the girl did indeed want children, the ethical question was whether or not said girl wanted her children to come to earth after her death. Rosamond Rhodes, director of bioethics education at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York made a point that although the girl did want children, it was never specified if she wanted her children raised by someone else- most people don’t like the idea of that. Along with that question, a few more arise. Consider you were the child. A few of your questions would be, “Who is my mother?” “How I was I conceived after she died.” “Why was I conceived after her death?” Laurie Zoloth commented “"The fact that sperm has been used this way, for the same tragic reasons, is not an ethical justification.” (Conley, 2011) HIPPA could be considered violated when doctors try to add sperm to the eggs, considering the women that the eggs belong to has passed away and doctors do not have written nor verbal consent to use them. The families values seem to differ from most in the world...
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...the respect to die with the dignity they are entitled to at the end of their life. By applying the utilitarian theory to this question, we would first have to ask, are we providing the greatest amount of happiness or more pain? From a utilitarian point of view, if allowing someone to die with dignity will promote more happiness for them, and those who will be affected by this act, then it is morally ethical. By applying virtue ethics, we would have to ask, whether it is more charitable to continue with pain management until their death, or to relieve their unnecessary pain and suffering by voluntary euthanasia or PAS. Regardless of the moral theories applied, legalizing voluntary euthanasia or PAS, will grant more options, to include reducing the amount of suffering experienced, eliminate the patient’s use of other means to end his or her life, and allow for families to prepare for their loved one’s passing, all of which keeps the patient’s dignity intact. Utilitarianism looks at the best action producing the best consequences possible for the greatest number possible. In addition, it requires us to look at the effects of overall happiness versus the pain of an action. Therefore, in the case of voluntary euthanasia or PAS, providing a terminally ill patient with this option is morally ethical and justifies the decision to end their own life when they choose. The utilitarian theory maximizes the good,...
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...Title: Medical Ethics: History and Guiding Principles Author: Alan J. McGoldrick Course: Medicine, Disease and History Instructor: Professor Foss Date: June 15, 2012 Medical ethics are the moral guidelines and ethical laws that help to prioritize a medical professional's work responsibilities. The code of medical ethics outlines the proper conduct between medical professionals and their patients, communities, and colleagues. Each country has a different code of medical ethics, though most contain the same basic principles, and all share the same history of evolution, according to the World Medical Association. Medical ethics refers to the discussion and application of moral values and responsibilities in the areas of medical practice and research. While questions of medical ethics have been debated since the beginnings of Western medicine in the fifth century B.C., medical ethics as a distinctive field came into prominence only since World War II. (Porter, 1998) This change has come about largely as a result of advances in medical technology, scientific research, and telecommunications. These developments have affected nearly every aspect of clinical practice, from the confidentiality of patient records to end-of-life issues. Moreover, the increased involvement of government in medical research as well as the allocation of health care resources brings with it an additional set of ethical questions. Emerging Medical Ethics Through the Ages Ancient Medical...
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...community concern. The preparation for and response to an unusual turn of events of this magnitude requires goals that aim to benefit the community, as a whole. This involves an ethical viewpoint based on utilitarianism, with a primary focus on the good of the community, as opposed to the typical medical ethical view that focuses on the individual autonomy of patients. Ethics based on this notion of utility will most indeed pose a conflict between the community and the health of the individuals who make up that community. This paper will consider the moral issues from a public health viewpoint presented in the movie Contagion. The basis for determining how to address and contain the MEV-1 virus relies on a utilitarian view. The primary belief of those who have adopted the utilitarian position is that the most ethical action is the one that results in the greatest good for the greatest number; the most...
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...limitations you see in each. Bioethics Essay • Intro: Define ethics and define and introduce the two theories. (philosophical theories…) • Utilitarianism- example • Deontology- example- compare • comparing- evaluating and critically analyzing*- similarities and differences. • Limitations and positives* • Conclusion- summary of essay and own opinion, remember to justify your own views with reasons – don’t just state your opinions without arguing for them in terms of moral values. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/#DeoTheKan http://www.slideshare.net/kljonz/individual-ethics-essay-1 There are two major ethics theories that attempt to specify and justify moral rules and principles; these are utilitarianism and deontological ethics. Utilitarianism (also known as consequentialism) is a moral theory developed and refined in the modern world in the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873).(1) Deontology is a ??? theory developed from the eighteenth century philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). The theory utilitarianism is the morality of an act that is judged by it’s utility. The greatest utility that is has for the most people; the greatest usefulness an act has for the most people. Utilitarianism states morality is not based in the act itself but in the consequences of the act. The utilitarian approach to morality implies...
