...IMPLEMENTATION Chapter Eleven The Strategy of International Business OBJECTIVES • To identify how managers develop strategy • To examine industry structure, firm strategy, and value creation • To profile the features and functions of the value chain framework • To assess how managers configure and coordinate a value chain • To explain global integration and local responsiveness • To profile the types of strategies firms use in international business Chapter Overview Chapter Eleven presents tools and concepts used in analyzing and formulating international business strategy. First, the relationship between industry structure and competition in global industries is examined. Next, value chain analysis is used to identify the internal capabilities of the firm that can be leveraged to create competitive advantage. Effective international strategy depends greatly on the proper configuration and management of a company’s global value chain. The sometimes conflicting demands of global integration versus local responsiveness are examined. Finally, a typology of strategic alternatives including multidomestic, international, global, and transnational strategies is presented. CHAPTER OUTLINE OPENING CASE: Value Creation in the Global Apparel Industry [See Fig 11.1 and Map 11.1.] Zara, a large clothing retailer headquartered in northwest Spain, has used an innovative strategy to power its global expansion. ...
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...International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol. 6, No. 2, June 2015 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN OF FRUITS & VEGETABLES SECTOR IN INDIA: A REVIEW Saurav Negi1 and Neeraj Anand2 1 Doctoral Research Fellow, Centre for Continuing Education, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India 2 Professor and Head (LSCM & Operations), College of Management and Economic Studies, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India ABSTRACT Purpose- The entire supply chain of Fruits and Vegetables in India is laden with various issues and challenges. To list the possible challenges and suggest a way forward, there is a need to study the supply chain of Fruits and Vegetables sector in India. So the purpose of this paper is to discuss the supply chain of fruits and vegetables sector in India and explain the issues which are affecting it. Authors also suggested the corresponding mitigation strategies to overcome the identified issues and challenges. Design/methodology/approach-Descriptive research has been used for this study. The supply chain of Fruits and Vegetables sector has been explained and attempt has been made towards identifying the issues affecting the supply chain of the sector. The present study undertakes a thorough review of basic and contemporary literature available and tries to explain the factors affecting the supply chain of Fruits and Vegetables sector in India. The literature has been divided...
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...Integrating a Value Chain Perspective in Small Scale Enterprise Development TRAINING SCHEDULE November 19-30, 2012 Rural development generally includes supporting local people’s livelihoods through income-generating activities and small-scale enterprises. Previous program experiences point to the importance of building local entrepreneurship capacity, establishing business organizations, and enabling access to key institutional support services. New challenges have emerged that influence success of these development efforts such as: 1) managing the impact of emerging markets on rural producers and consumers, 2) improving competitiveness and efficiency of small-scale enterprises, and 3) promoting equitable gender sensitive contributions and benefits among stakeholders including private sector. More recently, value chain approaches have been explored to bring more benefits to rural producers through better market links. Course Description The course focuses on integrating a value chain perspective in rural development, and how this conceptual and methodological framework can enhance program strategies for sustainable livelihoods, profitable small scale enterprises and socially responsive private sector. Learning content includes: basic principles and concepts of value chain development, practical methods and tools in integrating value chain perspective in rural development programming, and lessons learned from case studies on linking rural enterprises to dynamic value chains. The course...
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...Customer Value Management at Tata Steel In: Business and Management Customer Value Management at Tata Steel PERSPECTIVES presents emerging issues and ideas that call for action or rethinking by managers, administrators, and policy makers in organizations Understanding the Process of Transitioning to Customer Value Management B Muthuraman, Anand Sen, Peeyush Gupta, DVR Seshadri, and James A Narus Executive Summary Customer Value Management (CVM) has emerged as an important vehicle for customer retention in business markets. Supplier firms under increasing pressure from relentless competitive forces are seeking to retain and grow the share of business from profitable existing customers as a means of finding a way out of downward spiralling price pressures. While a lot has been written in academics about the importance of CVM, several gaps remain on understanding how a large company actually undertakes this journey. Crafting competitive value chains and focusing on streams of competition are also emerging as important agenda for supplier firms since, increasingly, the end customer is no longer willing to pay for inefficiencies in the value chains. In this context, the challenge for a supplier firm in business markets is no longer restricted to getting its own operations in order, but, additionally, it must ensure that multiple interfaces that exist across the entire value chain all the way until the end customer are streamlined so that the value chain is free of value drains...
