...Validity, Credibility, and Reliability Jannilka DeLeon XBCOM/275 June 1, 2014 Monica Galante Validity, Credibility, and Reliability Some reasons I consider data or information to lack validity, credibility, or reliability is when there is no supporting evidence. When you read something and it is not coming from a credible source than you now that the information provided is not accurate. Especially when doing research for a project, the information you use in your research should have back up information in order to prove the validity of the information provided. If a source of information can not provide substantial sources of information, then your information should then come from a different source. Another way I consider information to be inaccurate is if I previously found information on this topic from one source, but then can’t find more of the same information in another source. This will raise a red flag for me and let me know that something isn’t right because I cannot find two sources that give me information on the topic. For example, if I am looking for how many suicides occurred in 1995, and the number that I come up with is not the same number across the board than I know that something needs to be double checked because all numbers should be the same. Information many times comes from sources that have vested interest in the information provided. This can also cause the information presented to be biased, and it can try to convince the reader...
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...the social media postings of Breana Webb and her friends over the weekend leading to her death at the hands of a drunk driver early on Monday morning. This article will analyze the reliability, credibility, and validity of the data used by Ms. Butow. It will also illustrate the logical fallacies in Ms. Butow’s argument. First we will analyze the author’s reliability and validity of data. In this instance they can be judged together. The data used and quoted by Ms. Butow is taken directly from Ms. Webb’s Twitter account and other social media pages. Also, Ms. Butow’s data comes from Ms. Webb’s Twitter account “followers”, or people who follow her posts. These followers are typically friends with the account holder. Ms. Butow’s reliability of data is impeccable with some points because it was written by Ms. Webb. However, posts made on Twitter by other people began to lose absolute reliability because it begins to become here say. The validity of the data holds true for all the same reasons as its reliability (Butow, 2012). Next we will analyze Ms. Butow’s credibility. This becomes a difficulty situation as her story was not written directly about the DUI and its resulting accident, but rather the online legacy that a person leaves behind. The first point to assess Ms. Butow’s credibility is her motivation. Ms. Butow works for the a newspaper and it is in business to make money. Controversy is one of the tactics used by newspaper agencies to incite interest and raise...
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...in assessing research performance: reliability, validity, and credibility. Reliability itself defined as the degree to which a measure yields consistent results. Validity means the degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure. Credibility means a researcher’s ability to demonstrate that the object of a study is accurately identified and described based on the way in which the study was conducted. We will discuss the research performance assessment in a paper by Rousseau titled Psychological Contract Inventory Technical Report (2000) based on those three areas I have mentioned previously. Rousseau use sample from US and Singapore in order to test the consistency of the test result. - Reliability Rousseau assessed whether PCI could lead researcher to consistent result. PCI use 5 scales questionnaire in four sets of question. These four sets are: relational, balanced, transactional, and transitional. Most of the scales have high reliability. Rousseau assesses it by using a statistics method. Rousseau state that “Initial analyses identified that several scales did meet the traditional standards for convergence and reliability (where a minimum Cronbach’s alpha coefficient is 0.7)”. Moreover, Rousseau identified some problematic scales such as Employer Narrow and Employer Security. As a conclusion, the PCI is a reliable tool. - Validity In order to test the validity of PCI, Rousseau use sample from...
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...Definition: In a rapidly changing world, Internet technology allows researchers to access the most up–to–date, timely, relevant, and targeted information. Accurately determining the reliability, validity, and usefulness of Web sites is an essential skill to understand and master. Credibility of a website is always important, especially when doing academic research or writing academic papers. In fact, credibility is crucial in academia. As you may or may not know, anyone can post information on the Internet. BobJones.com written by Bob Jones might contain information about the Civil War, but how does the reader know that Bob is an expert on the Civil War? Accurately determining the reliability and validity of websites is an essential skill when deciding to use an Internet source in an academic paper. Use the following guidelines when searching Internet sources for information to use in an academic paper: * Use websites that are credible * Use the most current sources possible * Use sources accessed through a university library These elements are discussed in detail below. Questions to Determine Internet Reliability What is the extension? The Web site address usually includes “www” followed by a period (called a dot), followed by an extension name (also called a domain name). The reliability of a website can frequently be determined by the domain or extension name. The most reliable extensions include the following: .edu: a school or other educational institution...
