...London School of Engineering and Materials Science Laboratory report writing instructions DEN101 - Fluid Mechanics 1 Flow Rate Measurement Experiment A. Student Student Number: 1234567 Version 2.0, 27 November 2010 Template for Word 97-2003 Abstract This document explains what is expected in your Fluids 1 lab report. The sections that should be covered are outlined and a structure you could follow is proposed. Detailed advice on how to edit the report is given. The document concludes with the marking criteria for this lab report. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Writing 3 1.2. Editing and formatting 3 1.3. Content of the introduction 4 2. Background and theory 4 3. Apparatus 4 4. Test 4 5. Experimental procedure 4 6. Results 5 7. Discussion 5 8. Conclusions 5 9. References 5 10. Appendix A: Marking criteria 6 Introduction Before starting to write a report, you should think about what is your audience. Am I writing for colleagues who want a lot of detail how it is done, or am I writing for my boss who just wants an executive summary as he has no time for details? In general, there is not a single type of audience and we have to make our writing suitable for the detailed read, as well as the fast perusal. To understand what is required from you in this report, please have a look at the marking criteria in the Appendix. 1 Writing To limit...
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...Lab Report 3: Effect of UV Light on Microbial Growth Kristin Holmes – April 2, 2013 PURPOSE: The purpose of this lab is to determine the effects of ultraviolet light on microbial growth and the effectiveness of the repair mechanisms of light repair and dark repair on UV damage. INTRODUCTION: Can Ultraviolet (UV) light be a viable form of sterilization and/or disinfection? This lab experiment will look to examine and answer that question. UV light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is invisible to the human eye. It has a short wavelength and is considered high energy which allows it to pass through some materials. The biological effects are potentially devastating based on the length of exposure and the length of the wavelength exposed to. The reason UV light can be so detrimental is due to its effect on DNA and the mutations that can occur because of exposure. The absorbance of UV photons causes the formation of pyrimidine dimers; these in turn create challenges to DNA replication. While DNA repair mechanisms can remove these dimers, with increased exposure and/or repeated exposure as well as incomplete repair, DNA replication is not always exact. (Aishwariya) UV radiation is typically placed into one of three categories. UV-A radiation is the longest wavelength and has the least damaging effect. UV-B radiation is medium length and UV-C is the shortest wavelength. (Aishwariya) UV-A radiation can have long term effects; however the most damage, on the cellular level...
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...nanoparticles of ZnO and TiO2 were used in sunscreen (<100 nm) to replace the disadvantage of the microsized particles (Threes, Stanislav, 2011, p. #2). These zinc oxide and titanium dioxide particles but fall into much smaller range can perform physically and chemically different to the large particles of that same material. These nanoscale particles have the high surface area to volume ratio, which creates a larger surface area and eventually increase the chemical reaction of the material. Figure 1 illustrates that nanoparticles stay on top of your skin and hard for the UV rays to pass through it (Threes, Stanislav, 2011, p....
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...Sean Cui Biology Formal Lab Report 2 Intro Throughout this lab, the main topic is genetic transformation. Genetic Transformation is a phenotypic change caused by genotype change from transferring foreign genes into an organism. This lab is to transform the bacteria E.Coli with the GFP gene (Green Fluorescent Protein). GFP makes organisms glow in the dark with UV light, similar to jellyfishes.GFP will be transferred into E.Coli through the use of recombinant DNA, or simply a vector. A vector is a plasmid that transfers foreign DNA into cells. Bacteria can transfer plasmid to other bacteria so they can survive and adapt to the environment they are in. The pGLO plasmid includes the GFP gene (allows bacteria to glow), Beta-lactamase (resists ampicillin), ORI sites (allows bacteria to self replicate), and AraC (allows induction of GFP gene). Materials and Methods: In this lab, first there will be two micro test tubes, one labled pGLO+ and the other pGLO-. Using a sterile transfer pipet, transfer 205 microliters of CaCl2 into each tube. Then put the tubes on ice. Then use a sterile loop to pick up a single colony of bacteria from the starter plate. Put the colony in the pGLO+ tube and spin the loop. Then put the tube back in ice. Repeat this for the pGLO- tube with a new sterile loop. Next use a new sterile loop and get some DNA stock. With the loop, immerse it in only in the pGLO+ tube. After that, incubate the tubes in ice for 10 minutes. Label one plate LB/amp +pGLO...