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...1. “Value chain analysis (VCA) is a process where a firm identifies its primary and support activities that add value to its final product and then analyze these activities to reduce costs or increase differentiation.” 2. “Value chain represents the internal activities a firm engages in when transforming inputs into outputs.” Understanding the tool VCA is a strategy tool used to analyze internal firm activities. Its goal is to recognize, which activities are the most valuable (i.e. are the source of cost or differentiation advantage) to the firm and which ones could be improved to provide competitive advantage. In other words, by looking into internal activities, the analysis reveals where a firm’s competitive advantages or disadvantages are. The firm that competes through differentiation advantage will try to perform its activities better than competitors would do. If it competes through cost advantage, it will try to perform internal activities at lower costs than competitors would do. When a company is capable of producing goods at lower costs than the market price or to provide superior products, it earns profits. M. Porter introduced the generic value chain model in 1985. Value chain represents all the internal activities a firm engages in to produce goods and services. VC is formed of primary activities that add value to the final product directly and support activities that add value indirectly. Below you can see the Porter’s VC model. Primary Activities | ...
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...Introduction • Globalisation • Competitive advantage of nations Additional readings: Davies, H. & Ellis, P., 2000. Porter’s competitive advantage of nations: time for the final judgement? Journal of management studies, 37(8), pp.1189–1214. Dunning, J.H., 1993. Internationalizing Porter’s diamond. MIR: Management International Review, pp.7–15. Porter, M., 1990. The competitive advantage of nations. Harvard Business Review, 68(2), pp.73–93. 2 31.03.2016 Thursday Global value chain • Outsourcing vs offshoring • Global value chain • offshoring • outsourcing • Resource-based view • Transaction costs • Intellectual property infringement Case: Ecco – Global value chain management 1. Describe the competitive environment of ECCO and determine how well ECCO is positioned (vis-a-vis the competitors) to take advantage of changes in the industry. 2. Analyze ECCO's global value chain. How well does this configuration match the drivers in the industry? 3. ECCO has a fully integrated vertical value chain? What are the pros and cons of this strategy? That economic and strategic factors should be analyzed to answer this question?...
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...The Role of the Engineer in the Value Chain Executive Summary In the recent past, value chain management has undergone radical transformation through various stages of automation, optimization and integration. This is based on a variety of reasons such as shortened technology and product development lifecycles, globalization, and pressures of competitive forces. This has forced organizations to review their value chain systems in order to survive and grow in such dynamic economic environments. In the field of engineering, value chains have become vital aspects of operations management when it comes to the application of engineering systems to the industrial and commercial processes. The main purpose of this paper is to disentangle the role of the engineer in the value chain. In this context, it will go further in analyzing the key elements of value chain and any accrued benefits that come with use of engineers in the value chain management. Value Chain Analysis The inception of Value Chain is associated with Michael Porter. He gives his understanding to this concept using a model he referred to as; “Porter’s value chain model” (Sekhar, 2009: 115). This model evaluates the strategically vital activities in a firm that boost its competitive advantage. Such competitive advantage is usually achieved through the core competencies of the firm. According to Porter, a firm is defined by a set of processes and functions which he classified into five main activities; the inbound...
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...‘Sustainability: Achieving customer loyalty’ Integrated sustainable knowledge in supply chain Abstract: Knowledge management plays an important role in disseminating knowledge toward partners like suppliers so that they can integrate customer requirement in term of product development. Buyers are increasingly asking suppliers to measure their environmental impacts and carbon emissions in their value chain. In many cases failure to provide such information, or performing poorly can undermine these business relationships. Now customer awareness is more opt toward green products so that sustainability becomes a strong pillar for the organizations in Pakistan. Industry: Our focus Industry is Automobile and electronics in Pakistan. Purpose: This study is focus on to the road of customer satisfaction through an effective knowledge sharing technique among suppliers and making grades through sustainability at the end. Introduction: Knowledge transferability and its effectiveness are seen as crucial elements for honing communication between supply chains partners deemed necessary for knowledge dissemination. This communication can in turn render the partners to operate according to the aspirations of the company and bore fruits. Companies possessing the ability to ensure effective transfer of knowledge are making strides by producing innovation, reducing costs and improving quality and customer satisfaction (kamara et al; 2002, Love., 2003). Perhaps it can be posited that...
