...in a matter of days (Shamberg, Sher, Jacobs & Soderbergh, 2011). The premise is that the MEV-1 virus is spread person-to-person via airborne droplets produced by sneezes or coughs, as well as by viruses deposited on fomites, such as glasses, doorknobs, peanuts, and so on. The virus circles the globe in a matter of days, causing coughs, fevers and seizures as scientists from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) scramble to identify the pathogen and develop a vaccine. MEV-1 is presented to the audience as a pandemic. During a pandemic preserving the functionality of society is a priority (Gostin, 2008). Contagion raises a host of ethical dilemmas such as paternalism, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. The prospect of encountering a deadly pandemic such as that in Contagion, can create an overwhelming healthcare and community concern. The preparation for and response to an unusual turn of events of this magnitude requires goals that aim to benefit the community, as a whole. This involves an ethical viewpoint based on utilitarianism, with a primary focus on the good of the community, as opposed to the typical medical ethical view that focuses on the individual autonomy of patients. Ethics based on this notion of utility will most indeed pose a conflict between the community and the health of the individuals who make up that community. This paper will consider the moral issues from a public health viewpoint presented...
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...Exploratory Essay To Vaccinate or Not To Vaccinate Vaccines were brought to the United States by Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse in 1800. (The College of Physicians of Philadelphia) Dr. Waterhouse pushed for public vaccinations to eradicate the small pox epidemic through community immunity. “Community immunity” or “herd immunity” is where a significant percentage of the population is immune to a disease, either through vaccination or prior illness, so the spread of the disease is unlikely. ( National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases). Since 1800, many vaccines have been developed including the polio vaccine by Dr. Salk in 1954. With massive polio vaccinations since 1954, eradication of the disease was declared in 1994 in the Americas. However nowadays there are many groups that believe vaccines are doing more harm than good. A recent perceived rise in autism rates and the push for more vaccines during infancy has caused some parents and researchers to believe there is a relationship between the vaccines and autism. Out of concern for safety of their children, some parents are choosing not to vaccinate or alter the government recommended vaccination schedule. Many doctors agree with government schedules for vaccinations and relate them to the elimination and reduction of diseases such as polio, measles, mumps, pertussis and more. This essay will explore the positions of parents, researchers and physicians regarding vaccines against disease. Most parents evaluate...
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...Juvenile Diabetes Research MHA 610 Introduction to BioStatistics June 2012 Throughout a twelve week period from June through August the researcher found that (diet, weight, lack of exercise, environment and family history) have little to no impact on individuals suffering from juvenile diabetes. Juvenile Diabetes is also called Type 1 diabetes while its causes are not yet entirely understood; scientists believe that both genetic factors and environmental triggers are involved. “The word "diabetes" is borrowed from the Greek word meaning "a siphon." The 2nd-century A.D. Greek physician, Aretus the Cappadocian, named the condition "diabetes." He explained that patients with it had polyuria and "passed water like a siphon (www.medterms.com)." Type 1 diabetes is when no insulin is produced at all because the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas have been destroyed. Currently scientist and researchers do not know why these cells have been damaged the most likely cause is the body having an abnormal reaction to the cells. There is nothing that you can do to prevent Type 1 diabetes. This type of diabetes is always treated with insulin injections. Whereas type 2 can be controlled with oral medications, diet or exercise. When your child or someone you love and care about is diagnosed as Type 1 diabetic your whole world is turned upside down. I know my son was diagnosed right after his fifth birthday. There is no family...