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...Chromatography INTRODUCTION IN THIS LAB, WE WILL BE EXPRESSING THE GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) IN BACTERIA AND PURIFYING IT USING COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY. THE SPECIFIC TYPE OF CHROMATOGRAPHY WE WILL BE USING IS HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY (HIC). THE FOLLOWING IS INFORMATION FROM BIO-RAD INC., THE SUPPLIER OF THE REAGENTS: GFP has several stretches of hydrophobic amino acids, which results in the total protein being very hydrophobic. When the supernatant, rich in GFP, is passed over a HIC column in a highly salty buffer (Binding Buffer), the hydrophobic regions of the GFP stick to the HIC beads. Other proteins which are less hydrophobic (or more hydrophilic) pass right through the column. This single procedure allows the purification of GFP from a complex mixture of bacterial proteins. Loading the GFP supernatant onto the chromatography column When students load the GFP supernatant onto their columns, it is very important that they do not disturb the upper surface of the column bed when performing the chromatography procedure. The column matrix should have a relatively flat upper surface. A slightly uneven column bed will not drastically affect the procedure. However, subsequent steps of loading, washing, and eluting should minimize disrupting the column such that beads "fluff up" into the buffer. When loading the GFP supernatant onto the column, the pipette tip should be inserted into the column and should rest against the side of the column...
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...molecular biology. The concentration of DNA or RNA in a sample, and its condition, are often estimated by running the sample on an agarose gel. Such concentration estimates are semiquantitative at best and are time-consuming. For a more accurate determination of the concentration of DNA or RNA in a sample, a UV spectrophotometer is commonly used. Spectrophotometry uses the fact that there is a relationship between the absorption of ultraviolet light by DNA/RNA and its concentration in a sample. The absorption maximum of DNA/RNA is approx 260nm. The purity of a solution of DNA can be determined using a comparison of the optical density values of the solution at various wavelengths. For pure DNA, the observed A260/A280 ratio will be near 1.8. Elevated ratios usually indicate the presence of RNA. The A260/A280 ratio is used to assess RNA purity. An A260/A280 ratio of 1.8-2.1 is indicative of highly purified RNA. The 260/280 ratio below 1.8 often signal the presence of a contaminating protein or phenol. Alternatively, protein or phenol contamination is indicated by 230/260 ratios greater than 0.5. Workflow Time 2 days before the lab session During lab session 1:30 pm Task Cell culture 2:00 pm RNA isolation 5:15 pm Spectrophotometric analysis of your sample Work done by Technician Briefing Student Cell culture (Prepared by technicians) 1 x 105 TM4 cells were seeded in 35mm sterile culture dish with DMEM/10%FBS medium two days before...
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...Ultraviolet Light Science Lab Report Purpose: To see what and how we are protected from Ultraviolet Lights. Introduction: I am trying to test the effect of ultraviolet rays from the Sun on the skin. The ultraviolet rays from the Sun cannot be seen with the eye, but can still hurt you. The Sun releases radiation, which is electromagnetic waves of infrared (IR) to ultraviolet rays (UV). The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from longer wavelengths (IR) to shorter wavelengths (UV). Ultraviolet rays are closer to the shorter wavelengths, and can go through layers of skin and harm our bodies. The two types of ultraviolet rays are UVA and UVB. UVA are long wavelengths that go through the many layers of the skin, and may cause cancer. UVB are shorter wavelengths, and do not go through the multiple layers of the skin, but can also cause skin cancer. Sunscreen helps protect the skin from these harmful rays. The higher SPF (Sun Protection Factor) of the sunscreen, the better protected your skin will be. The prediction is one of the beads with the sunscreen will work better than the other because of the SPF number. The higher the SPF sunscreen, the better it will work. It will block the ultraviolet rays from the Sun from going through multiple layers of your skin. Sunscreen only protects us from UVB rays The independent variable is the Ultraviolet Light and the dependent variable is the different sunscreen. The control is the beads without sunscreen. The constants...
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...COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PUTRAJAYA CAMPUS MEMB453 NDT SEMESTER 1 2015 / 2016 NAME : KAVIMALATI A/P NYANASEGRAM TITTLE : DYE PENETRANT TESTING FORMAL LAB REPORT STUDENT ID : ME088914 SECTION : 02 LECTURER : ABDUL AZIZ BIN MOHAMED, PROF.MADYA DR. DATE : 18TH AUGUST 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITTLE | PAGE | SUMMARY | 3 | OBJECTIVE | 4 | EQUIPMENT | 4 | PROCEDURE | 5 | DATA, OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS | 7 | ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS | 8 | CONCLUSIONS | 9 | REFERENCES | 10 | SUMMARY Dye penetrant inspection (DPI) is known as liquid penetrate inspection (LPI) or penetrate testing (PT). PT test is done at NDT ILSAS Lab in order to detect surface breaking defects in non porous material such as metals and plastics. PT test is also widely applied since it is a low-cost inspection method. The technique used is based on the ability of a liquid to be drawn into a "clean" surface breaking flaw by capillary action. There are two ways in which PT test makes the flaws in a material to be seen clearly. One of the ways is PT test produces flaw indication which is larger and can be seen clearly from the eye. Many flaws are too small or too...