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...difficult attainable deadlines play an important role. Furthermore, there is a "gray-zone" in which clinical scientific researchers are influenced particularly by the pharmaceutical industry, leading to the writing of tendentious publications. (Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 2004). Over the last 25 years, a small but growing body of research on research behavior has slowly provided a more complete and critical understanding of research practices, particularly in the biomedical and behavioral sciences. The results of this research suggest that some earlier assumptions about irresponsible conduct are not reliable, leading to the conclusion that there is a need to change the way we think about and regulate research behavior. This paper begins with suggestions and support for more precise definitions of the terms “responsible conduct of research,” “research ethics,” and “research integrity.” It then summarizes the findings presented in some of the more important studies of research behavior, looking first at levels of occurrence...
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...Job Analysis Paper PSY/435 Job Analysis Paper Job Analysis of Probation Officers This paper will provide some insight on the functional job analysis for a probation officer, it will discuss how a functional job analysis can be used within this organization, it will go on to evaluate the reliability and validity of a functional job analysis, this paper will also evaluate different performance appraisal methods and how they might be applied to a probation officer, this paper will conclude by explaining the various benefits and vulnerabilities of each performance appraisal method concerning the job of a probation officer. Probation Officer: Functional Job Analysis The selection method for probation officials utilizing the functional job evaluation is very important. The functional job evaluation consists of observation and selection interviews; it assists to set recommendations for the job outline. Rapport shared with probation/parole and a functional job evaluation is the least complicated. The job requirements for a probation officer candidate should satisfy the requirements. At the least a bachelor’s qualification in social work, criminal justice, psychology, or a relevant study is needed for certification (Education Portal. 2011). Nevertheless, much more information by way of functional job evaluation assists to decide eligibility needs to work for the Department of Corrections. In the state of Delaware I/O psychiatrists have evolved physical, psychological, medical...
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...The key to writing an effective research paper lies in the sources one chooses to support his or her research topic. Since the Internet has transformed into one the most frequently used research tools, one must be particularly careful about the sources he or she chooses to incorporate into his or her paper. The Internet, is an open forum for anyone with Internet access to post whatever he or she may feel like posting about any subject, whether it be accurate or not. For this reason alone, the author of a research paper needs to ensure the sources included in a research paper are both credible and accurate. “Stoplight Traffic Cameras: Why is Big Brother Ticketing You?” is an article that could be possibly be used to support the thesis statement, “Stoplight traffic cameras are unconstitutional.” To examine this article more closely to see if it is indeed a suitable source to use, one could refer to the set of criteria listed in the Expertise, Accuracy, and Reliability (EAR) test explained by Robert A. Harris in his book titled Using Sources Effectively. The Expertise section of the EAR test is when one must check the credibility of the author. Harris stresses the importance of proving the credibility of an author by determining if the author is, “an authority in the area, an expert, through education, experience, or both?” (Harris 25) An author with any one of those qualifications instantly adds credibility to one’s paper, rather than just any regular Joe off the street who happens...
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...Define reliability and validity Then use a study to determine how reliable and valid it is, justify answer Reliability is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results. Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure. Bartlett, 1932 Reliability Did more than one person record and interpret the data, and do they agree? If you use the same methods again in the same situation, do you get the same results? No, when the experiment was replicated (better controlled) many of the errors in peoples recalling was not found even though the same kinds of errors remained. Validity: Methodological issues * Did not ask participants to be as accurate as possible * Didn’t care much about the environment in which the experiment was conducted Define qualitative and quantitative research, then compare and contrast them, strengths and limitations of qualitative research Quantitative: Explaining a phenomenon by collecting quantitative (numerical) data that are analysed using mathematically based methods such as statistics. Qualitative: Instead of testing, measuring, and experimenting, qualitative research aims at understanding the subject of study …the process of understanding a social or human phenomenon, based on methodological research traditions. Researchers aim at generating a complex, holistic view, at analysing and describing the standpoint of the subjects within a natural context. Quantitative;...