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...Nursing ethics and law Name Institution’s name The case scenario involving Jazi, a patient admitted in ICU, depicts a number of both legal and ethical issues. The fact that Jazi was not involved in the decision making process regarding his treatment option has resulted to professional and moral questions on whether it was right or wrong. Inherently, this paper identifies the ethical and legal issues that results from the actions of the nurses, and the doctor with regard to Jazi condition. Legal issues Legal Issues | Facts supporting / refuting | Further information which needs consideration | * NFR directive | * Nurses should have worked on the verbal order | * Why did the nurses not follow up with the doctor on the NFR directive? | * Decision making process involvement | * The nurses did not involve the patient in decision making process (Matt, 2012). | * Why did the nurses continued with their duty despite their knowledge of the mistake? | * Negligence | * The nurses owed the Jazi duty of care, | * Why did the nurses not follow up with the doctor on the NFR directive and provide the required care? | Ethical issues Principle | Explanation | Independence | The scenario reveals Jazi's autonomy breached since he was not involved in the decision making process regarding his treatment options (Ghaye, Gillespie & Lillyman, 2000). | Moral duty | The nurses have the moral duty to ensure the well being of the patient, and so they...
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...Facebook Unethical Use of User Data for Social Experimentation Bonita V. Earls Longwood University Abstract His paper explores the ethical impact of Facebooks 2012 study on emotional contagion in a social web environment. The study is controversial due to the fact Facebook researchers failed to follow standard ethical guidelines as set forth in the healthcare industry, failed to clearly communicate the study, its intentions, and methodology to its users, and manipulated data in such a way it invoked emotional and mood changes of its unaware users. The idea of algorithmic program use in the social media sphere comes into question as well. Introduction In January 2012, the news feeds of approximately 700,000 users of the popular social media site, Facebook, were manipulated in a manner so that some of its users only had positive news stories show up on their pages and others had only negative news stories show up. The experiment was conducted over the span of a week, from the 11th to the 18th, without the knowledge of the users (Kramer, 2014). According to the researchers, the goal was to see if “emotional contagion” occurs without direct interaction between people and in the absence of nonverbal cues. By manipulating the news stories, either all positive or all negative, they could study what effects, if any, there was on the moods of the users (LaChance, 2014). This is only one of many social experiments that the Facebook Core Data Science Team, has performed...
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...futile argument that will never have a correct or incorrect answer. There are many different arguments whose viewpoints can help persuade one’s opinion on this matter such as utilitarianism, ethical egoism, social contract theory, Natural Law Theory, Divine Command Theory, and Kantian Ethics. Each different theory is capable of giving us premises to support or dispute this dilemma of cloning extinct species. For example, Vaughn would say it’s morally right looking at the Utilitarian viewpoint because an extinct species like the passenger pigeons may each mosquito’s and insects, which will help to assist with the over population of mosquito’s. Two very popular extinct species that are in the process of cloning include the passenger pigeon and the Tasmanian tiger. Another example, can be it is immoral based on the evidence from Natural Law Theory, cloning does not follow the roles of nature by bringing back a dead species. Furthermore, it can also be a selfish act upon ethical egoism because we as humans want to study them, and there is a reason they are not here today, whether it is because of the unsuitable environment, or because of the heinous acts of human beings. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer included transferring an embryonic blastomere into an enucleated oocyte to produce an offspring, which gave them suspicion of cloning in 1987 (Prather, 2016). The history of cloning gives rise to our ethical and moral guards about the issue of the use of stem cells or adult cells to proliferate...
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...Evaluating Credibility and Validity of Sources: We learned that it is important to evaluate the credibility of the source and make a judgement on its relevance to our topic/argument. Credibility can be validated based off on the background of the author, impartiality, style and tone of article and currency. For instance for an argument on animal rights as described in…, the argument can be presented in different ways depending on the specialization of the author. A phychologist, philosopher or economist might present the argument in different style. Also, the author’s personal interest to the subject might affect the an author’s opinion or treatment to the subject. For instance, an author who is vegetarian is likely to argue against using animals for food and may present argument in a way that’s less than impartial. The publication Alongwith the author’s background, it is also important to validate the author’s personal interest associated to the subject ; We also learned that a special interest or preference might affect an author’s opinion or treatment to subject. In the simplest terms, a declared vegetarian is likely to argue against using animals for food and may present those arguments in a way that’s less than impartial. The writing style and tone is another way to form credibility and validity of sources of information. You should determine whether the tone is professional or not. If it is indeed professional and the tone is for the targeted audience...
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...The increase in obesity among UK’s population has been a tremendous interest in healthcare since it is seen as one of the principal factor for causing cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes, costing NHS even more (MRC, 2013). The occurrence of obesity has been so common in the overall population that it has become vital for nurses to be up to date with information regarding obesity issues. Nurses should also be able to use those obtained information to prevent and help recognize those who are already obese by providing them with treatment choices and lifestyle changes information. There are many aspects of obesity treatment which require particular expertise and insights and so doing research on it helps students to gain more information and deliver good practice in the future. Therefore, this essay will be focused on bariatric surgery among adult. Bariatric surgery is a surgery that alters the digestion process in which broken food is absorbed slowly than usual to minimize the amount of nutrients and calories absorption. This type of surgery is recommended for people who are extremely obese- body mass index (BMI) of 35 or above along with severe health problems. This procedure may be effective in reducing weight and treating comorbidities, however, it is costly and has associated risk similar to those of any surgeries (NHS, 2013).The growing number of bariatric surgery not only seems to be a significant contributor to NHS cost but also appears to increase various legal and...