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...ECCO A/S – GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN MANAGEMENT | | Report submitted by:Abhas Mangal (GAPR11IT038) | | Contents Executive Summary 3 Company’s Profile 4 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES STRATEGIC ANALYSIS 5 Outcomes of Porter’s Five Forces 5 SWOT ANALYSIS 6 Evaluation of Alternatives 6 Recommended Strategy 7 Executive Summary ECCO, a global manufacturer and a supplier of shoe products, wants to expand into the Chinese market to increase its export to major markets and also increase product sales among Chinese consumers. But many Chinese manufacturers imitated the product design and features of ECCO increasing the intense competition for the company in the Chinese market. Also, ECCO for years has a sole focus on increasing the quality of the shoes manufactured by using its sophisticated in-house “direct injection” technology. But the company cannot only thrive on its quality unless the company’s efforts to ensure quality are not communicated to the consumers. Thus, the company focused less on marketing operations that is evident from its low marketing budgets as compared to its competitors. Also, the most of the products manufactured in four production facilities outside Denmark were distributed through its distribution centre in Tonder, Denmark where only six to nine percent of total production was actually sold. Thus, ECCO became inefficient to fulfil the replenishment orders that had to be delivered within a few days notice. Thus, the main challenge for ECCO is to focus...
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...an evaluation of BMW as a premium car manufacturer. The report then employed the use of PESTEL and Porters five forces to analyse the external car industry environment. The internal environment are analysed by use of value chain analysis. Bowman’s Strategy Clock is also explored in understanding the marketing strategy used by BMW Company. Finally, Resource/ competence framework has also been explored in understanding the key competencies and resource capabilities that has enabled the BMW to maintain market leadership position. In compiling this report, major sources of information used were journals, empirical literature and the internet. The findings of this report show that strategy has played a pivot point in BMW’s overall performance. Generally, the report shows that unstable political environment in the UK and the global market is greatly affecting the industry. Moreover, socio-cultural environment greatly affect the industry as consumers are becoming more environment conscious. This has especially reduced the sales volume of BMW. The UK government legal policies have also been addressed in the report. Advances in technology have also spurred competition in the industry thereby reducing the significance of branding. The report finds out that the value chain the most efficient model of analysing internal environment. Moreover, the industry is found to have reached its...
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...UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA BJMP 6023 Supply Chain Management (Assignment) AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA – THE CHALLENGES FOR BLUE ARCHIPELAGO BERHAD PREPARED FOR: Prof. Dr. Premkumar PhD (USM) Prepared By: Wan Haniff bin Wan Ahmad Submission Date 1 April 2012 CONTENTS No. Description Page 1 Executive Summary 3 2 Background 3 3 Problem Statements 5 4 Sustainability 6 5 Stakeholders Analysis 7 6 BAB Supply Chain 9 7 Gap Analysis 13 8 Recommendations 15 9 Conclusion 15 AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA – THE CHALLENGES FOR BLUE ARCHIPELAGO BERHAD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Blue Archipelago Berhad (BAB) is a shrimp aquaculture company dedicated to the production of premium quality seafood for the global market. BAB business is built on the foundations of high quality standards, food safety, ecological sustainability and social responsibility. Their ultimate aim is to develop a Malaysian seafood brand that is associated with wholesomeness and integrity. However, to grow shrimp BAB has to face many challenges especially disease and shortage of fry from supplier. Disease has become major treat to Grow out (GO) in Kerpan Kedah. In the modest world economic growth it is expected to result in continued strong consumer demand. The continued economic recovery in Asia countries particularly Japan and china, should result in increased demand for food. Consumers are increasingly concerned about food quality and...
