...Helen Christine Smith Communication Process Model Misunderstanding example 1 1. Who was the sender? My boss of 1 day 2. Who was the receiver? Myself 3. What was the message? “Working in accounting department has some draw backs. One of these draw backs is that the first week of January is very critical. We really need your contribution tomorrow” 4. What was the channel used to send the message? Email 5. What was the misunderstanding that occurred? I felt that his message was not necessary because I am well aware of the responsibilities of and the importance of being in the office to close the books. 6. How could the misunderstanding have been avoided? Since he was a new boss to me and we had not established a working relationship yet, I should have called him to inform him that I was ill and would not be in the office that day but would definitely be in the next morning. If I would have spoken to him it would have been easy for me to determine his tone instead of reading into the message the exact opposite of the point he was trying to make. In fact when I spoke to him the next day he informed me that he was considering me for his open position based on what my previous boss told him about me and that he wanted to make sure that I would be available to start training. The position will be filled at the beginning of Q2 and he wanted to make sure that I continued to work closely with his team so I can get the hands on training that I need...
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...When conducting research for an essay or research the researcher must have evidence that supports their writing from sources that can back up their ideas. If I can’t seem to find something creditable, resourceful I will not use the source. A couple of courses back that most reliable sources for the internet are .Gov .Edu. .Org .Mil. Com. Something’s you should look out for who is the author of the website and if the author doesn’t have credentials then the source is not reliable. I like to look a gossip columns about celebrities most of the time what they are saying is not true. Know if they say reliable sources then I might think it may be true. If a website seems old, it's probably best to steer clear. One way to check - look for a "last updated" date on the page or site. If a site looks poorly designed and inexperienced, chances are it was created by amateurs. This means the source is not reliable. But be careful - just because a website is professionally designed doesn't mean it's reliable. Many sources of information come from people or organizations that have a special interest in the information being presented. This can cause the information to be biased in a way that persuades the reader to believe the information being presented and form an opinion that shows favor to the reader or organization. Some drug companies tell you about all the benefits of their medication but not the side effects of the drug I think that why drug companies have a lot of people are suing...
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...Validity, Reliability Equals Credibility Teresa McNally XBCOM/275 08/25/2013 Dr. Murad Abel Validity, Reliability Equals Credibility “The volume of your voice does not increase the validity of your argument” (Maraboli, 2010). In order for an assessment to be sound, they must be free of bias and distortion. Reliability and validity are two concepts that are important for defining and measuring bias and distortion. To have the credibility that you deserve you have to have reliability and validity in everything you do. (Kimberline & Winterstein, 2008). Reliability refers to the extent to which assessments are consistent. Just as we enjoy having reliable cars, we strive to have reliable, consistent instruments to measure student achievements. Another way to look at reliability is the kitchen scale. If at 6 am in the morning set a bag of apples on the scale and it weighed 5 lbs., it will also say it weighs 5 lbs. at 10 am, if you have not changed anything in the bag, that would mean your scale is reliable and it would have credibility. (Kimberline & Winterstein, 2008). Validity refers to the accuracy of an assessment-whether or not it measures what it is supposed to measure. Even if a test is reliable, it may not provide a valid measure. Let’s imagine a bathroom scale that consistently tells you that you weigh 130 pounds. The reliability (consistency) of this scale is very good, but it is not accurate (valid) because your actual weight is 140 pounds. ...
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...Validity, Credibility, and Reliability Jannilka DeLeon XBCOM/275 June 1, 2014 Monica Galante Validity, Credibility, and Reliability Some reasons I consider data or information to lack validity, credibility, or reliability is when there is no supporting evidence. When you read something and it is not coming from a credible source than you now that the information provided is not accurate. Especially when doing research for a project, the information you use in your research should have back up information in order to prove the validity of the information provided. If a source of information can not provide substantial sources of information, then your information should then come from a different source. Another way I consider information to be inaccurate is if I previously found information on this topic from one source, but then can’t find more of the same information in another source. This will raise a red flag for me and let me know that something isn’t right because I cannot find two sources that give me information on the topic. For example, if I am looking for how many suicides occurred in 1995, and the number that I come up with is not the same number across the board than I know that something needs to be double checked because all numbers should be the same. Information many times comes from sources that have vested interest in the information provided. This can also cause the information presented to be biased, and it can try to convince the reader...