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...S W I S S G E R M A N U N I V E R S I T Y INORGANIC & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT | Subject | : Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Laboratory | Lecturer | : Hery Sutanto S.Si | Instructor | : Tabligh Permana S.Si., Dian Sukmayanda S.Si | Faculty/Class | : Life Science/LS 2 A | Date of Experiment | : 11 April 2012 | Date of Lab. Report | : 18 April 2012 | Semester | : 2 | Time of Experiment | : 14.00-17.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Experiment: | Principle of Spectroscopy | NAME : Melisa Grace (14211043) Nur Ratih K. (14111005) Group : G | | Campus BSD CityBumi Serpong DamaiTangerang 15321 – Indonesia | Tel. +62 21 537 6221 Fax. +62 21 537 6201 sgu.info@sgu.ac.id www.sgu.ac.id | EXPERIMENT 5: Extraction of Caffeine From Tea Leaves 1. Objective: To demonstrate the extraction of Caffeine as natural substance by using organic solvent and distillation technique. 2. The Materials, Equipments and Procedures: A) Materials * K2CrO4(Potassium Chromate) * H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid) * Aquades B) Equipments * Beaker * Volumetric flask (50 ml and 25 ml) * Glass rod * Spatula * Watch glass * Graduated pipette * Pipette * Scale * UV-Vis spectrophotometer * Cuvette C) Methods 1. Equipment and materials necessary for the experiment were prepared on the working table. 2. Calculation...
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...Attendance, P4 Lab Schedule, P4 Lab Replacement, P5 Lab Regulation 6.1 General Rules, P5 6.2 Safety Rules, P6 Lab Rules & Regulations on Computer Usage 7.1 ICT Computer Lab, P7 7.2 ICT Internet Lab, P8 Appendix 1 (Lab Replacement Flow Chart), P10 Appendix 2 (Lab Session Replacement Form), P11 Policy for Laboratory Usage after Office Hours, 10.1 Operating Procedure, P12 10.2 Warnings on liability, P12 10.3 Rules and Regulations, P12 Use of Laboratory After Office Hours 11.1 Appendix 3 (Application Form), P14 11.2 Appendix 4 (Student’s Declaration Form), P15 Ambulance Services, P16 Lab Safety Handbook on Chemical Hazards, Physical Hazards and Biological hazards, P17-P64 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 2 Definitions • • • • • Lab Session: Time duration allocated for student to do lab experiment. Lab Sheet: A printed material usually contains a series of instructions and information given to the student on how to conduct lab experiment. Lab Report: A written report prepared by student based on individual observation and data analysis after the lab experiment. The format and requirements are usually stated in the lab sheet. Lab Coordinator: A person in charge of coordinating all the lab sessions of the semester and administrating lab matters. Lab Instructor: An academic staff (lecturer or tutor) in charge of the lab session. The lab instructor will give briefing and instructions to students during the lab session. 1. Introduction Practical lab is one...
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... Quantitative Analysis of an Unknown Liquid Sample Objective: To be familiar with Ultra Violet Spectrophotometer (UV) and Gas Chromatography (GC) used in chemical analysis UV Abstract In this report, people who consumed tom yum soup suffered from nausea and vomiting due to copper poisoning which was found to leach from a pot into the soup under high heat and acidic condition. It was also suspected that an organic compound was present in the soup which enhanced the absorption of copper in consumer. Hence, as an analytical chemist, we have to use UV to determine the actual concentration of copper standards and blank using external calibration standards. The result of the test solution was measured by comparing it with the calibration of copper. Introduction The goal of this experiment is to obtain the concentration of copper in a known solution. Therefore, in this experiment, we will be using UV to measure the absorbance of the solution. A spectrophotometer is used to measure the amount of light that a sample absorbs. Ultraviolet (UV) light is an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10nm to 400nm and energy from 3eV to 124Ev. With a shorter wavelength as compared to visible light, UV light is able to penetrate more readily through obstacles. Its name came from a spectrum which humans identify as the colour violet. UV light is invisible, but it can be seen indirectly when it makes other substances glows in visible spectrum. Applications ...