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...Cultural Perspectives on Vaccination — History of Vaccines 6/2/15, 11:02 AM History of Vaccines A VACCINE HISTORY PROJECT OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF PHILADELPHIA Vaccine Science En español History and Society Cultural Perspectives on Vaccination Debunked: The Polio Vaccine and HIV Link Development of the Immunization Schedule Disease Eradication Ethical Issues and Vaccines History of Anti-vaccination Movements Influenza Pandemics Scientific Method in Vaccine History The History of the Lyme Disease Vaccine U.S. Military and Vaccine History Vaccination Exemptions Vaccine Injury Compensation Programs Vaccine Testing & Vulnerable Human Subjects Cultural Perspectives on Vaccination Public opinions about vaccination include varied and deepseated beliefs, a result of the tension between divergent cultural viewpoints and value systems. Several key cultural perspectives on vaccination stem from (1) individual rights and public health stances toward vaccination, (2) various religious standpoints and vaccine objections, and (3) suspicion and mistrust of vaccines among different U.S. and global cultures and communities. Individual versus Public Health Stances Many countries require their citizens to receive certain immunizations. In the United States, state laws dictate mandatory vaccinations, such as those required for children to enter school.[1] Controversies over the efficacy, safety, and morality of compulsory immunization stem...
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...Oxford journals Impact of a community-based integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) programme in Gegharkunik, Armenia Results The assessment confirmed the population's poor health status and limited knowledge and application of recommended child care practices. The campaign reached its target: at follow-up, 67% had seen media messages within the past month, 82% had received the IMCI informational booklet, and 30% had seen other materials. Evidence of the success of the programme included the following: exclusive breastfeeding increased 31.4%, maternal knowledge of child illness signs increased 30%, knowledge of HIV increased 28.5%, and physician attended deliveries increased 15%. Conclusions This evaluation documented the significant and substantial impact of the community IMCI programme on both knowledge and practice in rural areas of Armenia. Consideration should be given to continuing and expanding this project as a complement to health sector development activities in this region. Impact of a community-based integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) programme in Gegharkunik, Armenia 1. Michael E Thompson1,* and 2. Tsovinar L Harutyunyan2 +Author Affiliations 1. 1 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA. 2. 2 Center for Health Services Research and Development, American University of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia. 1. * Corresponding author. Department of Public...
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...communicable diseases (Maurer, 2013). With the advancement we have today in healthcare treatments, access to medical care and an expanded knowledge and understanding of diseases, it has lead to a significant decrease in the mortality rate sustained from communicable illnesses. Diseases such as hepatitis, tuberculosis, HIV, and influenza are all communicable diseases, meaning they can be spread from one person or thing to the next. This writing will present hepatitis B and how it affects individuals and the community. The roll of the community health nurse will be discussed in regards to hepatitis B. Description of Hepatitis Hepatitis is simply an inflammation of the liver that is typically caused by a virus. It can be infectious or non-infectious. Viral hepatitis is contagious and is caused from a viral infection leading to liver inflammation. There are two types of hepatitis B. Acute hepatitis B is short lived, and chronic hepatitis B which produces long-term illness. Individuals who are exposed to hepatitis B in infancy or childhood likely will develop chronic hepatitis. Those who are exposed as adults will develop antibodies and typically have an acute hepatitis infection. Hepatitis B is contracted when a person comes in contact with infected blood semen or other body fluids enters their bodies. If a person has an exposure to hepatitis B, hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) can be given to suppress the development of the disease. In an acute infection, symptoms...
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...System Unit Performance Assessment Your written work should contain 3 sections: 1. 2. 3. An explanation of the relationship between lymphatic structures and the immune system (~1 paragraph) a. Student work includes a detailed description of all of the structures of the lymphatic system (including lymph nodes and vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix), the location of each, and how that location supports the functions of immunity required by the body An explanation about how the immune system works and how a vaccine effects that system (~3-4 paragraphs) a. Student work includes a description of the "three levels" of immune system, including innate and adaptive defenses, humoral vs, cell-mediated responses, and active vs passive immunity; and describes how vaccines work in the body using a specific vaccine as an example A reaction (either in support or in disagreement) to the message of your chosen political cartoon (please include an image of the cartoon) along with supporting data/statistics from reliable and cited sources (~3-4 paragraphs) a. Student correctly explains the "sides" of the issue being reflected in the political cartoon of their choosing, and explains whether they agree or disagree with the overall message of the cartoon. Several specific data or statistics are researched by the student and used to support their argument either for or against the cartoon. 1. An explanation of the relationship between lymphatic...