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...in assessing research performance: reliability, validity, and credibility. Reliability itself defined as the degree to which a measure yields consistent results. Validity means the degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure. Credibility means a researcher’s ability to demonstrate that the object of a study is accurately identified and described based on the way in which the study was conducted. We will discuss the research performance assessment in a paper by Rousseau titled Psychological Contract Inventory Technical Report (2000) based on those three areas I have mentioned previously. Rousseau use sample from US and Singapore in order to test the consistency of the test result. - Reliability Rousseau assessed whether PCI could lead researcher to consistent result. PCI use 5 scales questionnaire in four sets of question. These four sets are: relational, balanced, transactional, and transitional. Most of the scales have high reliability. Rousseau assesses it by using a statistics method. Rousseau state that “Initial analyses identified that several scales did meet the traditional standards for convergence and reliability (where a minimum Cronbach’s alpha coefficient is 0.7)”. Moreover, Rousseau identified some problematic scales such as Employer Narrow and Employer Security. As a conclusion, the PCI is a reliable tool. - Validity In order to test the validity of PCI, Rousseau use sample from...
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...Article Rebuttal BCOM 275 Article Rebuttal An article located on a controversial subject is discussed. The article is titled “A Very Controversial Article” written by Athena Louise. The article's main idea is regarding illegal aliens in the workplace along with illegal aliens not paying taxes. The rebuttal will consist on ideas on how the topic is not accurate in its findings. The author of the article will be analyzing to find reliability, credibility, and validity. Fallacies in the article will be discussed as well. The article talks about how illegal aliens are unskilled workers who get paid off the books for laborer. Thus creating a larger community of people receiving benefits from the state without paying taxes (Louise, 2011). First off let’s analyze the first topic of unskilled illegal aliens. The article mentioned that all illegal aliens are unskilled (Louise, 2011). Many illegal aliens receive education and experience from his or her country on a skilled trade. The immigration status does not reflect on the ability of the worker. The second topic is regarding illegal aliens getting paid off the books. The article mentions workplaces hiring illegal aliens and paying off the books (Louise, 2011)...
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...Validity,Credibility, & Reliabilty XBCOM275 Feb 8, 2013 Validity, Credibility, & Reliability When seeking out the validity, credibility, and reliability of a source there can be a vast array of sources to compare when seeking this answer. For example, when validating a source we can research the author and his or her background pertaining to the data in question. Data within a claim can be meant to sway the reader one way or the other, with this in mind, I look at who and what there is to gain from this claim. I can use the gun ban debate stewing in Washington for a great example. President Obama has been pushing for tougher regulations and bans on specific fire arms and related accessories based upon the elementary school shooting in Connecticut implying that this will contest the amount of damage and casualties occurred in mass shootings when statistically more people are killed by drunk drivers in society compared to mass shootings, but yet anyone over the age of 21 can purchase any amount of alcohol. However, even statistics can be swayed depending on the pool of interested parties involved. Some methods I use to determine the reliability of data is to first seek the source from which the data is from. Typically I then seek out other sources in which I can compare that specific data against to validate the data is solid and not transparent. I then will analyze the different sources to be sure there is somewhat of a streamline when these sources are...