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...coli Transformation Brooke Rowlett November 26, 2013 BioL 230 Lab Introduction In this experiment we attempted to transform e.coli using a green fluorescent protein plasmid. This green fluorescent protein is naturally found within the bioluminescent jellyfish. The protein can be expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Normally whenever bacterial cells contain this protein are exposed to long wave UV radiation, they emit a green light. Bacterial cells acquire the glowing ability through the transformation of the bacteria by a plasmid containing the GFP gene. Transformation is the process in which bacteria take up exogenous DNA to acquire to traits (Witucki). The GFP would be our evidence to see whether or not the transformation was successful. Within this experiment E.coli was supposed to be transformed to have the ability of antibiotic resistance. In the experiment E.coli was first transferred into both DNA- and DNA+ microcentrifuge tubes, and then manipulated into competency so that the plasmid can enter into the cells. E.coli is not naturally competent and therefore we tried to manipulate it by exposing it to abrupt heat and cold treatments and through the treatment of the metal cations of chloride salts. The samples were then transferred to Ampicillin positive and negative plates to test for growth. After incubation, if there was any growth on the plates, the plate was placed under a UV light to look for the green light from the protein. We hypothesized...
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...ULTRAVIOLET/VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY PURDUE UNIVERSITY INSTRUMENT VAN PROJECT ANALYSIS OF PLANT PIGMENTS USING PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND VISIBLE AND/OR UV SPECTROSCOPY (1-31-96) INTRODUCTION We have seen that all cells must constantly consume fuel molecules to maintain themselves, grow, and reproduce. Fuel molecules such as glucose constitute an immediate source of energy for biological work that can be released by catabolic cell processes. However it is necessary that life on earth have a constant source of energy that can be harvested and used to generate complex fuel molecules from simple starting materials. The ultimate energy source upon which all life forms depend is visible light from the sun. Light energy must first be transformed into chemical(bond) energy before it can be utilized by the living cell. This transformation is achieved only in the cells of green plants and certain bacteria. In green plants it is coupled with a transformation of matter in which relatively low-energy compounds, carbon dioxide and water, are converted into high energy chemical molecules that become subunits of carbohydrates. There are four different pigment groups present in leaves of photosynthesizing plants. Studies indicate that only the chlorophyll IS involved in the actual absorption of light energy and later conversion to chemical energy of living cells. The other pigments also absorb light energy, but it is transferred to the chlorophyll for conversion to chemical energy. Biochemists have...
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...puzzle that don’t quite fit yet. A Forensic Chemist can make them fit by scientifically analyzing the evidence. Chemistry, biology, materials science, and genetics to analyze clue found at the scene of the crime, on the victims or in the bodies of the bad guys. Forensic Chemists go into a case with many unknow pieces of the crime scene they need to analyze to determine the nature of each sample. Most Forensic Chemists work in a lab. It is rare for private labs to do this kind of work so most of the time these labs are associated with Local, State, or Federal law enforcement agencies. From local Medical Examiner’s labs to state of the art FBI labs, Forensics Chemists often provide the strongest evidence in court against the defendants. They have many different types of test and methods they use to figure out what the samples mean. Each crime scene brings new types of clues and samples so a Forensic Chemist must always be thinking of ways to analyze the evidence. Some of the more common test for optical testing, X-ray spectroscopy, UV, and infrared. For separations analyses, HPLC, gas chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. In a typical day a Forensic Chemists could use as many different sciences such as chemistry, genetics, biology and Mass spectrometry. Crime shows, novels and movies have made...
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...will examine the concentrations of Zinc in several "samples." We will be using a Zinc lamp on the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The lab assistant will demonstrate the software and the procedures for preparing the instrument. Each group will run a series of calibration standards to generate a calibration curves. The concentrations are given below. Then, one of the "unknown" samples (A or B) should be run. The printer will generate a report of the concentration of Zinc in the sample. We have to be sure which sample we are used. Our laboratory report should describe the functions of the AAS and describe the procedures for preparing the instrument for use. The report should include a printout graph of the calibration curve that we have made. We also needed to indicate the data points for the calibration standards and our sample. INTRODUCTION Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) determines the presence of metals in liquid samples. Metals include Fe, Cu, Al, Pb, Ca, Zn, Cd and many more. It also measures the concentrations of metals in the samples. Typical concentrations range in the low mg/L range. In their elemental form, metals will absorb ultraviolet light when they are excited by heat. Each metal has a characteristic wavelength that will be absorbed. The AAS instrument looks for a particular metal by focusing a beam of UV light at a specific wavelength through a flame and into a detector. The sample of interest is aspirated into the flame. If that metal is present...
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