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...Unit 9 Final Project HU – 245 - 10 Professor Ronald Wade Erin Broker 8/30/2009 Kaplan University Unit 9 Final Project Introduction Ethics is the area of study that deals with morality and how we make decisions about how we behave as individuals and how our actions reflect our values and conduct towards one another. This class focused on two viewpoints that helped us define morality and how to apply it in new ways of thinking and reasoning when dealing with issues in our lives: consequential reasoning and non-consequential reasoning. Through an evaluation of my collected works, I will attempt to show an improvement in the areas of analytical skill building, knowledge acquisition, and practical application that are the key objectives of this class. The objective of these three skill areas was to help us better understand how to think ethically and to understand why others think the way they do and how to come to a better understanding of a difference of opinions on various subjects. Analytical Skills Analytical skill building helps to improve your critical reading, writing and thinking skills. In unit 2 Case Study B, I evaluated a situation where an employee was upset with his employer’s treatment of its employees. In analyzing the situation, I was able to come to an understanding of how best the company should respect Mr. Lopez’s rights and moral dignity as an employee by using consequential reasoning: A company should take whatever steps necessary to...
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...Knowledge Area Module VI Contemporary Issues and the Ethical Delivery of Health Services Student: Harold Taitt, harold.taitt@waldenu.edu Student ID # A00293212 Program: Ph.D. Health Services Specialization: Health Management and Policy Faculty Mentor: Dr. Robert Hoye, robert.hoye@waldenu.edu Faculty Assessor: Dr. Jim Goes, jim.goes@waldenu.edu Walden University May 10, 2013 Abstract Breadth Component In this age of rapidly evolving technological advances, many of the legal and ethical issues that are challenging the delivery of health care and the health care profession are new. As we confront the legal, moral, and ethical aspects of health care, we are seldom faced with decisions that require or are resolved by simple right or wrong answers (Edge & Kreiger, 1998). In the Breadth component of KAM VI, I focus on several ethical theories and how those theories influence the way ethical issues and concerns are addressed and managed in the allocation and delivery of health care services. I critically assess and evaluate those theories, concepts, and derivative principles as they impact important decisions and the implications of those decisions within the context of social change and with special emphasis on health care management and policy. In addition, I discuss the key assumptions on which the selected theories are constructed, compare and contrast the writers’ interpretations across theories, and conclude by providing a critical commentary on the merits of the selected...
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...wishing to undergo IVF treatment should be awarded the legal right to choose the sex of their child. I’m Melinda and along with Angelique and Melissa we will be presenting the affirmative argument and the negative argument will be presented by Kristen, Judy and Deb. Sex selection, also known as gender selection, has attracted great interest and controversy over the years. Gender selection has been associated with a number of ethical, moral, social and legal issues. Sex selection may be performed for medical reasons to avoid sex-linked diseases or for parental preference. The topics I will be covering include eugenics, beneficence, utilitarianism and pre-genetic screening in regards to sex linked diseases. Eugenics can be defined as the study or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species. In the context of IVF treatment positive eugenics encourages reproduction by implantation of healthy embryos with inheritable desirable traits and negative eugenics seeks to identify and dispose of embryos found to carry undesirable inheritable traits. Utilitarianism in the context of IVF sex selection and genetic screening is defined by the principle of utility which seeks to judge moral rules, actions and behaviours on the basis of their consequences. Where an action produces the best possible outcome; that being the greatest good for the greatest number it is seen as ethical and moral. Therefore the testing, screening and disposal of genetically impaired embryos...
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...teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and given further exposure in 1848 by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati.Social justice as a secular concept, distinct from religious teachings, emerged mainly in the late twentieth century, influenced primarily by philosopher John Rawls. Some tenets of social justice have been adopted by those on the left of the political spectrum.Social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality and involves a greater degree of economic egalitarianism through progressive taxation, income redistribution, or even property redistribution.These policies aim to achieve what developmental economists refer to as more equality of opportunity than may currently exist in some societies, and to manufacture equality of outcome in cases where incidental inequalities appear in a procedurally just system.The Constitution of the International Labour Organization affirms that "universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice. Social justice is when something is unreasonable within society or around the world. There are many different unjust things that happen in our local towns, countries or even other countries all around the world. The government treat a lot of people unfairly today Theories of social justice Social justice from religious traditions Hinduism Ancient Hindu society was based on varna system which later hardened itself into jaati system which was based on jajmani relationships. The present day caste system is a modified...
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