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...Introduction In my homeland country, in the mid 90s there was a general election and according to a particular popular pole and surveys a certain political party would have won a landslide election victory. To everyone's surprise, they lost the election badly. This goes to show that biasness/unreliable data is known to throw things out of perspective and give people false hope. The results of that particular election caused rioting for several weeks. Once this phenomenon comes into the picture of any questionnaire the findings can create profound negative impact. The most frequent and important ways of misconduct in scientific research are falsifying results, plagiarize and over-interpretation. Motives are prestige, money, pressure of time and conflict of interests. The "publish or perish" phenomenon and the sometimes difficult attainable deadlines play an important role. Furthermore, there is a "gray-zone" in which clinical scientific researchers are influenced particularly by the pharmaceutical industry, leading to the writing of tendentious publications. (Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 2004). Over the last 25 years, a small but growing body of research on research behavior has slowly provided a more complete and critical understanding of research practices, particularly in the biomedical and behavioral sciences. The results of this research suggest that some earlier assumptions about irresponsible conduct are not reliable, leading to the conclusion that there is...
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...the social media postings of Breana Webb and her friends over the weekend leading to her death at the hands of a drunk driver early on Monday morning. This article will analyze the reliability, credibility, and validity of the data used by Ms. Butow. It will also illustrate the logical fallacies in Ms. Butow’s argument. First we will analyze the author’s reliability and validity of data. In this instance they can be judged together. The data used and quoted by Ms. Butow is taken directly from Ms. Webb’s Twitter account and other social media pages. Also, Ms. Butow’s data comes from Ms. Webb’s Twitter account “followers”, or people who follow her posts. These followers are typically friends with the account holder. Ms. Butow’s reliability of data is impeccable with some points because it was written by Ms. Webb. However, posts made on Twitter by other people began to lose absolute reliability because it begins to become here say. The validity of the data holds true for all the same reasons as its reliability (Butow, 2012). Next we will analyze Ms. Butow’s credibility. This becomes a difficulty situation as her story was not written directly about the DUI and its resulting accident, but rather the online legacy that a person leaves behind. The first point to assess Ms. Butow’s credibility is her motivation. Ms. Butow works for the a newspaper and it is in business to make money. Controversy is one of the tactics used by newspaper agencies to incite interest and raise...
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...whether or not stricter gun control laws are needed. This essay will discuss one author’s belief that stricter gun control laws are needed and my rebuttal to his argument. I will analyze the reliability, credibility, and validity of the data used by the author. This essay will also identify fallacies in the argument. Gun Control: One Author’s Opinion and My Rebuttal As I was looking on the internet for an article on a controversial subject, I came across this one article that peaked my interest about gun control and why we should have stricter gun laws. Being the avid gun lover that I am, I decided to read the article. As I was reading this article I found it hard to believe anything that this author had to say. As he was talking about the reason’s that he believes there should be stricter gun laws he starts to mention some statistics about crime rates that involve firearms but fails to mention any sources as to where he ascertained his information. Looking at the statistics I found on the Federal Bureau of Justice website, during 2009 the percentage for violent crimes that involved firearms was only 8 percent (Federal Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009). I find it hard to believe and support the author’s point of view after analyzing the reliability, credibility, and validity of the data that the author used because he has no references posted. As for fallacies in the argument, one would just have to go to the Federal Bureau of Justice website and see for their selves...
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...Definition: In a rapidly changing world, Internet technology allows researchers to access the most up–to–date, timely, relevant, and targeted information. Accurately determining the reliability, validity, and usefulness of Web sites is an essential skill to understand and master. Credibility of a website is always important, especially when doing academic research or writing academic papers. In fact, credibility is crucial in academia. As you may or may not know, anyone can post information on the Internet. BobJones.com written by Bob Jones might contain information about the Civil War, but how does the reader know that Bob is an expert on the Civil War? Accurately determining the reliability and validity of websites is an essential skill when deciding to use an Internet source in an academic paper. Use the following guidelines when searching Internet sources for information to use in an academic paper: * Use websites that are credible * Use the most current sources possible * Use sources accessed through a university library These elements are discussed in detail below. Questions to Determine Internet Reliability What is the extension? The Web site address usually includes “www” followed by a period (called a dot), followed by an extension name (also called a domain name). The reliability of a website can frequently be determined by the domain or extension name. The most reliable extensions include the following: .edu: a school or other educational institution...