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...| Course Syllabus School of Business XBCOM/275 Version 3 Business Communications and Critical Thinking | Copyright © 2013, 2012, 2011 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course introduces students to the foundations of communication in a business setting. Students will develop skills in critical thinking and decision making through the forms of written communication, including memos, e-mails, business letters, and reports. Other topics include communication ethics and cross-cultural communications, personal communication styles, solving organizational problems, and the evaluation of an organization’s strategic direction. Policies Students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Moore, B. N., & Parker, R. (2012). Critical thinking (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Quintanilla, K., & Wahl, S. (2014). Business and professional communication: Keys for workplace...
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...Human Resource Management Human Resource Management Human Resource Management (HRM) is defined as “the function within an organization that focuses Federal Trade Commission The Federal Trade Commission was chosen as a source because it is a federal entity that was established in 1914 to protect America’s consumers and has been serving the public for nearly 100 years (Federal Trade Commission). The Federal Trade Commission website was examined using the CARS (Credibility, Accuracy, Reasonableness, Support) test. The credibility of this site is shown by the reliable contact information such as the list of offices/bureaus, address, and phone numbers. The Federal Trade Commission’s reputation is proven reputable by nearly 100 years in service. The quality control of the site is shown through the Data Quality Act which provides the “Guidelines for ensuring and maximizing the Quality Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of information disseminated by the Federal Trade Commission” (Federal Trade Commission), the publication of its federal rule making authority in Title 16 of the Code of Federal Regulations, and the Commission’s semiannual Regulatory Agenda and annual Regulatory Plan. This site is held accountable for its information through the publication of reports such as the Performance and Accountability Report and the Performance and Accountability Summary which is a Citizen’s Report. The accuracy of this site is shown by the up-to-date, comprehensive information...
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...How triangulation Ensures Validity and Reliability in Social Science Research 1.0 Introduction Triangulation has been defined as the use of more than one approach to the investigation of a research question in order to augment confidence in the findings (Bryman, 2004). For Yeasmin & Rahman, (2012) triangulation is a process of verification that increases validity by incorporating several viewpoints and methods. When applied in the social sciences, it refers to the combination of two or more theories, data sources, methods or investigators in one study of a single phenomenon to converge on a single construct, and can be employed in both quantitative (validation) and qualitative (inquiry) studies. This paper provides a historical background and the development of triangulation as a concept and its application. The paper also presents an overview of various concepts linked to triangulation as applied in social research Finally the paper discusses the benefits and challenges of triangulation offering some relevant examples that guide in understanding the concept. 2.0 Background of Triangulation Originally triangulation was a method used to determine the location of a fixed point based on the laws of trigonometry. The laws state that if one side and two angles of a triangle are known, the other two sides and angle of that triangle can be calculated. Triangulation though not defined was used in the early civilizations of the ancient Egypt and Greece...
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...Article Rebuttal Paper Shaneika Rogers BCOM/275 November 11, 2014 Dewayne Acree Introduction Apple and Samsung has been at battle for a while over having the best technology out there when it comes to on the go electronics. This started when Apple claimed that Samsung somehow copied the IPhone. Lately Samsung was fined for revealing confidential information about Apple. But Samsung also exposed the same information about their company as well. Analyzing the Reliability Samsung states that Apple have published the licensing agreement on their product back in October and left it exposed for up to four months. Apple apparently has been refusing to provide information on the theory of Samsung stealing their technology. When analyzing the reliability of both phones and electronics none of them are completely perfect. When choosing a phone you look for preference like security, speed, battery life, or camera features. Samsung is known for the microphone issues whereas Apple technology comes equipped with a number of battery issues. Studies have showed that Apple technology is three times more reliable than its closest competitors. When comparing Apple to Samsung you have a variety of things to consider. Apple went under testing and as a result had the fewest number of problems in relations to the IPad and IPhone. Most of the problems found where related to battery life. The best seller of Apple is its interface, camera, and app store which will keep smartphones...