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...Healthcare Associated Pneumonia vs Non Healthcare Associated Pneumonia Many germs can cause pneumonia. The most common are bacteria and viruses in the air we breathe. The human body usually prevents these germs from infecting your lungs, but sometimes these germs can overpower the person’s immune system, even if the person’s health is generally good. Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and where you got the infection (Staff, 2015). Pneumonia can be acquired in both health care facilities as well as in community environments. Preventative measures, outbreak detection, management and education, and statistics are all vital components to help healthcare providers as well as everyday citizens be aware and...
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...proteins, proteins of regulation of transcription) * capsid: protein coat of virus, viral genome packaging * envelope: lipid bilayer that contains proteins * enveloped viruses: genomes contain genes for synthesis of envelope proteins * viral genomes= virus-specific enzymes (nucleic acid replication) * non-living organism/not “alive” - lack that properties of life (no independent reproduction, no metabolic system= no energy, dependent on host cells 2. Why viral infections are usually difficult to treat with drugs, and exceptions to this general principle. * viruses= hidden in host cells, use host cell machinery to replicate (no obvious viral product to be targeted by drugs/antibiotics - not like bacteria) * symptoms can only be relieved not treated - natural immune function treats — some viruses deadly symptoms= prevention w/ vaccinations (e.g. measles, polio) * Viruses using own polymerases (e.g. RNA viruses - influenza)= more obvious targets - antiviral drugs to treat 3. Whether viruses are always pathogenic. * not all viruses= pathogenic - some benefit hosts e.g. some non-pathogenic viruses protect humans from pathogenic viruses * “protective” viruses - interfere with replication/functions of pathogenic viruses * some viruses defend host cells (e.g. bacteriophages/phages control bacteria growth) * viruses= vital to ecosystems (may be dominant...
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...CPH 601—Spring 2015 Helen Sauer Salmonella—Prevalence and Prevention Strategies Background/History Salmonella is a bacteria commonly found in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, including reptiles, farm animals, and rodents. In 1885, Dr. Theobald Smith, a Department of Agriculture researcher investigating hog cholera, is the first to identify Salmonella enterica, formerly called Salmonella choleraesui. Dr. Smith worked under Dr. Daniel E. Salmon, who became the bacteria’s namesake.1 There are around 2,500 different serotypes of Salmonella bacteria. Salmonella can be grouped into typhoidal (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi) and non-typhoidal (including Typhimurium and Enteritidis, the most common serotypes in the United States.2 In the early 20th century, Irish immigrant Mary Mallon was identified as the first asymptomatic carrier of typhoid. Now an infamous public health case study, “Typhoid Mary” infected an estimated 51 people with typhoid fever over the course of her career before being forcibly quarantined by state public health officials. In spring 1985, 168,000 to 197,000 people were sickened with salmonellosis in northern Illinois, comprising the largest outbreak of Salmonella food poisoning in United States history. Investigators determined the cause to be Salmonella typhimurium strain of bacteria associated with the Hillfarm Dairy in Melrose Park, Illinois. 3 Salmonella has also been used as a tool of bioterrorism. In 1984, 751 individuals were deliberately...
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...Is Tylenol Really Safe 1 Is Tylenol Really Safe Pallis Wilson Professor King Devry University 2 Is Tylenol Really Safe Is Tylenol really safe? Tylenol an over-the-counter pain killer developed by McNeil Laboratories and acquired by Johnson and Johnson in the 1950’s. Its active ingredient consists of acetaminophen. Acetaminophen used to relieve headaches, muscle aches, menstrual periods, colds, sore throats, toothaches, backaches, and reactions to vaccination shots. Acetaminophen is in a class of medication called analgesics (pain reliever) and antipyretics (fever reducer). It is a known fact the drug gives greater results after surgery than before surgery. Tylenol purpose is to change the way the body senses pain and by cooling the body. However, Tylenol is the most highly recommended over the counter drug by physicians. Is Tylenol really safe? Being the most highly recommended over the counter drug, it does have risky side effects when taken for an extended amount of time. Many people from all ages use this medication to relieve pain. I for one feel the medication is quite helpful when experiencing some discomfort from pain. Any drug you may consume could possibly lead to side affect, especially when unaware of unknown allergies. Studies have shown due to its active drug Acetaminophen (Tylenol) has caused bodily, rashes, hives, itching, difficulty breathing and swallow, even death in the 1980’s due to evidence of the compound cyanide, yet distributors...