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...developan exceptional supply chain? Many of the challenges in improving the supply chain come with all of theunknowns. Most companies produce products they think the consumer will want. Thenthey ship these products to the retail stores. The stores then try to sell the products thatare on their shelves to the customers. The supply chain shows down while they arefiguring out what to build. Then they work with suppliers to get the raw materials andcomponents for the products. The chain slows down more while they are building the products and shipping them to the stores. Then the supply chain is still slow while theywait for the products to sell and get paid. Supply Chain Management: An Analysis of Dell¶s Value ChainDell has used its direct sales and build-to-order model to create this exceptionsupply chain by integrating everything from the beginning to the end process. Dell starts by researching customer to find out what they want. As soon as an initial product isdesigned, Dell starts to market that product on the web-site. Dell does not start to produce any of the products until the customer tells Dell exactly what they want and paysfor the product. Only then does the procurement process start. Dell has improved thesupply chain to make it exceptional by integrating the suppliers. The suppliers have aWeb page which informs them of pending orders. This allows the suppliers to plan basedon actual demand. This sales model created an exceptional supply chain because thisintegration...
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...10/8/12 The Sustainable Supply Chain ‑ Harvard Business Review The Sustainable Supply Chain An Interview with Peter Senge by Steven Prokesch To make progress on environmental issues, Peter Senge says, organizations must understand that they’re part of a larger system. Senge, the founder of the Society for Organizational Learning, a faculty member at MIT Sloan School of Management, and the author of The Fifth Discipline and The Necessary Revolution, spoke with HBR senior editor Steven Prokesch about the challenge of leading organizations at a time when their supply chains need to be radically transformed. HBR: What does it take for an organization to get serious about issues like water, energy, and waste in its supply chain? Senge: It starts to get real when people believe these matters are strategic—that they will shape the future of the business. I use the word “sustainability” as little as possible because it’s so generic; it makes people’s eyes glaze over. To confront these issues practically, you need employees who are innovative—who have the skill and the vision to redesign products, processes, and business models—and who understand the business context. Most important, they need to be able to tell a story about why this is a meaningful journey. If they’re stuck in the mind-set (so popular in business schools, unfortunately) that a company exists to maximize return on investment capital, with an emphasis on short-term financial performance, they won’t...
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...britain ’s bruisin g banana wars Why ch threat eap bananas Policy en farmers’ report future s A Fairtrade Foundation Report February 2014 When I sell a box of bananas it’s a product with quality, with incredible taste, so it should be fair that you pay a fair price for it. Horatio Hernandez Coobafrio Co-operative, Magdalena, Colombia January 2014 contents 1 Introduction 4 2 6 Executive Summary Britain’s Bruising Banana Wars 16 16 20 21 4 The banana value chain 4.1 The UK banana market 4.2 The retail price of bananas in Britain 4.3 UK banana imports 2002 – 2013 4.4 Changes in banana supply chain operations 4.5 The impact of supermarket price wars on producers 4.6 Producer prices vs costs of sustainable production 22 22 23 5 The market environment for bananas 5.1 Evolution of the global banana trade 5.2 Consolidation of retailer power and UK price wars 5.3 The impact of competition law on banana prices 38 6 Fairtrade’s alternative approach 6.1 General background to the Fairtrade system 6.2 Fairtrade bananas – scope and scale 6.3 airtrade: the benefits and F constraints for farmers and workers 2 3 About this report 3.1 Fairtrade’s involvement in bananas 3.2 Research objectives and approach 3.3 Methodological note 7 Achieving a sustainable banana industry 7.1 inclusive market An ...
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...hazardous substances and chemicals, even the children’s clothes. The following paragraphs will analyze the unethical issue and give the solutions and evaluations. The case The situation and key fact H&M has become a second largest fashion retailer, but it is criticized by the campaigners many times, such as in 2011, Frauzel (2011) reported that the clothes from H&M contained an amount of hazardous substances, such as nonylphenol, ethoxylates (NPEs) and the toxic nonylphenol (NP). Because these clothes contain chemicals, the water which is used for washing clothes would also contain chemical substances at the same time . And then the suppliers discharged the polluted water into China’s rivers, which can devastate the biological chain and food chain, and also can affect the people’s lives. Meanwhile, She mentioned that after the issue had been exposed, H&M committed to its customers that it would make a toxic-free production line to decrease pollution. However, the way is not washing clothes. Besides, Frauzel (2011) also mentioned that compared with other two controversial companies, Nike and Adidas...
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