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...Quantitative and Qualitative Quantitative and Qualitative Research The purpose of this paper is a comprehensive comparison of quantitative vs. qualitative research techniques for MBA 5210 Business Statistics. The paper will weigh the relative merits and demerits of each providing interpretation of the potential applications of qualitative and quantitative research to various fields of study as per the requirements of the paper. Qualitative and Quantitative Overview Researchers have long debated the relative merits quantitative vs. qualitative research techniques have to offer field researchers. It is important that one understand the implications of each in order to weigh the relative importance and relevance of each to the field. Qualitative and quantitative methods have a long history of providing researchers with information regarding specific events, phenomena and subjects. The primary difference between the two forms of investigation is the methods each employs to uncover the ‘reality’ behind a given situation. These separate realities are explored below. Benz & Newman (1998) suggest that qualitative and quantitative research methods align in a continuum. Qualitative research derives its foundation in naturalistic philosophy, whereas quantitative research focuses on positivistic philosophy (Benz & Newman, 1998). Qualitative research is more likely to adopt an individual phenomenological perspective, whereas quantitative approaches tend to emphasize...
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...Methodology This chapter illustrates the methodology used in this survey. 1. Research design 2.1 Quantitative analysis To find out the disparity in traditional media and new media or the characters of new media from the perspective of quantitative analysis have become the direction which most scholars study at present (Lu, 2009:1). Net-news credibility constitutes the primary factor influencing on the efficiency of net-news spread, but accurate quantitative measurement is out of essential importance, especially in China. Generally speaking, it is the respondents that determine the most appropriate method. Every research method has its superiority and inferior position (Babbie, 2004:112). According to Schroder et al. (2003: 205), quantitative analysis is often used to investigate "individual style and identity issues". In order to understand and explore audiences’ attitude and opinion to online news, quantitative analysis will be applied to this research. 2.2 Selection method 2.3.1 Interview or questionnaire? Questionnaire is one of the basic tools for quantitative analysis. According to Hansen, Cottle, Negrine and Newbold (1998:225-227), Questionnaire can be used to ‘collect data about current attitudes and opinions’ and to identify ‘who takes up these media and why’. The data that collected from a population of respondents can be used to ‘support to, or to negate hypotheses or propositions’, and sometimes only provide common information...
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...News Article Paper This article is about Prince Harry. He allegedly took nude photographs in Las Vegas during a trip. This article is discussing what happened during his trip, and whether he will be reprimanded once he returns home. He is the prince of England, and also a captain in the British Army Air Corps. There are a lot of speculations made in the article. Author’s Position The author’s position in this article is one of assumptions. He seems to be trying to make it seem as though Prince Harry will be in a lot of trouble upon his return to England. Stating that he brought “shame” to the British military. He also makes comments like “Harry seems to be having a blast in the photos, one displaying a pool table that Ministry only hopes really was used for a game of strip billiards.” Support The author uses past incidents with Prince William as support in the article. He also uses quotes from citizens of England, and Us Magazine. These are a long shot at best. The Royal Family did not comment on the incident. Nor did Prince Harry. Therefore, there is not much solid evidence used by the author as to whether or not the prince will be reprimanded upon his return. Reliability This article does not seem to have much reliability. It is overwhelmed with assumptions and over dramatizations. The article assumes that because he is a prince he will have consequences to pay for his actions. The article also has quotes from both the author, and citizens. Neither...
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