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...Epidemiology, Tuberculosis, and the Homeless Population Rebecca J Buck NUR 408 July 29, 2013 Felita Patterson Epidemiology, Tuberculosis, and the Homeless Population Among many misconceptions, tuberculosis is not a disease of the past. Tuberculosis remains a public health issue. It is estimated that one-third of the total world population is infected by tuberculosis (TB). The American lung association (2013) states, in 2011 alone there were nearly 9,000,000 new diagnosed cases of tuberculosis around the world and an estimated 1.4 million deaths because of this disease. In the United States, TB is not as common (but still a problem). In 2011, only 10,500 people reported having TB (Trends in Tuberculosis Morbidity and Mortality). Research shows that there are many preceding factors that predispose a person and increase the risk of contracting TB. Epidemiologists have studied and determined that many of these preceding factors are evident in vulnerable populations around the world, particularly the homeless population. The science Daily (2013) reports that “one in five homeless people with tuberculosis die within a year of their diagnosis” (Death Rate from Tuberculosis in Homeless Alarmingly High). In addition to the high death rate for TB among homeless people, public health officials also recognize a growing threat of drug resistant strains within these vulnerable populations. Theses drug resistant strains of tuberculosis require longer, more consistent treatments...
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... generalisee. 3.Etiologie -‐infection: plus frequent -‐cancer et hemopathie malignes: deuxieme grande cause. -‐malade dysimmunitaire ou des etiologie medicamenteuse. II.Adenopathie localisee -‐adenopathie localisee est faite d’un ou plusieurs ganglion pathologie hypertrophie situe dans un secteur limite d’une aire ganglionnaire. 1.Demarche diagnostique -‐Clinique -‐interrogatoire: -‐port d’entrée dans le territoire de drainage: plaie, piqure, morsure, griffade cutane ou muqueuse, vaccination de BCG, voyage de pays tropical, contact sexuel, contact animal -‐aspect Clinique de adenopathie: sign inflammatoire local: rougeur,...
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...To Market or Not To Market: Case Study Differences Between Profit vs. Nonprofit Organizations According to Folland, et al., 2013: Generally, nonprofits do not pay corporate, property, or sales taxes although for-profits do. The only tax advantage enjoyed by for-profits is the ability to write off losses during bad years…On one hand, numerous profit-making firms provide important goods and services to the community, and many provide basic goods, such as food and housing, to the poor. On the other hand, nonprofit firms often serve the well-to-do, and they compete with for-profits. (Folland, et al., 2013, p. 269, 265) Mission and Problem “Community Health Care (CHC) is a non-profit health care organization operating out of Anytown, USA. Its mission is to provide routine check-ups and immunizations at no cost to the economically challenged areas of Anytown. CHC secured a small grant from the state and used the vast majority to purchase all necessary equipment, computers, furniture, and a large supply of gloves, syringes, etc. There is a little money left over that has been set aside for purchasing the vaccinations. They originally believed that through their individual professional networks, they would not need to market CHC. They felt offering such a valuable service for free would result in packed waiting rooms. Unfortunately, the current use of their services is only at an estimated 7% of original expectations. Several individuals within CHC have mentioned shutting down. Others...
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...Where to draw the line between government regulations and religious affiliations is a topic that has been a source of tension in the United States for the entirety of its existence. There have been numerous civil disputes over how far, if at all, the government can step across the boundaries that protect religious affiliations before infringing upon their constitutional rights. Recently, an important legal case called Burwell vs. Hobby Lobby was brought to the attention of the Supreme Court. Hobby Lobby is a family-owned Christian arts and crafts store who felt that the requiring of religious businesses to provide insurance coverage for contraception under the Affordable Care Act violated their rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration...
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