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...Define reliability and validity Then use a study to determine how reliable and valid it is, justify answer Reliability is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results. Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure. Bartlett, 1932 Reliability Did more than one person record and interpret the data, and do they agree? If you use the same methods again in the same situation, do you get the same results? No, when the experiment was replicated (better controlled) many of the errors in peoples recalling was not found even though the same kinds of errors remained. Validity: Methodological issues * Did not ask participants to be as accurate as possible * Didn’t care much about the environment in which the experiment was conducted Define qualitative and quantitative research, then compare and contrast them, strengths and limitations of qualitative research Quantitative: Explaining a phenomenon by collecting quantitative (numerical) data that are analysed using mathematically based methods such as statistics. Qualitative: Instead of testing, measuring, and experimenting, qualitative research aims at understanding the subject of study …the process of understanding a social or human phenomenon, based on methodological research traditions. Researchers aim at generating a complex, holistic view, at analysing and describing the standpoint of the subjects within a natural context. Quantitative;...
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...The credibility of data produced by research studies is often scrutinized. Furthermore, practice based evidence is continually overlooked and as a result “healthcare decision makers continue to underuse interventions demonstrated to be effective (Leeman & Sandelowski, 2012).” In order for the information to be deemed reliable and thus, instituted into the context of healthcare, it must first be tested. In doing this, trustworthiness is established, and evidence based practice can reasonably be introduced into policy. Several basic concepts allow healthcare professionals the ability to ascertain if data is indeed reliable. These tests, or tools, are “reliability, validity, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity (Boswell & Cannon, 2014).”...
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...Methodology This chapter illustrates the methodology used in this survey. 1. Research design 2.1 Quantitative analysis To find out the disparity in traditional media and new media or the characters of new media from the perspective of quantitative analysis have become the direction which most scholars study at present (Lu, 2009:1). Net-news credibility constitutes the primary factor influencing on the efficiency of net-news spread, but accurate quantitative measurement is out of essential importance, especially in China. Generally speaking, it is the respondents that determine the most appropriate method. Every research method has its superiority and inferior position (Babbie, 2004:112). According to Schroder et al. (2003: 205), quantitative analysis is often used to investigate "individual style and identity issues". In order to understand and explore audiences’ attitude and opinion to online news, quantitative analysis will be applied to this research. 2.2 Selection method 2.3.1 Interview or questionnaire? Questionnaire is one of the basic tools for quantitative analysis. According to Hansen, Cottle, Negrine and Newbold (1998:225-227), Questionnaire can be used to ‘collect data about current attitudes and opinions’ and to identify ‘who takes up these media and why’. The data that collected from a population of respondents can be used to ‘support to, or to negate hypotheses or propositions’, and sometimes only provide common information...
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...Reliability and Validity Carmen Kbeir BSHS/382 March 26, 2012 Edessa Jobli Reliability and Validity Researchers employ a wide range of data collection methods to obtain information. Some of these methods are quantitative, such as experiments. Others are qualitative, like field studies. Within each of these methods are specific procedures that lead the researcher to various outcomes. The tools, or instruments, used to measure observations or statistics throughout the process are very important. To understand how well the instruments work and the extent to which the outcomes will produce similar results in the future, researchers examine different types of validity and reliability. Reliability is the extent to which an instrument produces consistent results and the probability that others can achieve the same results when reproducing the study. There are several types of reliability, including alternate-form reliability, internal-consistency reliability, item-to-item or judge-to-judge reliability, and test-retest reliability (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Internal-consistency reliability measures the amount of correlation between items on a test (Darity, 2008). The average correlation between items is indicated by item-to-item reliability. These types of reliability let the researcher know how well the items on a test go together (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). A questionnaire or survey is not of much use if the questions on them are completely...
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